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An enzyme repressor is a type of regulatory protein that controls the activity of enzymes, typically by binding to specific sites on DNA or directly to
Enzyme_repressor
Sort of RNA-binding protein in molecular genetics
bind to the repressor and make it bind to the operator tightly, which decreases transcription. A repressor that binds with a co-repressor is termed an
Repressor
Compound that increases the activity of a protein
examples could be antibiotics. It is the opposite of an enzyme repressor. There are specific types of enzyme inducers that create cytoprotective pathways that
Enzyme_inducer
turns the gene on). Then there's the repressor protein that turns genes off. The inducer can remove this repressor, turning genes back on. The operator
Adaptive_enzyme
Set genes encoding proteins and enzymes for lactose metabolism
either allolactose or IPTG, to the repressor affects the distribution of repressor between the two shapes. Thus, repressor with inducer bound is stabilized
Lac_operon
French biochemist (1910–1976)
interactions between a repressor protein, the gene for the enzyme, and the substrate of the enzyme, which interact so that the outcome (enzyme synthesis or not)
Jacques_Monod
Protein domain
In molecular biology, the arginine repressor (ArgR) is a repressor of prokaryotic arginine deiminase pathways. The arginine dihydrolase (AD) pathway is
Arginine_repressor_ArgR
Prokaryotic protein
The LexA repressor or LexA (Locus for X-ray sensitivity A) is a transcriptional repressor (EC 3.4.21.88) that represses SOS response genes coding primarily
LexA_repressor
explain enzyme induction, in the context of the lac operon of Escherichia coli. In the absence of lactose, the constitutively expressed lac repressor protein
Enzyme induction and inhibition
Enzyme_induction_and_inhibition
Transcription factor
Tryptophan repressor (or trp repressor) is a transcription factor involved in controlling amino acid metabolism. It has been best studied in Escherichia
Tryptophan_repressor
Bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli
replication of the lambda genome (OP). Cro dominates the repressor site (see "Repressor" section), repressing synthesis from the PRM promoter (which is a promoter
Lambda_phage
the aconitase is converted to IRPF1, a translation repressor or mRNA stabilizer that represses the formation of iron-binding proteins and favours formation
Regulatory_enzyme
Operon that codes for the components for production of tryptophan
present, these tryptophan repressor dimers bind to tryptophan, causing a change in the repressor conformation, allowing the repressor to bind to the operator
Trp_operon
Protein family
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), also known as deubiquitinating peptidases, deubiquitinating isopeptidases, deubiquitinases, ubiquitin proteases, ubiquitin
Deubiquitinating_enzyme
Topics referred to by the same term
AHRR may refer to: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor, gene Cytochrome P450, family 1, member A1, enzyme This disambiguation page lists articles associated
AHRR
Enzymes produced by fungi and secreted outside their cells
such as glucose will inhibit enzyme production by repressing the transcription of associated cellulose-degrading enzymes. Environmental conditions such
Fungal extracellular enzyme activity
Fungal_extracellular_enzyme_activity
Enzyme catalyzing biotin metabolism
attachment of biotin to its target proteins, and as a transcriptional repressor, controlling the expression of the biotin biosynthesis (bio-)operon. Due
Biotin—(acetyl-CoA-carboxylase) ligase
Biotin—(acetyl-CoA-carboxylase)_ligase
French biologist
devoted to repressing the transcription of the DNA to its product (RNA, which in turn is decoded into protein). This repressor (the lac repressor) is made
François_Jacob
Set of biochemical processes
also regulated by feedback inhibition: tryptophan is a co-repressor to the TrpR repressor. The oxaloacetate/aspartate family of amino acids is composed
Amino_acid_synthesis
Group of open reading frames under the same regulation
the repressor gene (trp R) that binds to the operator. In the lac operon, lactose binds to the repressor protein and prevents it from repressing gene
Operon
Chemical compound
of the tetrameric lac repressor, which results in conformational changes and reduces the binding affinity of the lac repressor to the lac operator, thereby
Allolactose
Biological cell regulation mechanisms
expression of the gene. The image to the right demonstrates regulation by a repressor in the lac operon. General transcription factors position RNA polymerase
Regulation_of_gene_expression
