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See searches and references containing INPUT IMPEDANCE!INPUT IMPEDANCE
Measure of the opposition to current flow by an external electrical load
electrical engineering, the input impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the opposition to current (impedance), both static (resistance)
Input_impedance
Property of an electrical circuit
Equivalently, it can be defined as the input impedance of a transmission line when its length is infinite. Characteristic impedance is determined by the geometry
Characteristic_impedance
Adjusting input/output impedances of an electrical circuit for some purpose
electrical engineering, impedance matching is the practice of designing or adjusting the input impedance or output impedance of an electrical device for
Impedance_matching
Electrical component
known impedance. It presents at its input the dual of the impedance with which it is terminated. The relationship between the characteristic impedance, Z0
Quarter-wave impedance transformer
Quarter-wave_impedance_transformer
Cable or other structure for carrying radio waves
the above formula can be rearranged to express the input impedance in terms of the load impedance rather than the load voltage reflection coefficient:
Transmission_line
Electronic filter topology
filter uses a voltage amplifier with practically infinite input impedance and zero output impedance to implement a 2-pole low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, bandstop
Sallen–Key_topology
Electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit
high input impedance was necessary. The VTVM had a fixed input impedance of typically 1 MΩ or more, usually through use of a cathode follower input circuit
Multimeter
Operational amplifier
hired Widlar. Dave Fullagar worked to improve the output dead zone, input stage impedance and included a compensation capacitor to improve the dynamic behaviour
ΜA741
High-gain voltage amplifier with a differential input
characteristics of an op amp application circuit (e.g., its gain, input and output impedance, bandwidth, and functionality) can be determined by external components
Operational_amplifier
Graphical calculator used in electrical engineering
and impedance-matching problems. It plots a complex reflection coefficient ( Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } ) on a grid of normalized electrical impedance (
Smith_chart
Circuit theorem
the input impedance of a network with the addition of an element designated as "extra". In this case, Zd is the same as the impedance of the input test
Extra_element_theorem
Characteristic quality of sounds from vacuum tube amplifiers
use have lower input impedances, as low as 15 kΩ. Since it is possible to use high output impedance devices due to the high input impedance, other factors
Tube_sound
Class of radio antenna
antenna the input impedance has different values, allowing the possibility of impedance matching the antenna to the feedline characteristic impedance without
Monopole_antenna
Measure of the opposition to current flow by an internal electrical load
{\displaystyle r={\frac {E-V_{L}}{I}}} . Electrical impedance Input impedance Nominal impedance Damping factor Voltage divider Early effect small-signal
Output_impedance
Startup technique in electronics
of the output of an amplifier stage is applied to the input, so as to alter the input impedance of the amplifier. When applied deliberately, the intention
Bootstrapping_(electronics)
Effect in electronics
to capacitance, any impedance connected between the input and another node exhibiting gain can modify the amplifier input impedance via this effect. These
Miller_effect
Electrical circuit component which amplifies the difference of two analog signals
000 tubes or more), high gain, gain stability, high input impedance, medium/low output impedance, good clipper (with a not-too-long tail), non-inverting
Differential_amplifier
Impedance matching circuit element
provide the same impedance at their terminals. The transformation ratio is the ratio of the input and output impedances of the impedance matching network
L_pad
Unity gain amplifier with low output impedance
second circuit is influenced by output impedance of the first circuit (as it is larger than the input impedance of the second circuit). In the ideal voltage
Buffer_amplifier
200,000 is obtained in early integrated circuit exemplars), and have input impedance large with respect to values present in the feedback network. With
Operational amplifier applications
Operational_amplifier_applications
Audio signal conversion device
systems to connect a high output impedance unbalanced output signal to a low-impedance, microphone level, balanced input, usually via an XLR connector and
DI_unit
Concept in electrical and audio engineering
the characteristic impedance of a cable or other form of transmission line. The nominal value of the input, output or image impedance of a port of a network
Nominal_impedance
Process of creating equivalent circuits
{(1-K)}{Z}}{V_{1}}={(1-K)}{I_{in0}}} and the input impedance of the circuit seen from the side of the input source accordingly increases/decreases Z i n
Miller_theorem
Type of electronic amplifier using a bipolar junction transistor
raises input impedance, and reduces distortion, it predates the invention of the negative feedback amplifier and does not reduce output impedance or increase
Common_emitter
Instrument for displaying time-varying signals
