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Biological hypothesis
In biology, constructive development refers to the hypothesis that organisms shape their own developmental trajectory by constantly responding to, and
Constructive development (biology)
Constructive_development_(biology)
of evolution who champion Intelligent Design. Evolvability Constructive development (biology) Extended evolutionary synthesis Kirschner, Marc W.; Gerhart
Facilitated_variation
Theory that discusses human intelligence from an epistemological perspective
model to adults in describing what he called constructive-developmental psychology. "Cognitive Development - Encyclopedia of Special Education: A Reference
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Piaget's_theory_of_cognitive_development
Application of quantum mechanics and chemistry to biology
Quantum biology is the study of applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to aspects of biology that cannot be accurately described
Quantum_biology
proof by contradiction might be called non-constructive, and a constructivist might reject it. The constructive viewpoint involves a verificational interpretation
Mathematical_object
Change in the heritable traits of populations
Stoltzfus, Arlin (13 October 2012). "Constructive neutral evolution: exploring evolutionary theory's curious disconnect". Biology Direct. 7 (1): 35. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-7-35
Evolution
Approach to biology
Individuals such as Carla Fehr offer constructive criticism for the future of feminist philosophy in the field of biology; she proposes feminist biologists
Feminist_biology
Theory of evolution by changes at the molecular level
Stoltzfus, Arlin (2012-10-13). "Constructive neutral evolution: exploring evolutionary theory's curious disconnect". Biology Direct. 7 (1): 35. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-7-35
Neutral theory of molecular evolution
Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution
Creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism
constructive replication does not involve growing but rather building. Assisted reproductive technology (ART)'s purpose is to assist the development of
Artificial_reproduction
Scientific study of humans, human behavior, and societies
scientific study of humanity that crosses biology and sociology, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in
Anthropology
Austrian biologist (born 1953)
Department of Theoretical Biology in the Center for Organismal Systems Biology. His research interests focus on vertebrate limb development, evolutionary novelties
Gerd_B._Müller
Species of fish
traits, cave forms evolved "constructive traits". In contrast to regressive traits, the purpose or benefit of constructive traits is generally accepted
Mexican_tetra
Evolutionary theory
a complex trait emerged as a response to a deleterious development in an organism. Constructive neutral evolution often leads to irreversible or "irremediable"
Constructive neutral evolution
Constructive_neutral_evolution
Scientific study of the nervous system
multidisciplinary science that combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, psychology, physics, computer science, chemistry
Neuroscience
Adaptation of animals to constant darkness
cave crabs exhibited reductive evolutionary changes at the same rate as constructive changes. Their research concluded that both selection and evolution are
Troglomorphism
Structural support for biological cells
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM), also called the intercellular matrix, is a network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals
Extracellular_matrix
Darwinian perspective that biological traits are evolved adaptations
'teleonomy'." Evolutionary biology portal Adaptive evolution in the human genome Beneficial acclimation hypothesis Constructive neutral evolution Evolutionary
Adaptationism
American astrophysics award
knowledge of physical conditions existing within the stars, and for his constructive interpretation of the Einstein theory of the relativity as applied to
Henry_Draper_Medal
Study of changes in DNA and RNA over time
Stoltzfus A (October 2012). "Constructive neutral evolution: exploring evolutionary theory's curious disconnect". Biology Direct. 7 (1): 35. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-7-35
Molecular_evolution
Subfield of mathematics
logics and constructive mathematics. The study of constructive mathematics includes many different programs with various definitions of constructive. At the
Mathematical_logic
American biologist, academic, and researcher
scholarship to create one (how MBoC promotes civil and constructive peer review)". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 22 (5): 525–527. doi:10.1091/mbc.e11-01-0002
David_G._Drubin
Country in West Asia
Mohammad Khatami, whose government advocated freedom of expression, constructive diplomatic relations with Asia and the EU, and policy that supported
Iran
Performing an action considered bad
(ataque) or behaving promiscuously). Acting out may inhibit the development of more constructive responses to the feelings in question. According to psychoanalytic
Acting_out
American theologian, philosopher and environmentalist (1925–2024)
Whiteheadians changed their own label to "constructive postmodernism". Like its deconstructionist counterpart, constructive postmodernism arose partly in response
John_B._Cobb
Mechanism which genetically encodes phenotypes through evolutionary processes
complexity, making it in his view uninteresting from the perspective of the constructive process of adaptation. However, the preceding phenotypic plasticity need
Genetic_assimilation
Phylum of gelatinous marine animals
on the systematics, distribution, sexuality and development of two species of Ocyropsis". Marine Biology. 90 (3): 413–424. Bibcode:1986MarBi..90..413H.