Enzyme rate limited by diffusion
A diffusion-limited enzyme catalyses a reaction so efficiently that the rate limiting step is that of substrate diffusion into the active site, or product
Diffusion-limited_enzyme
Chemical compound
operator. Like allolactose, IPTG binds to the lac repressor and releases the tetrameric repressor from the lac operator in an allosteric manner, thereby
Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
Isopropyl_β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
Type of enzymes
Histone-modifying enzymes are enzymes involved in the modification of histone substrates after protein translation and affect cellular processes including
Histone-modifying_enzymes
Molecule that carries genetic information
Pabo CO. "RCSB PDB – 1LMB: Refined 1.8 Å crystal structure of the lambda repressor-operator complex". www.rcsb.org. Archived from the original on 27 March
DNA
Enzyme found in humans
is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP7A1 gene which has an important role in cholesterol metabolism. It is a cytochrome P450 enzyme, which
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
Cholesterol_7_alpha-hydroxylase
Class of transposable elements that cause hybrid dysgenesis in eukaryotes
amounts of a repressor protein that prevents transcription of the transposase gene. The eggs of M strain mothers, which do not contain the repressor protein
P_element
Series of chemical reactions resulting in a cell response
coagulation. The pathways are a series of reactions, in which a zymogen (inactive enzyme precursor) of a serine protease and its glycoprotein co-factors are activated
Biochemical_cascade
Type of DNA sequence
the binding site for the repressor and thus has a function equivalent to the silencer region in Eukaryotic DNA. When a repressor protein is bound to the
Silencer_(genetics)
Molecule that regulates gene expression
disabling repressors. The gene is expressed because an inducer binds to the repressor. The binding of the inducer to the repressor prevents the repressor from
Inducer
Metabolic process in microorganisms
source first. This is usually achieved through inhibition of synthesis of enzymes involved in catabolism of carbon sources other than the preferred one.
Catabolite_repression
Antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals
systematic name peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase) is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. It is a
Lysozyme
Type of cellular growth
molecule induces expression of a gene or operon, often by binding to a repressor protein and preventing it from attaching to the operator. In the case
Diauxic_growth
Strain of bacteria
A lambda prophage called DE3, containing the modifications lacI (lac repressor), lacUV5-T7p07 (mutant lac promotor called lacUV5 used to drive the T7
Escherichia_coli_BL21(DE3)
Protein domain
cell wall or cell membrane. It was initially thought as the LytR (lytic repressor) component of a LytABC operon encoding autolysins, but the mechanism of
LCP_family
association kinetics of the Lac repressor tetramer, its dimeric mutant LacIadi, and the native dimeric Gal repressor". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (35): 22092–6
List of unsolved problems in chemistry
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_chemistry
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Histone deacetylase complex subunit SAP18 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SAP18 gene. Histone acetylation plays a key role in the regulation
SAP18
Species of Gram-positive bacterium
significant cause of chronic biofilm infections on medical implants, and the repressor of toxins is part of the infection pathway. Staphylococcus aureus can
Staphylococcus_aureus
Chemical compound
hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase. IPTG is used as an inducer that binds to lac repressor releasing the DNA and allowing transcription. The presence of IPTG in
X-gal
Family of glycoside hydrolase enzymes
glycoside hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing β-D-galactose residues in β-D-galactosides. (This enzyme digests many β-Galactosides
Β-Galactosidase
The Ribose repressor (RbsR) is a bacterial DNA-binding transcription repressor protein and a member of the LacI/GalR protein family. This group of proteins
Ribose_repressor
Biochemical process in which fatty acids are derived from acetyl-CoA and NADPH
fabA and fabB transcription and as a repressor for the β-oxidation regulon. In contrast, FabR acts as a repressor for the transcription of fabA and fabB
Fatty_acid_synthesis
Molecular mechanism
