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Equivalent input (also input-referred, referred-to-input (RTI), or input-related), is a method of referring to the signal or noise level at the output
Equivalent_input
Visual impairment
in the individual affected. Patients with visual "snow" have normal equivalent input noise levels and contrast sensitivity. In a 2010 study, Raghaven et
Visual_snow_syndrome
Input characters using their Unicode code points
Unicode input is a method to encode specific characters that are not directly available on a physical keyboard. Characters can be entered either by selecting
Unicode_input
Effect in electronics
the equivalent input capacitance of an inverting voltage amplifier due to amplification of the effect of capacitance between the amplifier's input and
Miller_effect
Measure of the opposition to current flow by an external electrical load
by a device with an output impedance equal to the input impedance of the load network (equivalent circuit), the characteristics of the source-load network
Input_impedance
Minimum magnitude of input signal to produce a specified output by an electronic device
T_{a}} = equivalent noise temperature in [K] of the source (e.g. antenna) at the input of the receiver T r x {\displaystyle T_{rx}} = equivalent noise temperature
Sensitivity_(electronics)
American psychologist (born 1954)
sensitivity, letter identification, object recognition, the Psychtoolbox, equivalent input noise, QUEST,[clarification needed] the Pelli–Zhang video attenuator
Denis_Pelli
Connected input and output streams for computer programs
the operating system, provide equivalent functionality. Standard input is a stream from which a program reads its input data. The program requests data
Standard_streams
Vacuum tube for audio applications
than some triodes at about 2 μV equivalent input noise to 10 kHz. Although used in circuits such as tape recorder input stages and instrument amplifiers
EF86
Logical gate whose output is false if all its inputs are true
only if all its inputs are true; thus its output is complement to that of an AND gate. A LOW (0) output results only if all the inputs to the gate are
NAND_gate
Device that selects between several analog or digital input signals
input pins and the short parallel side containing the output pin. The schematic on the right shows a 2-to-1 multiplexer on the left and an equivalent
Multiplexer
Measure of circuit complexity
of a two-input drive-strength-one NAND gate usually constitutes the technology-dependent unit area commonly referred to as gate equivalent. A specification
Gate_equivalent
High-gain voltage amplifier with a differential input
op-amp, or opamp) is a DC-coupled electronic amplifier with a differential input, a (usually) single-ended output voltage, and an extremely high gain. Its
Operational_amplifier
Logic constructed only from NAND gates
by joining the inputs of a NAND gate together. Since a NAND gate is equivalent to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate, joining the inputs of a NAND gate
NAND_logic
Lossless data compression algorithms
always start at the beginning of the input. Conceptually, LZ78 decompression could allow random access to the input if the entire dictionary were known
LZ77_and_LZ78
Ratio of a circuit's output power to input
from the source when the load impedance connected to it (i.e. the equivalent input impedance of the two-port network) is the complex conjugate of the
Power_gain
Device performing a Boolean function
negated inputs and outputs. Likewise, an OR function is identical to an AND function with negated inputs and outputs. A NAND gate is equivalent to an OR
Logic_gate
Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. Equivalent input noise Effective input noise temperature
Equivalent_noise_resistance
Hypothetical computing devices
symbols were permitted. The instructions (if a universal machine), and the "input" and "out" were written only on "F-squares", and markers were to appear
Turing_machine_equivalents
Problem in computer science
computation includes all programs in Turing-equivalent programming languages. Given a program and an input, the question is whether the program will eventually
Halting_problem
Quality metric for imaging detectors
Chem 3:11-17, 2003 R.C. Jones, Detectivity: The reciprocal of noise equivalent input of radiation, Nature (London) 170:937-938, 1952 A. Rose, A unified
Detective_quantum_efficiency
Unity gain amplifier with low output impedance
circuit (as it is larger than the input impedance of the second circuit). In the ideal voltage buffer (Figure 1 top), the input impedance is infinite and the
Buffer_amplifier
Chemical species structure notation
The Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System (SMILES) is a specification in the form of a line notation for describing the structure of chemical species
Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System
Simplified_Molecular_Input_Line_Entry_System
Electromechanical device
value is applied to the counter's parallel data inputs and the counter's Load Enable (or equivalent) input is asserted to invoke the counts change. During
Incremental_encoder
Ability of a body to store an electrical charge
from input to ground and a capacitance of (K − 1)C/K from output to ground. When the input-to-output gain is very large, the equivalent input-to-ground
Capacitance
Two-stage amplifier in an electronic circuit
