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Quantity used in collision theory
The steric factor, usually denoted ρ, is a quantity used in collision theory. Also called the probability factor, the steric factor is defined as the
Steric_factor
Chemistry principle
collision frequency in units of m−3⋅s−1. ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the steric factor. Ea is the activation energy of the reaction, in units of J⋅mol−1. T
Collision_theory
Equation in physical organic chemistry
effects of the substituent, δ is the sensitivity factor for the reaction to steric effects, and Es is the steric substituent constant. Polar substituent constants
Taft_equation
Formula for temperature dependence of rates of chemical reactions
{-E_{\mathrm {a} }}{RT}}} . Here ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is an empirical steric factor, often much less than 1.00, which is interpreted as the fraction of
Arrhenius_equation
Cage-like allotrope of carbon
for a 1,2-addition, while Cl 2 and Br 2 add to remote C atoms due to steric factors. For example, in C60Br8 and C60Br24, the Br atoms are in 1,3- or 1,4-positions
Buckminsterfullerene
Chemical compound
methyl groups are replaced by hydrogen atoms) suggesting that steric factors are not a factor in regulating angles in this case. This colorless liquid is
Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine
Mathematical descriptions of molecular diffusion
adsorption model. In a more rigid picture, 1/6 can be replaced by the steric factor of the binding geometry. The bimolecular collision frequency related
Fick's_laws_of_diffusion
Chemical reaction
exposed to the TDR conditions. The idea that sterics played a factor during migration and was not a factor just at the beginning to the reaction, was new
Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement
Tiffeneau–Demjanov_rearrangement
In chemistry, a sterically induced reduction happens when an oxidized metal behaves as, and exhibits similar reducing properties to, the more reduced form
Sterically_induced_reduction
Chemical bond theory
react with BF3. This example demonstrates that steric factors, in addition to electron configuration factors, play a role in determining the strength of
Lewis_acids_and_bases
Proteins which remove GDP from GTPases
the rest of the structure is largely unchanged. The binding of the GEF sterically hinders the magnesium-binding site and interferes with the phosphate-binding
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
Guanine_nucleotide_exchange_factor
Redox reaction in which an electron jumps between both reagents
of these redox reactions is that, unlike most reactions, they have steric factors greater than unity; that is, they take place reaction rate faster than
Harpoon_reaction
Pericyclic chemical reaction
regioisomeric products are possible. Both electronic/stereoelectronic and steric factors contribute to the regioselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. The
1,3-Dipolar_cycloaddition
Technique in analytical chemistry
present in the structure of the analyte molecule, but also on steric factors. The effect of steric hindrance on interaction strength allows this method to resolve
High-performance liquid chromatography
High-performance_liquid_chromatography
Protein needed for initiation of transcription in prokaryotes
A sigma factor (σ factor or specificity factor) is a protein needed for initiation of transcription in bacteria. It is a bacterial transcription initiation
Sigma_factor
Tendency of some substituents on a cyclohexane ring to prefer axial orientation
tetrahydropyran ring – to assume the relative axial orientation, rather than a less sterically-hindered equatorial orientation. This effect was first observed in pyranose
Anomeric_effect
Catalyst composed of nickel and boron
seldom affects protecting groups. In contrast, P−2 is very sensitive to steric factors. For these reasons, P−1 is usually used for the complete reduction of
Nickel_boride_catalyst
Segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical
atoms. The generation of DNA adducts is also influenced by certain steric factors. Guanine's N7 position is exposed in the major groove of double-helical
DNA_adduct
Organic molecule containing two or more fused cyclobutane rings
below. The further dimerization only produces the anti product due to steric factors. In these reactions, ladderanes are formed from multiple [2 + 2] photocycloadditions
Ladderane
Reluctance of s-orbitals to take part in bond formation
electrons in the lower oxidation state is not always related to steric inertness (where steric inertness means that the presence of the s-electron lone pair
Inert-pair_effect
Elements with atomic numbers 57-70
the ligands alone dictate the symmetry and coordination of complexes. Steric factors therefore dominate, with coordinative saturation of the metal being
Lanthanide
Chemical compound
fusion is related to an increased hydration force or through steric hindrance. Cord factor remains on the surface of M. tuberculosis cells until it associates
Cord_factor
substitution reaction. EDGs are therefore often known as activating groups, though steric effects can interfere with the reaction. An electron withdrawing group (EWG)
Electrophilic aromatic directing groups
Electrophilic_aromatic_directing_groups
Various molecular structures formed only by rotation about single bonds