also been shown. A classical example is the binding of the lambda phage repressor to its operators, which occurs cooperatively. Other examples of transcription
Cooperative_binding
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, Y chromosome, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UTY gene. This gene encodes a protein containing
UTY_(gene)
Protein family
resistance operon trans-acting repressor ArsD proteins. ArsR is a trans-acting regulatory protein. It acts as a repressor on the arsRDABC operon when no
Ars_operon
Class of plant hormones
believed to signal starch hydrolysis through inducing the synthesis of the enzyme α-amylase in the aleurone cells. In the model for gibberellin-induced production
Gibberellin
American molecular biologist and gerontologist
team to search for a small molecule(s) that would bind to the telomerase repressor(s), causing the body to constitutively express telomerase in the presence
William H. Andrews (biologist)
William_H._Andrews_(biologist)
Molecule that represses the expression of genes
activating ligand of a repressor protein. For example, the E. coli tryptophan repressor (TrpR) is only able to bind to DNA and repress transcription of the
Corepressor
Enzymes that catalyze DNA formation
family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA. These enzymes are essential
DNA_polymerase
Cycle of viral reproduction
factor that stimulates expression of the main lysogenic repressor gene, cI, whereas Cro is a repressor for cI expression. The lysis-lysogeny decision is mainly
Lytic_cycle
Enzyme
dehydratase (SDH), also called L-serine dehydratase/L-threonine deaminase, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the gene SDS. SDH is able to catalyze the
Serine_dehydratase
Application of synthetic biology
by the repressor that is transcribed by the opposing promoter. Toggle switch design: Inducer 1 inactivates repressor 1, which means repressor 2 is produced
Synthetic_biological_circuit
Enzyme class
is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-arogenate + NADP+ CO2 CO2 L-tyrosine + NADPH The two substrates of this enzyme are L-arogenic
Arogenate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Arogenate_dehydrogenase_(NADP+)
1970 book by Jacques Monod
that directs constant synthesis of the repressor protein (R), o, the operator segment of DNA that the repressor specifically recognizes and forms a stable
Chance_and_Necessity
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
DNA-bound transcription factors directly to the RNA polymerase II (pol II) enzyme bound to the promoter. Enhancers, when active, are generally transcribed
Transcription_(biology)
(hrsA) gene and is regulated by the mngR (farR) gene product acting as repressor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (7): 5537–48. doi:10.1074/jbc
Mannosylglycerate_hydrolase
Computing using molecular biology hardware
and the other end, a repressor group. Fluorescence is only active if the molecules of the substrate are cut in half. The DNA enzymes simulate logical functions
DNA_computing
Proteins that bind with DNA
S2CID 310256. Fried M, Crothers DM (1981). "Equilibria and kinetics of lac repressor-operator interactions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis". Nucleic
DNA-binding_protein
Proteins performing more than one function
evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary
Protein_moonlighting
In enzymology, a threonine–tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-threonine + tRNAThr ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons
Threonine–tRNA_ligase
Homodimeric protein enzyme
The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP, alkaline phenyl phosphatase, also abbreviated PhoA) is a phosphatase with the physiological role of dephosphorylating
Alkaline_phosphatase
Group of enzymes
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (EC 1.2.1.3) are a group of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of aldehydes. They convert aldehydes (R–C(=O)–H) to carboxylic
Aldehyde_dehydrogenase
Protein-coding gene in Homo sapiens
Enolase 1 (ENO1), more commonly known as alpha-enolase, is a glycolytic enzyme expressed in most tissues, one of the isozymes of enolase. Each isoenzyme
Alpha-enolase
InterPro Family
enzymology, 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.28) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 2,3-Dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid
2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase
2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate_dehydrogenase
Enzyme
N-ethylguanidinoacetate display repressor activity like creatine as well. L-Arginine and guanidinoacetate have only "apparent" repressor activity. They exert no
Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
Arginine:glycine_amidinotransferase
Molecule-specific coordinate bonding area in biological systems
may include other proteins (resulting in a protein–protein interaction), enzyme substrates, second messengers, hormones, or allosteric modulators. The binding
Binding_site
Region of DNA encouraging transcription
RNA polymerase. These transcription factors have specific activator or repressor sequences of corresponding nucleotides that attach to specific promoters
Promoter_(genetics)
repeats – replication bubble – repressor – reproduction – reproductive system – respiration (physiology) – restriction enzyme – retrovirus – reverse genetics
Index_of_biology_articles
Process by which a gene can code for multiple proteins
splice sites are done by trans-acting splicing activator and splicing repressor proteins as well as cis-acting elements within the pre-mRNA itself such
Alternative_splicing
Protein-coding gene in humans
Histone deacetylase 3 is an enzyme encoded by the HDAC3 gene in both humans and mice. Histones are alkaline positively charged proteins that package and
HDAC3
Enzyme found in humans
Histone deacetylase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HDAC5 gene. Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle
Histone_deacetylase_5
Diagram showing the proportion of a receptor bound to a ligand
determining the degree of cooperativity of the ligand(s) binding to the enzyme or receptor. The Hill coefficient provides a way to quantify the degree
Hill_equation_(biochemistry)
Control of DNA to RNA conversion in cells
binding. Alternatively a repressor and polymerase may bind to the DNA at the same time with a physical interaction between the repressor preventing the opening
Transcriptional_regulation
Protein found in humans
epileptic seizures and ischemia. This gene encodes a transcriptional repressor which represses neuronal genes in non-neuronal tissues. It is a member of the
RE1-silencing transcription factor
RE1-silencing_transcription_factor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
52 kDa repressor of the inhibitor of the protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKRIR gene. PRKRIR has been shown to interact with
PRKRIR
Type of enzyme inhibition
anti-competitive inhibition, but this term has not been widely adopted) is a type of enzyme inhibition in which the apparent values of the Michaelis–Menten parameters
Uncompetitive_inhibition
Conversion of a gene's sequence into a mature gene product or products
region of a gene usually represses gene transcription while methylation of CpGs in the body of a gene increases expression. TET enzymes play a central role
Gene_expression
Organisation of elements within a gene
interact with many competing activators and repressors as well as RNA polymerase. For example, some repressor proteins can bind to the core promoter to
Gene_structure
Microbial protein found in Streptococcus pyogenes M1 GAS
with FOG1 represses genes by methylating H3K27. Lowder, et al., reported that dCas9 represses plant genes like AtCSTF64 when fused to repressor domains
Cas9
Class of enzymes
diphosphorylase ( or, thiamine-phosphate pyrophosphorylase ) (EC 2.5.1.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 4-Amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine
Thiamine-phosphate diphosphorylase
Thiamine-phosphate_diphosphorylase
Biochemical production of ethanol by yeast
measurement of ethanol production by aerobic yeast suspensions with an enzyme electrode. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 19, 181–185 (1984). https://doi.org/10
Crabtree_effect
Operon
which encodes enzymes necessary for galactose metabolism. Repression of gene expression for this operon works via binding of repressor molecules to two
Gal_operon
Mammalian protein found in humans
Dihydrofolate reductase, or DHFR, is an enzyme that reduces dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, using NADPH as an electron donor, which can be converted
Dihydrofolate_reductase
Repression Repressor Reproductive cells Reproductive success Repulsion (genetics) Restriction digest Restriction enzyme Restriction enzymes Restriction
Index_of_genetics_articles
Enzyme
Thymidylate synthase (TS) (EC 2.1.1.45) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to deoxythymidine monophosphate
Thymidylate_synthase
Species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae
Carolyn W. T. (December 2019). "The regulation of ZCT1, a transcriptional repressor of monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic genes in Catharanthus roseus"
Catharanthus_roseus
Proteins that help regulate transcription
