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Physics calculation for collisions
Collision frequency describes the rate of collisions between two atomic or molecular species in a given volume, per unit time. In an ideal gas, assuming
Collision_frequency
Chemistry principle
reaction between A and B, the collision frequency calculated with the hard-sphere model with the unit number of collisions per m3 per second is: Z = n A
Collision_theory
Mathematical descriptions of molecular diffusion
Smoluchowski frequency represents the lower limit of the real collision frequency. In 2022, Chen calculates the upper limit of the collision frequency between
Fick's_laws_of_diffusion
Numerical constant in the Arrhenius equation in chemical kinetics
usually left for collision frequency. The pre-exponential factor can be thought of as a measure of the frequency of properly oriented collisions. It is typically
Pre-exponential_factor
Characteristic values of a plasma
tokamaks, collisionality is a dimensionless parameter which expresses the ratio of the electron-ion collision frequency to the banana orbit frequency. The
Plasma_parameters
Theoretical satellite collision cascade
belt. In June 1978, Kessler and Burton Cour-Palais co-authored "Collision Frequency of Artificial Satellites: The Creation of a Debris Belt", demonstrating
Kessler_syndrome
Electric current around the E region of ionosphere
this region the electron gyro frequency (Larmor frequency) is much greater than the electron-neutral collision frequency. In contrast, the principal E
Electrojet
Quantity used in collision theory
one predicted by collision theory. It can also be defined as the ratio between the pre-exponential factor and the collision frequency, and it is most often
Steric_factor
Event causing release of space debris
Administration. Kessler, Donald J.; Cour-Palais, Burton G. (June 1978). "Collision frequency of artificial satellites: The creation of a debris belt". Journal
In-orbit_fragmentation
American astrophysicist (born 1940)
first published his ideas in 1978, in an academic paper titled "Collision Frequency of Artificial Satellites: The Creation of a Debris Belt." The paper
Donald_J._Kessler
maximum when the frequency of collisions is approximately equal to the gyratory frequency so that the charge carriers experience one collision for every gyration
Pedersen_current
Physical phenomenon
\rho } and the step time is the collision time, τ {\displaystyle \tau } , which is related to the collision frequency through τ = 1 / ν {\displaystyle
Bohm_diffusion
redshift a third unknown variable the collision frequency of A with A is denoted zA(A) the collision frequency factor is denoted zAB Blackboard bold letters
Latin letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering
State of matter
electron plasma frequency (measuring plasma oscillations of the electrons) is much larger than the electron–neutral collision frequency. When this condition
Plasma_(physics)
Equation of statistical mechanics
that the rate at which this occurs is proportional to the molecular collision frequency. The Boltzmann equation is therefore modified to the BGK form: ∂
Boltzmann_equation
Parameter in plasma physics
m_{e}} is the electron mass. ν c {\displaystyle \nu _{c}} is the collision frequency. Electrical resistivity and conductivity Somov, Boris V. (2012).