small-signal voltage amplifier with the same gain, input and output resistance as the original cascode (an equivalent circuit). This circuit applies only at frequencies
Cascode
Topics referred to by the same term
Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia, a lesion of the uterine lining Equivalent input noise, of a microphone European Informatics Network, a 1970s computer
Ein
Piece of computer hardware
produces sound through an oscillating transducer called a driver. The equivalent input device is a microphone. Speakers are plugged into a computer's sound
Output_device
Performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy
heat-equivalent values. So, for a boiler that produces 210 kW (or 700,000 BTU/h) output for each 300 kW (or 1,000,000 BTU/h) heat-equivalent input, its
Thermal_efficiency
Digital logic gate
gate". A high output (1) results if both of the inputs to the gate are the same. If one but not both inputs are high (1), a low output (0) results. The algebraic
XNOR_gate
Amount of an alternative fuel with equal energy content
Gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) or gasoline-equivalent gallon (GEG) is the amount of an alternative fuel it takes to equal the energy content of one
Gasoline_gallon_equivalent
Process of creating equivalent circuits
The Miller theorem refers to the process of creating equivalent circuits. It asserts that a floating impedance element, supplied by two voltage sources
Miller_theorem
Type of AC electric motor
describe how an induction motor's electrical input is transformed into useful mechanical energy output. The equivalent circuit is a single-phase representation
Induction_motor
Chinese keyboard entry system
The Cangjie input method (Tsang-chieh input method, sometimes called Changjie, Cang Jie, Changjei or Chongkit) is a system for entering Chinese characters
Cangjie_input_method
Type of automaton
from the input, or proceed leaving the input untouched.[citation needed] In many texts the transition relation is replaced by an (equivalent) formalization
Pushdown_automaton
Precipitation in the form of ice crystal flakes
to map and measure snow extent, snow depth and snow water equivalent employ multiple inputs on the visible–infrared spectrum to deduce the presence and
Snow
Effect in signal processing
range). That trade-off occurs when the window function is chosen. When the input waveform is time-sampled, instead of continuous, the analysis is usually
Spectral_leakage
Task of transforming a deterministic finite automaton
Nerode congruence, whereby every two states are equivalent if they have the same behavior for every input sequence. That is, for every two states p1 and
DFA_minimization
Nintendo GameCube and Wii emulation software
referred to the main character as a male individual regardless of the inputted name, changed all of the game's cutscene dialogue text to refer to a girl
Dolphin_(emulator)
Determining all voltages and currents within an electrical network
forward transfer function, the input impedance, the reverse transfer function (i.e., the voltage appearing at the input when a voltage is applied to the
Network analysis (electrical circuits)
Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)
Mathematical model of computation
some inputs; the change from one state to another is called a transition. An FSM is defined by a list of its states, its initial state, and the inputs that
Finite-state_machine
Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
models unless the measurement technique is described. The self-noise or equivalent input noise level is the sound level that creates the same output voltage
Microphone
Digital circuit design abstraction
approximated number of gate equivalents with the average power consumed per gate. The reference gate can be any gate e.g. 2-input NAND gate. Class-independent
Register-transfer_level
Electrical characteristic
across the input of a device. Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance. Transadmittance (or transfer admittance) is the AC equivalent of transconductance
Transconductance
Logic gate
logic gate that gives a true (1 or HIGH) output when the number of true inputs is odd. An XOR gate implements an exclusive or ( ↮ {\displaystyle \nleftrightarrow
XOR_gate
Measurement of resource allocation
business and an input to run a business operation. When improving operational efficiency, the output to input ratio improves. Inputs would typically be
Operational_efficiency
Fluid coupling that transfers rotating power from a prime mover to a rotating driven load
increased when the output shaft is rotating slower than the input shaft, thus providing the equivalent of an adaptive reduction gear. This is a feature beyond
Torque_converter
Typographical symbol (™)
trademarks registered with an appropriate government agency. In Canada, an equivalent marque de commerce symbol, (U+1F16A 🅪 RAISED MC SIGN) is used in French
Trademark_symbol
Random fluctuation in an electrical signal
Integrated circuit devices, such as operational amplifiers commonly quote equivalent input noise level in these terms (at room temperature). If the noise source
Noise_(electronics)
Concept for greenhouse gas emissions analysis
atmosphere. Carbon footprints are usually reported in tonnes of emissions (CO2-equivalent) per unit of comparison. Such units can be, for example, tonnes CO2-eq
Carbon_footprint