corepressor) Nuclear receptor CO-Repressor (NCOR) NCOR1 (NCOR1) NCOR2 (NCOR2)/SMRT (Silencing Mediator (co-repressor) for Retinoid and Thyroid-hormone
Transcription_coregulator
Protein
PMID 17939992. NRSF is also known as repressor element-1-silencing transcription factor (REST) and X2 box repressor (XBR):UniProt Consortium (11 September
HHV infected cell polypeptide 0
HHV_infected_cell_polypeptide_0
Chemical compound
levels of this amino acid activate a repressor protein, which binds to the trp operon. Binding of this repressor to the tryptophan operon prevents transcription
Tryptophan
Species of bacterium
β-lactamase enzyme, which breaks down penicillins and cephalosporins; IMP: encodes active-on-imipenem (IMP) carbapenemase (metallo-β-lactamase) enzyme which
Pseudomonas_aeruginosa
endodes an arginine repressor protein which represses synthesis of arginine biosynthetic enzymes and activates arginine catabolic enzymes via regulation of
SR1_RNA
enzymology, N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase (EC 1.2.1.38) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction N-acetyl-L-γ-glutamyl phosphate + NADPH
N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase
N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate_reductase
Central nervous system stimulant
amphetamine-metabolizing microbial enzyme, tyramine oxidase from a strain of E. coli commonly found in the human gut, was identified in 2019. This enzyme was found to metabolize
Amphetamine
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, MyoD, NFKB1, Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2, P21, PCNA, PHF21A, Prohibitin, Promyelocytic leukemia protein, RAD9A
HDAC1
Class of enzymes
Inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is a purine biosynthetic enzyme that catalyzes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent oxidation
Inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase
Inosine-5′-monophosphate_dehydrogenase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
a ubiquitin-protein ligase subunit within the CCR4-NOT transcription repressor complex". The EMBO Journal. 21 (3): 355–64. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.3.355
CNOT4
Chemical process in which a methyl (CH3) group is covalently attached to a molecule
catalyzed by enzymes known as histone methyltransferases. Histones that are methylated on certain residues can act epigenetically to repress or activate
Methylation
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
transferase also known as OGT or O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase is an enzyme (EC 2.4.1.255) that in humans is encoded by the OGT gene. OGT catalyzes
Protein_O-GlcNAc_transferase
Human chromosome
myofiber-specific gene expression and muscle performance by the transcriptional repressor Sox6". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (25): 10196–201. Bibcode:2011PNAS
Chromosome_14
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n.
The morbific principle of a zymotic disease.
n.
A soluble ferment, or enzyme. See Enzyme.
n.
See Ependyma.
n.
A ferment.
n.
A mother substance, or antecedent, of an enzyme or chemical ferment; -- applied to such substances as, not being themselves actual ferments, may by internal changes give rise to a ferment.
n.
The epithelial lining of the ventricles of the brain and the canal of the spinal cord; endyma; ependymis.
v. t.
To tame.
n.
A milk-clotting enzyme obtained from the true stomach (abomasum) of a suckling calf. Mol. wt. about 31,000. Also called chymosin, rennase, and abomasal enzyme.
n.
Alt. of Azyme
v. t.
To cover as with a dome.
a.
Situated under the endyma.
n.
An unorganized proteolytic ferment or enzyme contained in the secretory glands of the stomach. In the gastric juice it is united with dilute hydrochloric acid (0.2 per cent, approximately) and the two together constitute the active portion of the digestive fluid. It is the active agent in the gastric juice of all animals.
n.
An unorganized ferment or enzyme present in pancreatic juice. It decomposes neutral fats into glycerin and fatty acids.
n.
An unorganized amylolytic ferment, on enzyme, present in human mixed saliva and in the saliva of some animals.
n.
A proteolytic ferment, or enzyme, present in the pancreatic juice. Unlike the pepsin of the gastric juice, it acts in a neutral or alkaline fluid, and not only converts the albuminous matter of the food into soluble peptones, but also, in part, into leucin and tyrosin.
n.
An unorganized or unformed ferment, in distinction from an organized or living ferment; a soluble, or chemical, ferment. Ptyalin, pepsin, diastase, and rennet are good examples of enzymes.
n.
Unleavened bread.