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Algorithms to produce pseudo-random numbers
A counter-based random number generation (CBRNG, also known as a counter-based pseudo-random number generator, or CBPRNG) is a kind of pseudorandom number
Counter-based random number generator
Counter-based_random_number_generator
Algorithm that generates an approximation of a random number sequence
A pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), also known as a deterministic random bit generator (DRBG), is an algorithm for generating a sequence of numbers
Pseudorandom_number_generator
Cryptographic device
hardware random number generator (HRNG), true random number generator (TRNG), non-deterministic random bit generator (NRBG), or physical random number generator
Hardware random number generator
Hardware_random_number_generator
Random number generators are important in many kinds of technical applications, including physics, engineering or mathematical computer studies (e.g.,
List of random number generators
List_of_random_number_generators
Type of random number generator
true random number generator (NPTRNG), also known as a non-physical nondeterministic random bit generator, is a generator of unpredictable random numbers
Non-physical true random number generator
Non-physical_true_random_number_generator
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
also referred to as a cryptographic random number generator (CRNG). Most cryptographic applications require random numbers, for example: key generation
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Standard for generating random numbers
Technology with the title Recommendation for Random Number Generation Using Deterministic Random Bit Generators. The publication contains the specification
NIST_SP_800-90A
Algorithm for generating pseudo-randomized numbers
A linear congruential generator (LCG) is an algorithm that yields a sequence of pseudo-randomized numbers calculated with a discontinuous piecewise linear
Linear_congruential_generator
Class of pseudorandom number generators
Xorshift random number generators, also called shift-register generators, are a class of pseudorandom number generators that were invented by George Marsaglia
Xorshift
Pseudorandom number generator
to enable the computer to start generating random numbers as soon as it has booted. The generator is based on any good block cipher. Practical Cryptography
Fortuna_(PRNG)
Cryptographic algorithm for random number generation
CryptGenRandom is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator function that is included in Microsoft CryptoAPI. In Win32 programs, Microsoft
CryptGenRandom
Random number generator
Lavarand is a hardware random number generator designed and trademarked by Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 1996. The system operates by digitizing the chaotic
Lavarand
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
In cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers. The proposal was first published in 2007
Galois/Counter_Mode
message authentication code CBPRNG—Counter-based pseudo-random number generator CBRNG—Counter-based random number generator cc—C compiler CC—Carbon copy CC—Creative
List of computing and IT abbreviations
List_of_computing_and_IT_abbreviations
Discipline for structuring uncertainties as coherent data models
pseudo random number generator for driving inverse transforms is the HDR generator developed by Douglas W. Hubbard. It is a counter-based generator with
Probability_management
Type of shift register in computing
(July 7, 1996). "Efficient Shift Registers, LFSR Counters, and Long Pseudo-Random Sequence Generators" (PDF). Xilinx Application Notes, XAPP 052. AMD Technical
Linear-feedback shift register
Linear-feedback_shift_register
Fast Azimuthal Integration in Python Random123, library of counter-based random number generators SecondSpace, simulation software for waves in 2D space StarPU
List_of_OpenCL_applications
Process of making something random
which enhance randomness beyond what manual shuffling can achieve. With the rise of online casinos, digital random number generators (RNGs) have become
Randomization
Stream ciphers
Cross Reference: arc4random.c. Retrieved 2016-09-07. ChaCha based random number generator for OpenBSD. riastradh (Taylor Campbell), ed. (2016-03-25).
Salsa20
Swiss tech company
systems, quantum safe network encryption, single photon counters, and hardware random number generators. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, IDQ was founded
ID_Quantique
Pseudo-random number generator algorithm
congruential generator (CLCG) is a pseudo-random number generator algorithm based on combining two or more linear congruential generators (LCG). A traditional
Combined linear congruential generator
Combined_linear_congruential_generator
Cryptography algorithm
produce the actual unique counter block for encryption. In case of a non-random nonce (such as a packet counter), the nonce and counter should be concatenated
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG). CSPRNGs are designed to produce unpredictable random numbers which can be alphanumeric.