The probe connects to any input on the instrument and typically has a resistor of ten times the oscilloscope's input impedance. This results in a 0.1 (‑10×)
Oscilloscope
Standard audio signal level
the impedance bridging principle, in which a low impedance output drives a high impedance input. A typical line out connection has an output impedance from
Line_level
Node in a circuit restricting current flow
nodes impedance to be described as low impedance in one context, and high impedance in another; so the node (perhaps a signal source or amplifier input) has
High_impedance
Isolating electronic circuit
digital input signal and isolate it from any output load. For the typical case of using voltages as logic signals, a logic buffer's input impedance is high
Digital_buffer
Two-stage amplifier in an electronic circuit
of the following characteristics: higher input–output isolation, higher input impedance, high output impedance, higher bandwidth. The use of a cascode
Cascode
Topics referred to by the same term
Nominal impedance, approximate designed impedance Impedance matching, the adjustment of input impedance and output impedance Mechanical impedance, a measure
Impedance
Load measures the source's voltage without affecting it
output impedance ZS in illustration) is connected to the input of another device (the load impedance ZL in the illustration), these two impedances form
Impedance_bridging
Electrical waves in return direction
discontinuity in the characteristic impedance of the line, or if the far end of the line is not terminated in its characteristic impedance. This can happen, for instance
Reflections of signals on conducting lines
Reflections_of_signals_on_conducting_lines
Linear circuit that produces an output voltage that is a fraction of its input voltage
connecting two electrical impedances in series, as shown in Figure 1. The input voltage is applied across the series impedances Z1 and Z2 and the output
Voltage_divider
Type of electrical circuit
output impedance that is higher by the factor β 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {\beta }{2}}} , on the order of 50 times. The input impedance of a
Wilson_current_mirror
Type of voltage amplifier
it is usually employed for amplifiers that require an unusually low input impedance, for example to act as a preamplifier for moving-coil microphones.
Common_base
Opposition of a circuit to a current when a voltage is applied
In electrical engineering, impedance is the opposition to alternating current presented by the combined effect of resistance and reactance in a circuit
Electrical_impedance
Two-port non-reciprocal network element
buffers this voltage and applies it back to the input through the resistor RL. The desired effect is an impedance of the form of an ideal inductor L with a
Gyrator
Usually unwanted capacitance in a circuit
(Z{=}C_{\text{parasitic}})} . If the amplifier itself has infinite input impedance, the current from the input terminal through Z {\displaystyle Z} is: i Z = C parasitic
Parasitic_capacitance
Type of radio antenna
the rod so it has very high input impedance. If it was infinitely thin the antenna would have an infinite input impedance, but the finite width gives
Whip_antenna
Electric circuit with two pairs of terminals
Symmetrical networks A network is symmetrical if its input impedance is equal to its output impedance. Most often, but not necessarily, symmetrical networks
Two-port_network
technique to determine the image impedance of port 1 is to measure the short-circuit impedance ZSC (that is, the input impedance of port 1 when port 2 is short-circuited)
Image_impedance
Precision differential amplifier with input buffering
amplifier that has been outfitted with input buffer amplifiers, which eliminate the need for input impedance matching and thus make the amplifier particularly
Instrumentation_amplifier
Input needed to zero an amplifier output
separate from the input offset voltage parameter and is related to the impedance of the signal source and of the feedback and input impedance networks, such
Input_offset_voltage
LC oscillator design
frequency of oscillation. The amplifier will have differing input and output impedances, and these need to be coupled into the LC circuit without overly
Colpitts_oscillator
Device for electrical connection
characteristic impedance of 50 ohms and connect to oscilloscopes with a matched 50 ohm (rather than a 1 megohm) input impedance). High-impedance scope probes
Test_probe
Set of properties used in electrical engineering
known as open-circuit impedance parameters as they are calculated under open circuit conditions. i.e., Ix=0, where x=1,2 refer to input and output currents
Impedance_parameters
Property that an increasing voltage results in a decreasing current
So the input impedance to the circuit is z in = v i = − Z {\displaystyle z_{\text{in}}={\frac {v}{i}}=-Z} The circuit converts the impedance Z {\displaystyle
Negative_resistance
Type of filter in signal processing
in 1923. The distinguishing feature of Zobel networks is that the input impedance is fixed in the design independently of the transfer function. This
Zobel_network
Electrical component or portion of a circuit that consumes electric power
electrical signal, the circuit connected to this terminal (or its input impedance) is the load. For example, if a CD player is connected to an amplifier
Electrical_load
Electronic device/component that increases the strength of a signal