Ctenophora
Term for computer intruders and computing experts
dictionary, compiled in 1959, described a hack as an undertaking without a constructive purpose and a hacker as its practitioner. Before its close association
Hacker
Rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium
typical E. coli genome is shared among all strains. In fact, from the more constructive point of view, the members of genus Shigella (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri
Escherichia_coli
Theory for analyzing people's lives
psychology, biology, public health and economics. So far, empirical research from a life course perspective has not resulted in the development of a formal
Life_course_approach
Theories in cognitive psychology
thought is organized in two levels. This is outlined in the Theory of Constructive Operators (TCO). The first and more basic level is defined by mental
Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
Neo-Piagetian_theories_of_cognitive_development
Elastic interaction of x-rays with electrons
another out in most directions through destructive interference, they add constructively in a few specific directions. An intuitive understanding of X-ray diffraction
X-ray_diffraction
Systematic endeavour to gain knowledge
claimed to be things that should be ignored. Close to instrumentalism is constructive empiricism, according to which the main criterion for the success of
Science
Branch of mathematics
object. Reformulations of calculus in a constructive framework are generally part of the subject of constructive analysis. While many of the ideas of calculus
Calculus
American biologist (1928–2025)
employed by the faculty of the Harvard University Biology Department, promoting research in molecular biology. From 1968, Watson served as the director of
James_Watson
American philosopher (1942–2021)
Orandi est Lex Credendi," in Images of Science: Scientific Realism Versus Constructive Empiricism, ed. Churchland and Hooker (1984). "The Logician's Dilemma:
Richard_Boyd
Knowledge assessment tool
2844559 [6] Odom AL, Barrow LH 1995 Development and application of a two-tier diagnostic test measuring college biology students' understanding of diffusion
Concept_inventory
Intelligence of machines
some of Dreyfus's comments. Had he formulated them less aggressively, constructive actions they suggested might have been taken much earlier." Searle presented
Artificial_intelligence
Experimental surgery
Donna. The Ethics of Animal Experimentation: A Critical Analysis and Constructive Christian Proposal Archived 2022-06-20 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford
Vivisection
German polymath (1646–1716)
and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in probability theory, biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics and computer science. Leibniz
Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz
Psychological school of thought
Bartlett’s experiments in cognitive psychology highlighted the (re-)constructive nature of memory’s recall. From 1960s till nowdays, many researchers
Constructivism (psychological school)
Constructivism_(psychological_school)
Emotion
and active distancing, some individuals respond to jealousy in a more constructive way. Integrative communication, compensatory restoration, and negative
Jealousy
Italian philosopher (born 1954)
present times, that are so ambivalent being at the same time full of constructive and deconstructive potential. In 2001, he edited with Mauro Ceruti the
Gianluca_Bocchi
British polymath (1890–1962)
theory of evolution known as the modern synthesis. For his contributions to biology, Richard Dawkins declared Fisher to be the greatest of Darwin's successors
Ronald_Fisher
systems theory Biostatistics the development and application of statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology. Birational geometry a part of
Glossary of areas of mathematics
Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics
Teaching method encouraging autodidacticism
Planes of Development". AMI Communications (2/3): 4–10. Grazzini, Camillo (January–February 1988). "The Four Planes of Development: A Constructive Rhythm
Montessori_education
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
that are congruent by translation). His next paper dealt with giving a constructive proof without the axiom of choice that 2 ℵ 0 {\displaystyle 2^{\aleph
John_von_Neumann
Class of artificial neural networks
different flavors of message passing, started by recursive or convolutional constructive approaches. A 2022 position paper argued that many architectures described
Graph_neural_network
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
(2000). "Recent developments in the cell biology and biochemistry of glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipids (review)". Molecular Membrane Biology. 17 (1): 1–16
Metabolism
British AI researcher (born 1976)
themselves in new experiences. The finding established a link between the constructive process of imagination and the reconstructive process of episodic memory
Demis_Hassabis
Species of fish
16 October 2025. Rodríguez-Morales, R. (2024). "Sensing in the dark: Constructive evolution of the lateral line system in blind populations of Astyanax
Eidinemacheilus_smithi
British missionary
Harold Balme, "A criticism of nursing education, with suggestions for constructive reform" 1937 (Oxford University Press) Harold Balme, "The Relief of Pain
Harold_Balme
Swiss psychologist (1896–1980)