Computation model defining an abstract machine
enumerable language. The Turing machine can equivalently be defined as a model that recognises valid input strings, rather than enumerating output strings
Turing_machine
Mathematical table used in logic
logically equivalent to ¬ p ∨ q {\displaystyle \neg p\vee q} . Here is a truth table that gives definitions of each of the 6 possible 2-input logic gate
Truth_table
Normal inputs / push–pull outputs Schmitt-trigger inputs / push–pull outputs Normal inputs / open-collector outputs Schmitt-trigger inputs / three-state
List of 7400-series integrated circuits
List_of_7400-series_integrated_circuits
Use of multiple antennas in radio
Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) (/ˈmaɪmoʊ, ˈmiːmoʊ/) is a wireless technology that multiplies the capacity of a radio link using multiple transmit
MIMO
Input needed to zero an amplifier output
or negative input terminal (it is mathematically equivalent either way). Normally input offset voltage is measured in the terms of input voltage applied
Input_offset_voltage
Turkish control systems engineer and academic
disturbance and uncertainty estimators for linear time-invariant systems, equivalent-input-disturbance methods for unmatched systems, and continual-learning approaches
Mehmet_Önder_Efe
Software testing technique
software testing technique that divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived. In
Equivalence_partitioning
Ability of a circuit to increase the power or amplitude of a signal
calculate a voltage gain in decibels and is equivalent to a power gain if and only if the impedances at input and output are equal. In the same way, when
Gain_(electronics)
capita. This is not the consumption of end-users but all energy needed as input to produce fuel and electricity for end-users. It is known as total primary
List of countries by energy consumption per capita
List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_per_capita
Means by which a user interacts with and controls a machine
little overhead as possible. The input side of the user interfaces for batch machines was mainly punched cards or equivalent media like paper tape. The output
User_interface
Edges that hit all cycles in a graph
Lawler by showing that inputs for another hard problem, the vertex cover problem, could be transformed ("reduced") into equivalent inputs to the feedback arc
Feedback_arc_set
Type of finite-state machine in automata theory
least two equivalent ways to describe the behavior of an NFA. The first way makes use of the nondeterminism in the name of an NFA. For each input symbol
Nondeterministic finite automaton
Nondeterministic_finite_automaton
Proposed common script for Indian languages
which transliterate characters of supported scripts into their Bharati equivalents. NavBharati is a TrueType sans-serif font which supports transliteration
Bharati_script
Making other gates using just NOR gates
is made by joining the inputs of a NOR gate. As a NOR gate is equivalent to an OR gate leading to NOT gate, joining the inputs makes the output of the
NOR_logic
Method of software testing
conditions should be met: A test must reach the mutated statement. Test input data should infect the program state by causing different program states
Mutation_testing
Error-detecting code for detecting data changes
design flaws of the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol. To compute an n-bit binary CRC, line the bits representing the input in a row, and position
Cyclic_redundancy_check
Synchronous serial communication interface
Every slave on the bus that has not been selected should disregard the input clock and MOSI signals. And to prevent contention on MISO, non-selected
Serial_Peripheral_Interface
Workstation computer
as the company's first and flagship product, at a price of US$6,500 (equivalent to $17,700 in 2025), aimed at the higher-education market. It was designed
NeXT_Computer
Home video game console by Nintendo
several patents in motion-sensing technology, to prototype motion-based input devices using Gyration's patents. After succeeding Hiroshi Yamauchi as Nintendo
Wii
True when either but not both inputs are true
biconditional. With two inputs, XOR is true if and only if the inputs differ (one is true, one is false). With multiple inputs, XOR is true if and only
Exclusive_or
Software library
supports both Emacs and vi editing modes, which determine how keyboard input is interpreted as editor commands. POSIX prescribes the vi editing mode
GNU_Readline
System where only the inputs and outputs can be viewed, and not its implementation
observe a box with unknown contents, feed an input, observe the output, and deduce a machine with equivalent performance. A full treatment was given by
Black_box
Delay on computers
In computers, lag is delay (latency) between the action of the user (input) and the reaction of the server supporting the task, which has to be sent back
Lag_(video_games)
Variable that represents an argument to a function
cases only input and input/output are distinguished, with output being considered a specific use of input/output, and in other cases only input and output
Parameter (computer programming)
Parameter_(computer_programming)
Ways in which keystrokes are interpreted
parentheses. An input scheme known as algebraic operating system (AOS) combines both. This is the name Texas Instruments uses for the input scheme used in
Calculator_input_methods