feedback to its input side is described as 'unilateral'. The input impedance of a unilateral amplifier is independent of load, and output impedance is independent
Amplifier
Signal amplifier that doesn't significantly degrade the signal-noise ratio
The circuit topology affects input and output impedance. In general, the source impedance is matched to the input impedance because that will maximize the
Low-noise_amplifier
Type of electronic amplifier
Pros: Can increase or decrease input impedance (depending on type of feedback). Can increase or decrease output impedance (depending on type of feedback)
Negative-feedback_amplifier
Tool used in emissions testing
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing to provide a stable and known impedance to the power input of a Device under test (DUT) / Equipment under test (EUT), as
Line Impedance Stabilization Network
Line_Impedance_Stabilization_Network
Type of electronic amplifier
high input impedance of a valve to buffer the circuit being measured from the load of the ammeter. Valve oscilloscopes share this very high input impedance
Valve_amplifier
Amplifier applied on high frequency signals coming from an antenna
amplifies an antenna signal, usually into an output with the same impedance as the input impedance. Typically 75 ohm for coaxial cable and 300 ohm for twin-lead
Antenna_amplifier
Measure of wave reflectivity
waves given a specified reference impedance Z0. The reference impedance used is typically the characteristic impedance of a transmission line that's involved
Reflection_coefficient
Values which describe behavior of a linear electric circuit
Input return loss (RLin) can be thought of as a measure of how close the actual input impedance of the network is to the nominal system impedance value
Scattering_parameters
Ability of a circuit to increase the power or amplitude of a signal
{dB} .} In many cases, the input impedance R in {\displaystyle R_{\text{in}}} and output impedance R out {\displaystyle R_{\text{out}}} are
Gain_(electronics)
Controlling a mechanism's output force in response to input motion
contacts. Thus impedance control is commonly used in these settings. Mechanical impedance is the ratio of force output to velocity input. This is analogous
Impedance_control
Set of electromechanical parameters
simulate the position, velocity and acceleration of the diaphragm, the input impedance and the sound output of a system comprising a loudspeaker and enclosure
Thiele/Small_parameters
Method of interconnecting audio equipment
an impedance that is equal to the impedance of the non-driven side of the line. This impedance balance permits the balanced line receiver (input stage
Balanced_audio
Type of electronic component
designed for a particular load impedance, ZLoad, and a particular source impedance, Zs. The impedance seen looking into the input port will be ZS if the output
Attenuator_(electronics)
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
depletion-mode, they both have a high input impedance, and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage. Metal–semiconductor FETs (MESFETs)
Transistor
Measure used in radio engineering and telecommunications
(SWR) is a measure of impedance matching of loads to the characteristic impedance of a transmission line or waveguide. Impedance mismatches result in standing
Standing_wave_ratio
Device using a field effect transistor
a FET used for amplification is that it has very high input impedance and low output impedance. The transconductance is given by g m = I D V G S {\displaystyle
FET_amplifier
Determining all voltages and currents within an electrical network
forward transfer function, the input impedance, the reverse transfer function (i.e., the voltage appearing at the input when a voltage is applied to the
Network analysis (electrical circuits)
Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)
Funnel-shaped waveguide radio device
20:1 (for example allowing it to operate from 1 GHz to 20 GHz). The input impedance is slowly varying over this wide frequency range, allowing low voltage
Horn_antenna
Ratio of impedance of a loudspeaker
loudspeaker's nominal load impedance (input impedance) of Z L {\displaystyle Z_{\mathrm {L} }} is usually around 4 to 8 Ω, although other impedance speakers are available
Damping_factor
zero in this case. The input impedance is thus the same as the short circuit impedance of 1/2N. Let us call that impedance Z s c {\displaystyle Z_{sc}}
Bartlett's_bisection_theorem
Physical structure for guiding sound waves
define or measure the impedance of a transmission line component. One can however measure its input impedance or output impedance. It depends on the cross-sectional
Acoustic_waveguide
Type of transistor
transistors exist. Field effect transistors generally display very high input impedance at low frequencies. The most widely used field-effect transistor is
Field-effect_transistor
Control concept
higher frequencies. In addition, it exhibits a finite input impedance and a non-zero output impedance. Although practical op-amps are not ideal, the model
Negative_feedback
Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
called impedance bridging. In this configuration, the output impedance of the microphone should be negligible in comparison with the input impedance of the
Microphone
Safety device for telephones
common mode voltages from appearing on the line. It has a specific 600Ω input impedance which matches the telephone equipment. A "wet" type will maintain its
Line_isolation_transformer