Magnetic_diffusivity
Reaction rate equals rate of transport
than the diffusion of reactants and thus the rate is governed by collision frequency. Diffusion control is rare in the gas phase, where rates of diffusion
Diffusion-controlled_reaction
Mathematical expression
} : electron collision frequency ω = 2 π f {\displaystyle \omega =2\pi f} : angular frequency f {\displaystyle f} : ordinary frequency (cycles per second
Appleton–Hartree_equation
Ability of charged particles to move through a medium in response to an electric field
species, ν m {\displaystyle \nu _{\text{m}}} is the momentum-transfer collision frequency, m {\displaystyle m} is the mass. Mobility is related to the species'
Electrical_mobility
between the electron gyrofrequency Ωe and the electron-heavy particles collision frequency ν: β = Ω e ν = e B m e ν {\displaystyle \beta \,=\,{\frac {\Omega
Electrothermal_instability
phase shift present in semi-collisional scattering regimes allows for determination of a plasma's collisional frequency through coherent microwave scattering
Collisional_scattering
Atmospheric model
conductivity 2.5339 × 10−2 W m−1 K−1 Mean free path 6.6317 × 10−8 m Collision frequency 6.9204 × 109 s−1 Particle speed 4.5894 × 102 m s−1 Number density
International Standard Atmosphere
International_Standard_Atmosphere
Algorithm in molecular physics
decorrelation of the particles. This effect grows with increasing collision frequency ν {\displaystyle \nu } . Berendsen thermostat Andersen, H. C. (1980)
Andersen_thermostat
Ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere
energy. Total refraction can occur when the collision frequency of the ionosphere is less than the radio frequency, and if the electron density in the ionosphere
Ionosphere
free path and collision frequency. The electric field E {\displaystyle E} governs the energy gained between two successive collisions. Reduced electric
Townsend_(unit)
Electromagnetic effect in physics
the electron gyrofrequency, Ωe, and the electron-heavy particle collision frequency, ν: β = Ω e ν = e B m e ν {\displaystyle \beta ={\frac {\Omega _{\mathrm
Hall_effect
Association of several clinically recognizable features
2014-02-15. Kessler, Donald J.; Cour-Palais, Burton G. (1978). "Collision Frequency of Artificial Satellites: The Creation of a Debris Belt" (PDF). Journal
Syndrome
Microcanonic transition state theory of unimolecular reactions
quantum number of angular momentum, ω {\displaystyle \omega } is the collision frequency between A ∗ {\displaystyle A^{*}} molecule and bath molecules, Q
RRKM_theory
Incident when a vehicle collides with another object
A traffic collision, also known as a motor vehicle collision or car crash, occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road
Traffic_collision
people who died in traffic collisions. The prevalence of bus crashes in this list is a function of severity rather than of frequency. This list records crashes
List of traffic collisions (before 2000)
List_of_traffic_collisions_(before_2000)
Microscopic plasma instability
Second, the collision frequency between ions and background neutral particles is assumed to be much greater than the ion cyclotron frequency, allowing the
Farley–Buneman_instability
Fatal aviation accident
on the East River. This was the first aircraft collision over the Hudson River since 1976. The collision, which occurred opposite 14th Street in Manhattan
2009 Hudson River mid-air collision
2009_Hudson_River_mid-air_collision
Machine that induces coalescence of droplets in an emulsion
emulsions under turbulent-flow conditions. The turbulence increases the collision frequency between the water drops. The electrodes are insulated to prevent
Coalescer
Coefficient of rate of a chemical reaction
A) takes into consideration the frequency at which reactant molecules are colliding and the likelihood that a collision leads to a successful reaction
Reaction_rate_constant
Equation characterising electrochemical kinetics
the "correctly oriented" O-R collision frequency. The exponential term (Boltzmann factor) is the fraction of those collisions with sufficient energy to overcome
Butler–Volmer_equation
Type of electric propulsion system
_{ce}=eB/m_{e}} is the electron cyclotron frequency and ν e {\displaystyle \nu _{e}} is an effective electron collision frequency. Ions are accelerated primarily
Hall-effect_thruster
Aircraft collision avoidance system
alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS; /ˈtiːkæs/ TEE-kas), also called an airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS), is an aircraft collision avoidance
Traffic collision avoidance system
Traffic_collision_avoidance_system