Salt_(cryptography)
Lottery-rigging scandal in the United States
Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL), confessed to rigging a random number generator that he and two others used in multiple cases of fraud against
Hot_Lotto_fraud_scandal
Random number generator
The Yarrow algorithm is a family of cryptographic pseudorandom number generators (CSPRNG) devised by John Kelsey, Bruce Schneier, and Niels Ferguson and
Yarrow_algorithm
Cryptographic number generator
accumulate, add, and count) is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator and a stream cipher designed by Robert J. Jenkins Jr. in 1993. The
ISAAC_(cipher)
AutoNumbers generated by this mechanism are assigned using a pseudo-random number generator that generates long integers and checks for collisions with existing
AutoNumber
128-bit number used to identify information in computer systems
does not mandate a minimum number of random bits for version 7; it allows the sub-millisecond precision and monotonicity counter fields to occupy the remainder
Universally_unique_identifier
Changing keyless entry code for extra security
door openers and keyless car entry systems. Common PRNG (pseudorandom number generator) — preferably cryptographically secure — in both transmitter and receiver
Rolling_code
Cryptographic hash function
replaced SHA-1 with BLAKE2s for hashing the entropy pool in the random number generator. btrfs file system supports BLAKE2b to checksum data and metadata
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
proposal for a variant of the original ChaCha20 algorithm (using 32-bit counter and 96-bit nonce) and a variant of the original Poly1305 (authenticating
ChaCha20-Poly1305
Input to a cryptographic primitive
non-repeating, and the required randomness is derived internally. In this case, the IV is commonly called a nonce (a number used only once), and the primitives
Initialization_vector
Electronic gambling machine
depends on local law: many VLTs are stand-alone devices containing a random number generator. Each terminal is connected to a centralized computer system that
Video_lottery_terminal
Machine for shuffling playing cards
device was one of the first attempts to make a computerized pseudo-random generator and game console. During the rest of the 1930s, many inventions tried
Shuffling_machine
Type of digital circuit
oscillators: Characteristics and applications" "A Provably Secure True Random Number Generator with Built-in Tolerance to Active Attacks" (PDF). Archived from
Ring_oscillator
Report Program Generator programming language by IBM
Program Generator (PDF). IBM. 1962. C28-6192. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2024. "Generating Random Numbers
IBM_RPG
Roleplaying game feature
as the occurrence of the event is based on factors such as programmed probabilities; Pseudo-random number generators create the sequence of numbers used
Random_encounter
Type of data structure
trees are used in: hash-based cryptography. InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), BitTorrent hashtree ZFS file system (to counter data degradation); Dat protocol;
Merkle_tree
English cryptanalyst (1917–1996)
Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5266-0546-7. Hannigan, Robert (2024). Counter-intelligence: what the secret world can teach us about problem-solving
Joan_Clarke
Type of cryptographic attack
collisions found between random attack attempts and a fixed degree of permutations (pigeonholes). Let H {\textstyle H} be the number of possible values of
Birthday_attack
Any attack based on information gained from the implementation of a computer system
y^{d}} for a given ciphertext y {\displaystyle y} , the system picks a random number r {\displaystyle r} and encrypts it with public exponent e {\displaystyle
Side-channel_attack
Stream cipher
the initial state in Bluetooth uses the same structure as the random bit stream generator. We are thus dealing with two combined E0 algorithms. An initial
E0_(cipher)
Cryptographic hash function
the addition of the block counter and the existence of the finalization rounds. Another distinguisher was presented, based on the observation that multiplication
Shabal
1955 random number compilation
(2001). "Randomness as a Resource". American Scientist. 89 (4): 300–304. JSTOR 27857495. Hull, T. E.; Dobell, A. R. (1962). "Random Number Generators". SIAM
A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates
A_Million_Random_Digits_with_100,000_Normal_Deviates
Discontinued source-available disk encryption utility
random data (i.e. "shred" & "scrub"), thereby creating reasonable doubt to counter pointed accusations declaring a file, made of statistically random
TrueCrypt
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
producing a hash with a set number of leading zeros. Described in Back’s paper "Hashcash: A Denial of Service Counter-Measure," Hashcash imposed a computational
Proof_of_work
Linux-based microcontroller system
hardware-based root of trust for Azure Sphere. It includes a security processor core, cryptographic engines, a hardware random number generator, public/private
Azure_Sphere
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
linear code such as Reed-Solomon code by inserting random columns in the underlying linear code generator matrix. Security is related to the problem of constructing
Post-quantum_cryptography
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
interceptor. For technical reasons, an encryption scheme usually uses a pseudo-random encryption key generated by an algorithm. It is possible to decrypt the
Encryption
Hiding messages in other messages
encrypted data or a block of random data (an unbreakable cipher like the one-time pad generates ciphertexts that look perfectly random without the private key)
Steganography
Key derivation function based on an HMAC
provides no protection. A random r {\displaystyle r} , even if fixed by the application (for example, random number generators using r {\displaystyle r}
HKDF
Computer programming language
local randtor = not_a_random_number_generator(100); for(local i = 0; i < 10; i += 1) print(">"+resume randtor+"\n"); class BaseVector { constructor(.