Type of feedforward neural network
view of stochastic pooling is that it is equivalent to standard max pooling but with many copies of an input image, each having small local deformations
Convolutional_neural_network
Finite-state machine
graphically by circles). The automaton takes a finite sequence of 0s and 1s as input. For each state, there is a transition arrow leading out to a next state
Deterministic finite automaton
Deterministic_finite_automaton
Finite-state machine whose output values are determined only by its current state
values of its inputs. Like other finite state machines, in Moore machines, the input typically influences the next state. Thus the input may indirectly
Moore_machine
In signal processing, unwanted modifications to a signal
power per unit of bandwidth Noise temperature Effective input noise temperature Noise-equivalent power, a measure of sensitivity for photodetectors Relative
Noise_(signal_processing)
Romanization scheme for Standard Chinese
students in mainland China and Singapore. Pinyin is also used by various input methods on computers and to categorize entries in some Chinese dictionaries
Pinyin
Handheld game console
November 21, 2004, for US$149.99 (equivalent to $260 in 2025) followed by releases in Japan on December 2 for ¥15,000 (equivalent to ¥17,040 in 2024), in Australia
Nintendo_DS
Method of entering Chinese characters into a computer
to a family of input methods based on the pinyin method of romanization. In the most basic form, the pinyin method allows a user to input Chinese characters
Pinyin_input_method
Definition of directional radio frequency power
Effective radiated power (ERP), synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency (RF) power
Effective_radiated_power
material equivalents (RME) for imported and exported goods. Raw material equivalents or material footprints of traded goods comprise the material inputs required
Environmentally extended input–output analysis
Environmentally_extended_input–output_analysis
Programming language
P and Q ? A: ~ input a number and store in A P. ! ~ print variable P Mouse may input integers or characters. When a character is input, it is automatically
Mouse_(programming_language)
Type of signal filter
electronic low-pass RC filter for voltage signals, high frequencies in the input signal are attenuated, but the filter has little attenuation below the cutoff
Low-pass_filter
Type of analog-to-digital converter
which provides an analog equivalent of its digital code (initially 1/2Vref) to the comparator for comparison with the sampled input voltage. If this analog
Successive-approximation_ADC
Phenomenon associated with some types of LCDs
as the Video Signal Input Lag Tester. Despite its name, the device cannot independently measure input lag. It can only measure input lag and response time
Display_lag
Arrangement of keys on a typographic keyboard
keyboards (including mobile phones or other touchscreens), or other typographic input devices. Standard layouts vary depending on their intended writing system
Keyboard_layout
Facts provided or learned about something or someone
Often information can be viewed as a type of input to an organism or system. Inputs are of two kinds. Some inputs are important to the function of the organism
Information
Peripheral device for bit-banging
and other computers, a programmable input/output (programmable IO, PIO) is a piece of hardware that manages input/output pins (such as GPIO) without requiring
Programmable_input/output
Standard audio signal level
amplitude (for example +1.5 V) to the equivalent negative voltage (−1.5 V). As cables between line output and line input are generally extremely short compared
Line_level
applications such as video performances. As an audio tool, the Lemur's role was equivalent to that of a MIDI controller in a MIDI studio setup, except that the Lemur
Lemur_(input_device)
Firmware for hardware initialization and OS runtime services
In computing, BIOS or the Basic Input/Output System is a type of firmware used to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs and to perform
BIOS
are equivalent. In the example, a NAND gate has been shown, the set of all input values that can test output's SA0 is {00,01,10}. the set of all input values
Fault_model
Series of transistor–transistor logic integrated circuits
different number of inputs or different number of elements within a die – ЛА1/ЛА2/ЛА3 (LA1/LA2/LA3) are 2 four-input / 1 eight-input / 4 two-input NAND elements
7400-series integrated circuits
7400-series_integrated_circuits
Graph in economics
the lowest-cost combination of inputs that can produce the level of output associated with that isoquant. Equivalently, it gives the maximum level of
Isocost
Signal processing filter
described by the frequency at which the phase shift crosses 90° (i.e., when the input and output signals go into quadrature – when there is a quarter wavelength
All-pass_filter
Type of digital logic implemented by Boolean circuits
input only. This is in contrast to sequential logic, in which the output depends not only on the present input but also on the history of the input.
Combinational_logic
Theory of relational databases
operators that transform one or more input relations to an output relation. Given that these operators accept relations as input and produce relations as output
Relational_algebra
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