including the liquid phase, and in turn increase concentration and collision frequency, and accelerate a reaction. Increase in temperature can speed up
Pressure_reactor
American physicist (1932–2025)
Landhuis; S. C. Moss; T. J. Greytak; D. Kleppner (1998). "Cold Collision Frequency Shift of the 1S-2S Transition in Hydrogen". Physical Review Letters
Daniel_Kleppner
Ideal molecular motion where no average acceleration takes place
{\displaystyle \zeta =\gamma M} , where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the collision frequency with the solvent, a damping constant in units of time − 1 {\displaystyle
Brownian_dynamics
at a relatively low electron temperature (~1 eV). Due to the high collision frequency of the particles in the source, the plasma is in thermal equilibrium
Cascaded_arc_plasma_source
Scientific theory
the damping constant (units of reciprocal time), also known as the collision frequency; T {\displaystyle T} is the temperature, k B {\displaystyle k_{\rm
Langevin_dynamics
Mass spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation of selected ions in the gas phase
resonant frequency, but at a slightly off-resonant frequency, the ions will alternately be excited and de-excited, permitting multiple collisions at low
Collision-induced dissociation
Collision-induced_dissociation
Motorcar safety system
A collision avoidance system (CAS), also known as a pre-crash system, forward collision warning system (FCW), or collision mitigation system, is an advanced
Collision_avoidance_system
low voltages, typically of the order of 10 – 100 V. Due to high collision frequencies of plasma species, atmospheric pressure arcs are in thermal equilibrium
Plasma_activation
Study of the rates of chemical reactions
means that more particles are present at the surface, and the frequency of collisions between these and reactant particles increases, and so reaction
Chemical_kinetics
Property of a mass in motion
If it is conserved, the collision is called an elastic collision; if not, it is an inelastic collision. An elastic collision is one in which no kinetic
Momentum
Abrupt boundary between a magnetosphere and the surrounding plasma
planet's magnetic field in a manner known as a geomagnetic storm. The collision frequency of particles in the plasma in the interplanetary medium is very low
Magnetopause
Overview of titanium's biocompatible properties
protein), and F is the Faraday constant in C⋅mol−1. The equation for collision frequency is as follows: v c = 2 π D c d N A {\displaystyle v_{\text{c}}={2\pi
Titanium_biocompatibility
Monte Carlo method
From the collision frequency, f c o l l {\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {coll} }} , given by kinetic theory the total number of hard sphere collisions in a cell
Direct_simulation_Monte_Carlo
2026 aviation accident in New York, U.S.
runway where the collision would occur. ATC audio later released by media outlets captured a controller saying "I messed up" on the frequency shortly after
Air Canada Express Flight 8646
Air_Canada_Express_Flight_8646
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
the ground without generating an arc, and secondly to reduce the collision frequency of electrons with gas atoms to negligible levels—this effect is characterized
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Means for multiple terminals to communicate over one medium
same frequency hopping sequence synchronously, meaning that they send on the same frequency channel, but CDMA/CA or TDMA is used to avoid collisions within
Channel_access_method
Metabolic pathway
AE, et al. (May 1984). "Relationship between lateral diffusion, collision frequency, and electron transfer of mitochondrial inner membrane oxidation-reduction
Oxidative_phosphorylation
2025 mid-air collision over Washington, D.C.
25 collided in mid-air over the Potomac River in Washington, D.C. The collision occurred at 8:47 p.m. at an altitude of about 300 feet (100 m) and about
2025 Potomac River mid-air collision
2025_Potomac_River_mid-air_collision
Communication flowing simultaneously in both directions
half-duplex systems, if more than one party transmits at the same time, a collision occurs, resulting in lost or distorted messages. A full-duplex (FDX) system
Duplex_(telecommunications)
ISSN 0094-5765. Kessler, Donald J.; Cour-Palais, Burton G. (1978-06-01). "Collision frequency of artificial satellites: The creation of a debris belt". Journal
Space_debris_model
Model in computational physics
coefficients such as mobility, diffusion coefficient, averaged collision frequencies, and so on. To determine the transport coefficients, the velocity
Plasma_modeling
Fatal collision of passenger flights over Yugoslavia (now Croatia)