Squirrel (programming language)
Squirrel_(programming_language)
Cryptographic key management scheme
information retained between transactions, including a transaction counter, a serial number, and an array of up to 21 “Future Keys”. On the receiving side
Derived unique key per transaction
Derived_unique_key_per_transaction
German cipher machine during World War II
settings that were generally changed daily, based on secret key lists distributed in advance. Due to the large number of messages transmitted every day, this
Enigma_machine
Type of standardized secure cryptoprocessors
policies. The Trusted Platform Module (TPM) provides: A hardware random number generator Facilities for the secure generation of cryptographic keys for
Trusted_Platform_Module
Fundamental tool in cryptography
in a running key cipher, a constant for a Caesar cipher, or a zero-based counter with some period in Trithemius's usage. Salomon, Data Privacy, page
Tabula_recta
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
encoded as an integral number of bytes. In ANSI X9.23, between 1 and 8 bytes are always added as padding. The block is padded with random bytes (although many
Padding_(cryptography)
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
Cryptographic attacks can be characterized in a number of ways: Cryptanalytical attacks can be classified based on what type of information the attacker has
Cryptanalysis
Cryptographic key management algorithm
combines a cryptographic so-called "ratchet" based on the Diffie–Hellman key exchange (DH) and a ratchet based on a key derivation function (KDF), such as
Double_Ratchet_Algorithm
American computer security company
the NSA in 2004 in a deal to use the NSA-designed Dual EC DRBG random number generator in their BSAFE library, despite many indications that Dual_EC_DRBG
RSA_Security
Implementations of Advanced Encryption Standard
block ciphers, one-way hash functions, chaining modes, pseudo-random number generators, public key cryptography and other routines. libSodium API for
AES_implementations
How the video chat application protects itself from theft, damage, black hats
with the Skype server. The client creates a session key using its random number generator. The Skype server verifies that the selected username is unique
Skype_security
Type of cipher
Special Publication 800-90A Recommendation for Random Number Generation Using Deterministic Random Bit Generators" (PDF). doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-90A. {{cite
Block_cipher
Object that enables processing collection items in order
int) -> Generator[int, None, None]: a, b = 0, 1 for _ in range(limit): yield a a, b = b, a + b for number in fibonacci(100): # The generator constructs
Iterator
Algorithm for public key cryptography
implementation of Paillier cryptosystem and a cryptographic counters construction based on the same. python-paillier a library for Partially Homomorphic
Paillier_cryptosystem
Encryption method
an identity authentication protocol is based on successful decryption of a message that uses a password-based key, Mallory's ability to craft a single
Authenticated_encryption
Block cipher
to those used in differential cryptanalysis. The designers countered by doubling the number of rounds, FEAL-8 (Shimizu and Miyaguchi, 1988). However, eight
FEAL
Discrete probability distribution
one uniform random number u per sample. Cumulative probabilities are examined in turn until one exceeds u. algorithm Poisson generator based upon the inversion
Poisson_distribution
Cipher method
Physically extract the letter tab found at position zenith-1 (i.e., one counter-clockwise position past the zenith) taking it out of the disk's alphabet
Chaocipher
Digital circuit
is executed. The cost for a pseudorandom number generator is low compared to other techniques. Random prediction guarantees a 50% correct prediction rate
Branch_predictor
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
size, and for any size of cryptographically strong pseudo-random function (since in both counter mode and CBC-MAC, the block cipher is only ever used in
CCM_mode
predicate • Hardware random number generator • Hardware security module • Harold Keen • Harry Hinsley • Harvest (computer) • HAS-160 • Hash-based cryptography
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Stream cipher
In cryptography, Mutual Irregular Clocking KEYstream generator (MICKEY) is a stream cipher algorithm developed by Steve Babbage and Matthew Dodd. The
MICKEY
IEEE network security standard
to support at least two) A default cipher suite of GCM-AES-128 (Galois/Counter Mode of Advanced Encryption Standard cipher with 128-bit key) GCM-AES-256
IEEE_802.1AE
US standard for secure communications
refers to SCIP 230. For security, SCIP uses a block cipher operating in counter mode. A new Traffic Encryption Key (TEK) is negotiated for each call. The
Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol
Secure_Communications_Interoperability_Protocol
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
Pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) can be built using hash functions. This is done by combining a (secret) random seed with a counter and hashing it