published 1977) ISBN 0-226-07503-6. Chapman, M. (1988). Constructive evolution: Origins and development of Piaget's thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Jean_Piaget
Film of microorganisms on a surface
remove nutrients from waste waters. Biofilms can also be harnessed for constructive purposes. For example, many sewage treatment plants include a secondary
Biofilm
British politician (born 1980)
A-Levels in biology, chemistry and maths, at Phoenix College, a sixth form college in Morden, south London. She achieved a B in biology, a B in chemistry
Kemi_Badenoch
Spiritual leader of Tibet since 1940
affect every other being. But it also reminds us that a compassionate or constructive act – whether working in hospitals or just observing social distancing
14th_Dalai_Lama
American Mennonite theologian (1925–2011)
him the 1995 American Academy of Religion Award for excellence among constructive books in religion. He participated for many years in the discussions
Gordon_D._Kaufman
Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species
and development of the building plan of the vertebrate heart". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. Cardiomyocyte Biology: Cardiac
Macroevolution
Method of reasoning and philosophical argument
Gottlieb Fichte transformed Kant's negative dialectic into a positive, constructive method. He rejected Kant's notion of the unknowable "thing-in-itself"
Dialectic
Educational model of human intelligence
general categories: biology (evolutionary neuroscience) analysis (core operations and symbol systems) psychology (skill development and individual differences)
Theory of multiple intelligences
Theory_of_multiple_intelligences
Russian biophysicist (1928–2022)
1928 – 25 September 2022) was a Soviet and Russian biophysicist. PhD in biology (1955), DrSc in medicine (1961), Professor, Member of the Russian Academy
Josef_Gitelson
Philosophical view explaining systems in terms of smaller parts
a pejorative sense. In cognitive psychology, George Kelly developed "constructive alternativism" as a form of personal construct psychology and an alternative
Reductionism
2012 book by Maximilian Holland
published in 2012. The work synthesizes the perspectives of evolutionary biology, psychology and sociocultural anthropology towards understanding human
Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship
Social_Bonding_and_Nurture_Kinship
Publication by the US National Academy of Sciences
include Francisco J. Ayala and Bruce Alberts, highlight developments in evolutionary biology and its relevance to the study of emerging infectious diseases
Science, Evolution, and Creationism
Science,_Evolution,_and_Creationism
British political adviser and former actor (born 1991)
and posed a question on the practical ways by which they could move constructive dialogue with Russia forward, having identified shared interests in defeating
Skandar_Keynes
Physical anomaly involving extra fingers or toes
explained by genetic mutation alone, but only by constructive development, i.e. the ability of development to produce a complex phenotypic output. The corresponding
Polydactyly
Repayment in kind
relationships. It often involves choosing compassion, consideration, and co-constructive communication over reactive and retaliatory behaviour. When used as a
Norm_of_reciprocity
Series of monographs published from 1938 to 1969
Philipp Frank Cosmology (FUS I-8) E. Finlay-Freundlich Foundations of Biology (FUS I-9) Felix Mainx The Conceptual Framework of Psychology (FUS I-10)
International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
International_Encyclopedia_of_Unified_Science
American botanist and bioethicist (1920–2008)
in most instances, want to follow through to see that it is used for constructive rather than anti-human purposes.... Science is now too potent in transforming
Arthur_Galston
Concept involving intangible goods
sustainability describes the long-term oriented production and further development of digital artifacts and addresses the tragedy of the anticommons. Originating
Digital_sustainability
Cuban-American scientist
addition, Casadevall, in collaboration with Dr. Ferric C. Fang, has been constructive in shaping the nations approach to science, scientific misconduct, and
Arturo_Casadevall
and terror only by terror. Only then can a new state of affairs be constructively created. Political parties are inclined to compromises; philosophies
Religious views of Adolf Hitler
Religious_views_of_Adolf_Hitler
Marxist philosophy of nature and science
of Hegel, which emphasized development, process, and historical change. At the same time, sciences like geology and biology were making discoveries that
Dialectical_materialism
Model of evolutionary neurology proposed by Paul McLean
the model suggests that the interactions between structures are not constructive, but that they are conflicting due to the anatomical separation of the
Triune_brain
website of ABC News "Bridgit Mendler Social Machines, MIT Center for Constructive Communication". MIT Media Lab People. MIT Media Lab. Retrieved 18 July
List of artists and entertainers with advanced degrees
List_of_artists_and_entertainers_with_advanced_degrees
American philosopher (1942–2024)
philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. Dennett was the co-director
Daniel_Dennett
System capable of producing itself
publication, Mind in Life. The basic notion of autopoiesis as involving constructive interaction with the environment is extended to include cognition. Initially