The 1976 Zagreb mid-air collision was a mid-air collision that took place on September 10, 1976, when British Airways Flight 476 en route from London
1976_Zagreb_mid-air_collision
Process in plasma physics
m}\mathbf {E} -\nu \mathbf {v} ,} where ν {\displaystyle \nu } is the collision frequency. Since in the steady state, d v / d t = 0 {\displaystyle d{\mathbf
Magnetic_reconnection
Formula for temperature dependence of rates of chemical reactions
(frequency of collisions resulting in a reaction), T is the absolute temperature, A is the pre-exponential factor or Arrhenius factor or frequency factor
Arrhenius_equation
clusters. The process of lumping particles together reduces the collision frequency, which directly influences the energy dissipation. To account for
CFD-DEM
Method in computational chemistry
significantly (up to 100 times in some cases) by using much lower collision frequency γ {\displaystyle \gamma } . Recent work has also been done developing
Implicit_solvation
Disruption of radio signals by nuclear detonation
plasma frequency as above, f {\displaystyle f} is the frequency of the radio signal, and f c {\displaystyle f_{c}} is the electron-neutral collision frequency
Nuclear_blackout
Road traffic accident involving many vehicles
A multiple-vehicle collision (colloquially known as a pileup or multi-car collision), is a road traffic collision involving many vehicles. Generally occurring
Multiple-vehicle_collision
1977 runway collision in Spain
Airport runway collision 1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision 2001 Linate Airport runway collision 1991 Los Angeles runway collision Boeing assigned
Tenerife_airport_disaster
Computer network multiple access method
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) in computer networking, is a link layer multiple access method in which carrier sensing
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance
Carrier-sense_multiple_access_with_collision_avoidance
Disaster involving one or more trains
often been widely covered in popular media and in folklore. A head-on collision between two trains is colloquially called a "cornfield meet" in the United
Railway_accident
Ionization method
efficient as it occurs at atmospheric pressure, and thus has a high collision frequency. Additionally, APCI considerably reduces the thermal decomposition
Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization
Atmospheric-pressure_chemical_ionization
Collision of two astronomical objects
An impact event is a collision between astronomical objects causing measurable effects. Impact events have been found to regularly occur in planetary
Impact_event
Multi-user version of OFDM digital modulation
Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) digital
Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access
2006 mid-air collision over Brazil
Amazonic Center frequencies. The Embraer then continued its attempts to reach Brasília Center, seven more times until the collision. The collision occurred at
Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907
Gol_Transportes_Aéreos_Flight_1907
Aircraft collision avoidance system
A portable collision avoidance system (PCAS) is a proprietary aircraft collision avoidance system similar in function to traffic collision avoidance system
Portable collision avoidance system
Portable_collision_avoidance_system
Activities related to manufacturing components that go into Earth's orbit or beyond
March 2025. Kessler, Donald J.; Cour-Palais, Burton G. (1978). "Collision frequency of artificial satellites: The creation of a debris belt". Journal
Space_industry
2021 mid-air collision in Colorado, United States
SA226-TC Metroliner over Cherry Creek State Park in Arapahoe County. The collision destroyed a large section of the cabin of the Metroliner and damaged the
2021 Colorado mid-air collision
2021_Colorado_mid-air_collision
Electronic tracking technology
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. An RFID system consists
Radio-frequency identification
Radio-frequency_identification
telecommunications, the term critical frequency has the following meanings: In radio propagation by way of the ionosphere, the frequency at or below which a wave component
Critical_frequency
Technique for characterizing small plasma objects
fields through magnetically-induced depolarization, and electron collision frequencies for momentum transfer through the scattered phase. Notable advantages
Coherent_microwave_scattering
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 1 m to 1 mm
millimeter, corresponding to frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz, broadly construed. A more common definition in radio-frequency engineering is the range
Microwave