Radio technology devices
between output ports. The input and output impedances at each port are designed to be equal to the characteristic impedance of the microwave system. This
Power dividers and directional couplers
Power_dividers_and_directional_couplers
Radio signal strength indicator
to be a receiver input power of -73 dBm. This is a level of 50 microvolts at the receiver's antenna input assuming the input impedance of the receiver
S_meter
Iterative impedance is the input impedance of an infinite chain of identical networks. It is related to the image impedance used in filter design, but
Iterative_impedance
Type of field-effect transistor
configuration has a large input impedance (sometimes on the order of 1010 ohms), little current is drawn from circuits used as input to the gate. A succession
JFET
Electrical characteristic
room temperature. For a typical current of 10 mA, gm ≈ 385 mS. The input impedance is the current gain (β) divided by the transconductance. The output
Transconductance
Electrical circuit with negligible impedance
that of the ground. An ideal operational amplifier also has infinite input impedance, so unlike a real short circuit, no current flows between the terminals
Short_circuit
Antenna consisting of two rod-shaped conductors
balanced transmission line matching its typical 65–70 Ω input impedance. Twin lead with a similar impedance is available but seldom used and does not match the
Dipole_antenna
Short electrical transmission line
the case for waveguides). Neglecting transmission line losses, the input impedance of the stub is purely reactive; either capacitive or inductive, depending
Stub_(electronics)
Electronic amplifier circuit type
called a "stabilizer". In addition, this circuit is used to transform impedances. For example, the Thévenin resistance of a combination of a voltage follower
Common_drain
Integrated circuit logic family
never in saturation, the input and output voltages have a small swing (0.8 V), the input impedance is high and the output impedance is low. As a result, the
Emitter-coupled_logic
Australian scientist and author
appeal was dismissed. Jennifer Marohasy Ridd, Peter V. (1988) The input impedance of horizontal linear antennas above a layered ground plane PhD thesis
Peter_Ridd
Idealized versions of real electronic components used in circuit analysis
voltage with respect to a specified gain. (has infinite input impedance and zero output impedance). Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS) Generates a
Electrical_element
Vertical omnidirectional transmitting antenna
input impedance of around 1 000–4 000 ohms. This is much higher than the characteristic impedance of transmission lines, so it requires an impedance matching
J-pole_antenna
Electronic device
Using m-derived filter sections with correct termination impedances, the input impedance can be reasonably constant in the pass band. Multiple-element
Electronic_filter
SI derived unit of power
across a 300-ohm load; the specification takes into account the RF input impedance of the tuner. Picowatt Powers measured in picowatts are typically used
Watt
Instrument for measuring electric charge
whose input impedance is so high that the current flowing into it can be considered, for most practical purposes, to be zero. The actual value of input resistance
Electrometer
Type of radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil
especially the input impedance is affected by its proximity to the ground. If fed with higher frequencies, then the antenna input impedance will generally
Loop_antenna
Process necessary for BJT amplifiers to work correctly
op-amp circuit where the input impedance of the amplifier at the virtual earth is near zero and the overall input impedance is determined by the external
Bipolar_transistor_biasing
Ratio of a circuit's output power to input
load impedance, i.e., we desire the load impedance which maximizes the time-averaged power delivered to the load. PI is the time-averaged input power
Power_gain
Portable radio receiver
transistor's base element draws current, its input impedance is low in contrast to the high input impedance of the vacuum tubes. It also allowed "instant-on"
Transistor_radio
Simple radio receiver circuit for AM reception
for powered receivers, as crystal sets are designed to have a low input impedance needed to transfer power efficiently from the antenna. A low resistance
Crystal_radio
Audio amplifier for headphones
an amplifier that presents a very high input impedance (ideally infinite) and presents a lower output impedance (ideally zero) and larger range of output
Headphone_amplifier
Electronic amplifier that converts weak signal into strong signal
range) and have high input impedance (requiring only a minimal amount of current to sense the input signal) and low output impedance (when current is drawn
Preamplifier
Connector for joining two waveguides
short-circuit stub, and has a high (ideally infinite) input impedance at its mouth. This high impedance is in series with the metal-to-metal connection between
Waveguide_flange
Finite states of a digital signal
reliably recognized as a logic 1 by a CMOS input, especially if it is only connected to a high-input-impedance CMOS input that does not source significant current
Logic_level
Blackman's formula can be compared with Middlebrook's result for the input impedance Zin of a circuit based upon the extra-element theorem: Z i n = Z i
Blackman's_theorem
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