Autopoiesis
High school diploma examinations
June 2024, then Geometry, Earth and Space Sciences, and Life Science: Biology in June 2025, followed by Algebra II, Chemistry, Physics, and English Language
Regents_examinations
Hypothetical group of multiple universes
well-defined and that it admits only universe representations describable by constructive mathematics—that is, computer programs. Schmidhuber explicitly includes
Multiverse
1981 book by Peter Singer
described as "arrogant", Singer was one of the first moral philosophers to constructively engage with it, arguing that at least some of sociobiology's arguments
The_Expanding_Circle
Dutch environmental economist
interpretations, which can lead to confusion rather than a clear and constructive debate on environmental policy. Many interpretations of degrowth do not
Jeroen_C._J._M._van_den_Bergh
Кириллова) National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Zuyevka Developed a constructive theory of extremal problems, proved the quasi-maximum principle for discrete
List of people in systems and control
List_of_people_in_systems_and_control
Coordinating the efforts of persons
psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice: root causes and constructive remedies". Clinical Psychology Review. 33 (7): 883–900. doi:10.1016/j
Management
magnification tool Archimedes (CAD) Art of Illusion Blender BRL-CAD – constructive solid geometry (CSG) solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD) system
List of free and open-source software packages
List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages
Philosophical study of morality
Sydnor, Jon Paul (March 29, 2012). Ramanuja and Schleiermacher: Toward a Constructive Comparative Theology. James Clarke & Company Limited. ISBN 978-0-227-90035-2
Ethics
Branch of mathematics
(or max-plus algebra/min-plus algebra). Constructive analysis, which is built upon a foundation of constructive, rather than classical, logic and set theory
Mathematical_analysis
Measure of algorithmic complexity
{1}{P(x)}}=K(x)+O(1)} Kolmogorov complexity has been used in the context of biology to argue that the symmetries and modular arrangements observed in multiple
Kolmogorov_complexity
Model of human development
Spiral Dynamics is a model of human development that posits a discrete and linear series of "stages of development" that individuals, organizations, and
Spiral_Dynamics
English biologist and philosopher (1887–1975)
Development:ˮ Julian Huxley, Early 20th Century Oxford Biology, and the Epigenetic Origins of Animal Characters". Journal of the History of Biology.
Julian_Huxley
English physicist and biologist (1916–2004)
of his work in biology, when he was in the Strangeways laboratory. In The Eighth Day of Creation, Horace Judson describes the development of Watson's thinking
Francis_Crick
Book by Richard Dawkins
at the origin of life, including the work of Graham Cairns-Smith. 7. Constructive evolution Dawkins looks at evolutionary arms races between predator and
The_Blind_Watchmaker
Scottish scientist and town planner (1854–1932)
to consider "primary human needs" in every intervention, engaging in "constructive and conservative surgery" rather than the "heroic, all of a piece schemes"
Patrick_Geddes
Capacity to mentally reconstruct personal events from the past
Possibilities". Current Biology. 26 (13): 1758–1762. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.062. PMID 27345164. Hudson JA (2006). "The Development of Future Time Concepts
Mental_time_travel
Framework for scoring a behavior's complexity
child development Bloom's taxonomy – Classification system in education Coherence therapy § Hierarchical organization of constructs Constructive developmental
Model of hierarchical complexity
Model_of_hierarchical_complexity
Systems-based study of economic processes
1341–1378. Tesfatsion, Leigh (2006), "Agent-Based Computational Economics: A Constructive Approach to Economic Theory," ch. 16, Handbook of Computational Economics
Agent-based computational economics
Agent-based_computational_economics
Hard skeletal covering of fish
Biology. 23 (9): R338–R339. Bibcode:2013CBio...23.R338M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.056. PMID 23660349. Sharpe, P. T. (2001). "Fish scale development:
Fish_scale
American mathematician
distance matrices and conditionally positive definite functions" (PDF). Constructive Approximation. 2 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1007/BF01893414. (over 2160 citations)
Charles_Anthony_Micchelli
Practice where feedback is given by one student to another student
peer feedback. As a collaborative process of providing feedback and constructive criticism of each other's work, peer feedback has long been regarded
Peer_feedback
American physicist and mathematician (born 1955)
Critic discussing the more general politicization of science, especially biology and medicine. Raab, Frederick H. (2018). "Recollections of Nathan Sokal:
Alan_Sokal
Measurement method using interference of waves
difference between the two waves—waves that are in phase will undergo constructive interference while waves that are out of phase will undergo destructive
Interferometry
1995 book by Richard Webster
culture, our own history, and indeed, our own psychology. It is to this constructive attempt to analyse the nature and sources of Freud's mistakes that my
Why_Freud_Was_Wrong
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