Property of physical systems that stays somewhat constant through slow changes
Magnetic pumping If the collision frequency is larger than the pump frequency, μ is no longer conserved. In particular, collisions allow net heating by transferring
Adiabatic_invariant
Distinctive narrow spectral feature of chemical species
from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms
Spectral_line
Pollution around Earth by defunct artificial objects
Bibcode:1971NASSP.267..595K.. Kessler, Donald; Cour-Palais, Burton (June 1978). "Collision Frequency of Artificial Satellites: The Creation of a Debris Belt" (PDF). Journal
Space_debris
Amplifiers and Radio / The Photoelectric Effect / Photometry / Photon Collisions and Atomic Waves / Physics: An Exact Science / Polarization of Light /
List of Encyclopædia Britannica Films titles
List_of_Encyclopædia_Britannica_Films_titles
Problem in urban areas
there is great variation in the nature and frequency of collisions. Studies analyzing window collisions across greater spatial scales reveal interesting
Bird–window_collisions
Aviation accident in the United States
traffic advisory frequencies (CTAF) and create additional dedicated CTAF areas in locations with a high risk for midair collisions. The report further
2020_Alaska_mid-air_collision
1991 runway collision in California
progress strip and an aircraft that had inadvertently switched off the tower frequency. The SkyWest flight was told to taxi into takeoff position, while the
1991 Los Angeles runway collision
1991_Los_Angeles_runway_collision
Airborne radio transponder
receives a radio-frequency interrogation. Aircraft have transponders to assist in identifying them on air traffic control radar. Collision avoidance systems
Transponder_(aeronautics)
Type of mass spectrometer
series, with a (non-mass-resolving) radio frequency (RF)–only quadrupole between them to act as a cell for collision-induced dissociation. This configuration
Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer
Triple_quadrupole_mass_spectrometer
doi: 10.1109/MAP.1963.28061. "A Study of the Ion-Neutral Particle Collision Frequency and the Diffusion Coefficients for Atomic Oxygen Ions in the F Region"
Thomas_P._Quinn
Vehicle safety technology
potential forward collision and activate the vehicle braking system to decelerate a vehicle with the purpose of avoiding or mitigating a collision. UN ECE regulation
Automated emergency braking system
Automated_emergency_braking_system
1984 aviation accident
The 1984 San Luis Obispo mid-air collision was an accident involving a Beechcraft C-99 Commuter and a Rockwell Commander 112 near San Luis Obispo, California
1984 San Luis Obispo mid-air collision
1984_San_Luis_Obispo_mid-air_collision
randomized by the collisions to lose the coherence. Thus, the time step, or the decoherence time, is the inverse of the collisional frequency νc. The rate
Classical_diffusion
India, the frequency of traffic collisions is 40 times higher than the rate in London, the capital of the United Kingdom. Traffic collision-related deaths
Traffic_collisions_in_India
1996 runway collision in Illinois
all three aircraft were communicating on the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency. On approach, Captain Gathje inquired as to whether the King Air would
United_Express_Flight_5925
Fun fair in Hamburg, Germany
Dom Hamburger Dom in 2017 Status Active Genre Volksfest (folk festival) Frequency Three times a year Locations Heiligengeistfeld, Hamburg Coordinates 53°33′14″N
Hamburger_Dom
2016 runway collision in Indonesia
Makhachkala Il-76 collision, a ground collision between two Ilyushin Il-76. 2001 Linate Airport runway collision, a ground collision between an MD-87 and
2016 Halim Airport runway collision
2016_Halim_Airport_runway_collision
Type of single-vehicle collision
volume roads. Some of these measures can also reduce the frequency and severity of head-on collisions. Median barriers are a form of guard rail that turn head-on
Roadway_departure
Wacker June 2008 Spider-Man visits the Bar with No Name. 564 Three-way Collision! Guggenheim/Slott/Gale/Paulo Siqueira Stephen Wacker July 2008 Spider-Man
List of The Amazing Spider-Man issues
List_of_The_Amazing_Spider-Man_issues
Service to direct pilots of aircraft
through controlled airspace. The primary purpose of ATC is to prevent collisions, organise and expedite the flow of air traffic, and provide information
Air_traffic_control
Object detection system using radio waves
systems, marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships, aircraft anti-collision systems, ocean surveillance systems, outer space surveillance and rendezvous
Radar
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