Cryptographic_hash_function
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
ciphers by generating blocks of a keystream (in place of a Pseudorandom number generator) and applying an XOR operation to each bit of the plaintext with each
Cryptography
This is a list of episodes in the American animated television series Generator Rex. ^aThese episodes were released on Xbox Live, PlayStation Network
List of Generator Rex episodes
List_of_Generator_Rex_episodes
Data structure for approximate set membership
hashing, variants of double hashing that are effectively simple random number generators seeded with the two or three hash values.) Removing an element
Bloom_filter
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
were much more resistant to the attack than if they had been chosen at random, strongly suggesting that IBM knew about the technique in the 1970s. This
Data_Encryption_Standard
Security and privacy features of the iOS operating system
boot process to ensure that it is completely secure. A hardware random number generator is also included as a part of this coprocessor. Each device's Secure
Security_and_privacy_of_iOS
French cypher that remained unbroken for several centuries
encrypted not only syllables but also letters and words. To counter frequency analysis, some number sets were "nulls", meant to be ignored by the intended
Great_Cipher
2013 video game
this was still acceptable since this was highly tied to the game's random generator. The game is presented in 8-bit-like two-dimensional graphics. This
Risk_of_Rain
Authenticated encryption mode with resistance against nonce reuse
Standard which provides similar (but slightly worse) performance to Galois/Counter Mode as well as misuse resistance in the event of the reuse of a cryptographic
AES-GCM-SIV
Message authentication code algorithm
in OpenSSL. CBC-MAC is also used as a "conditioning component" (a.k.a. randomness extractor, a method to generate bitstrings with full entropy) in NIST
CBC-MAC
Mechanical cipher machine
by the M-209 for ease of readability. A letter counter on top of the machine indicated the total number of encoded letters, and could be used as a point
M-209
Encryption device
KG-84C contains all of the KG-84 and KG-84A modes, plus a variable update counter, improved HF performance, synchronous out-of-sync detection, asynchronous
KG-84
Number, approximately 3.14
\end{aligned}}} This probability can be used in conjunction with a random number generator to approximate π using a Monte Carlo approach. The solution to
Pi
Tables comparing general and technical information for common hashes
Merkle–Damgård construction for details. The size of BLAKE2b's message length counter is 128-bit, but it counts message length in bytes, not in bits like the
Comparison of cryptographic hash functions
Comparison_of_cryptographic_hash_functions
Proving validity without revealing other data
knowledge—counter to Peggy's stated wishes. However, digital cryptography generally "flips coins" by relying on a pseudo-random number generator, which is
Zero-knowledge_proof
Soviet cipher machine
as side-channel leakage or TEMPEST. The following describe appropriate counter measures that were taken in the design of Fialka. Fialka draws differing
Fialka
Genre of art
statistical distribution of input data such as images. The GAN uses a "generator" to create new images and a "discriminator" to decide which created images
AI_art
Earliest electronic computer design
of minimizing the number of (expensive) vacuum tubes (optimal radix choice). Numbers can be stored as the state of a ring counter composed of several
Vacuum-tube_computer
Publicly known attacks against cryptographic hash functions
Jean; Gaëtan Leurent; Thomas Peyrin; Lei Wang (2014-08-29). The Usage of Counter Revisited: Second-Preimage Attack on New Russian Standardized Hash Function
Hash function security summary
Hash_function_security_summary
property for tax purposes and imposes anti-money laundering (AML) and counter terrorism financing (CTF) obligations on cryptocurrency exchanges. Since
Cryptocurrency_in_Australia
Project to identify new stream ciphers for widespread adoption
accepted if they demonstrated software performance superior to AES-128 in counter mode. Activities in Phase 1 included a large amount of analysis and presentations
ESTREAM
Feistel network based block cipher
whitening. The diffusion layer uses a linear transformation based on a matrix with a branch number of 5.[citation needed] Camellia is considered a modern,
Camellia_(cipher)
Block cipher
a timer-driven counter which continuously increments, which is the opposite of the Classic KeeLoq where the counter increments based on the button press
KeeLoq
Family of stream ciphers
substitution–permutation network, which is assisted by a non-linear RNS-based counter. The four VEST family trees described in the cipher specification are
VEST
Line of home computers
that used 256K DRAMs needed this 8-bit refresh counter to work. The Motorola 6847 is a display generator capable of displaying text and graphics contained
TRS-80_Color_Computer
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