energy barriers due to torsional influences and asymmetry in steric interactions. The factor of 1 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}} and the form [ 1 − cos
Rotamer
1,2-migration of an alkyl or aryl group
concerted transition state. As a result, subtle conformational and steric factors can play a role in the speed and extent of these reactions. Allylic
Α-Ketol_rearrangement
Empirical rule in organic chemistry
ethanol produces the Zaytsev product with moderate selectivity. Due to steric interactions, a bulky base – such as potassium tert-butoxide, triethylamine
Zaytsev's_rule
Organic chemistry reaction
with substrates that are more sterically accessible at the central carbon, i.e. those that do not have as much sterically hindering substituents nearby
SN2_reaction
Organic Polymer
Yassar, A.; Marque, P.; Garnier, F.; Lemaire, M. (1987). "Effects of steric factors on the electrosynthesis and properties of conducting poly(3-alkylthiophenes)"
Polythiophene
Use of metal-based Lewis acids to catalyze organic reactions
be operating in both reactions for either 1,2- or 1,4- addition, and steric factors control stereoselectivity. This is in contrast with the rigid Zimmerman-Traxler
Lewis_acid_catalysis
Selective dopamine autoreceptor agonist
pp. 143–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3. A.F. Casy (11 November 2013). The Steric Factor in Medicinal Chemistry: Dissymmetric Probes of Pharmacological Receptors
Alentemol
High strength concrete additive
(naphthalene, or melamine, formaldehyde condensates) (second generation), and; Steric effects: Polycarboxylates-ether (PCE) synthetic polymers bearing lateral
Superplasticizer
Method of radical polymerization
that the structural factor that has the greatest effect on the ability of a nitroxide to mediate a radical polymerization is steric bulk. Generally speaking
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization
Nitroxide-mediated_radical_polymerization
DNA pattern affecting anatomy development
stereochemical requirement for glycine in the turn which is needed to avoid steric interference of the beta-carbon with the main chain: for cro and repressor
Homeobox
provides an interesting example of how stereoelectronic factors may override steric factors in intramolecular substitution reactions. In the cyclization
Nitrile_anion
Measurements of stable atom orientations
molecule (conformational analysis), as well as a general representation of steric bulk. A-values are derived from energy measurements of the different cyclohexane
A_value
Protein
Clumping factor A is a major virulence factor and protein produced by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. It plays a role in several types of infections
Clumping_factor_A
Affect on molecular properties due to spatial arrangement of electron orbitals
σ*(Si–CH3), appears to be a more predominant factor in determining the reaction selectivity against the steric hindrance and even wins over the penalty of
Stereoelectronic_effect
and vapor pressure measurements — thermodynamics of size effects and steric factors". Surface Science. 66 (2): 559–580. Bibcode:1977SurSc..66..559C. doi:10
Jay_Gregory_Dash
Form of vitamin B-12
corresponding alkyl halides, acyl halides, alkene or alkyne. Steric hindrance is the major limiting factor in the synthesis of the B 12 coenzyme analogs. For example
Cyanocobalamin
Concept in organic chemistry
textbook notion of steric hindrance. Hyperconjugation affects several properties. Bond length: Hyperconjugation is suggested as a key factor in shortening
Hyperconjugation
Material in which viscosity increases with the rate of shear strain
theory and Van der Waals forces and can be stabilized electrostatically or sterically. Shear thickening behavior occurs when a colloidal suspension transitions
Dilatant
Class of chemical compounds
PMID 4385937. Snyder SH, Richelson E (May 1968). "Psychedelic drugs: steric factors that predict psychotropic activity". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 60 (1):
DOx
Chemical reaction
dance reaction as a method to unsymmetrize 1,8-dibromonaphthalene. The steric repulsion between the peri-bromo groups in 1,8-dibromonaphthalene distorts
Halogen_dance_rearrangement
Class of chemical compounds
effect on the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities depending on steric factors and the chiral nature of the amino acid. Also the amino acid residue
N-Acylethanolamine
Explosive chemical compound
aromatic nitro compounds, e.g. trinitrotoluene (TNT) or tetryl. Due to the steric hindrance of the adjacent neopentyl-like moiety, PETN is resistant to attack
Pentaerythritol_tetranitrate
Concept in polymer physics
short-range features such as structural geometry, bond rotation potentials, and steric interactions between near-neighboring groups. Flory correctly identified
Excluded_volume
Change in chemical reaction rate due to isotopic substitution
version: (2006–) "steric isotope effect". doi:10.1351/goldbook.S06001 Mislow K, Graeve R, Gordon AJ, Wahl GH (1963). "A Note on Steric Isotope Effects.
Kinetic_isotope_effect
Topics referred to by the same term
in Buddhism; mental factors that interfere with meditation Steric hindrance, a slowing of chemical reactions resulting from Steric effects This disambiguation
Hinder_(disambiguation)
a significant role in promoting the molecule's stability. Distinct from steric hindrance, dispersion stabilization has only recently been considered in
Dispersion stabilized molecules
Dispersion_stabilized_molecules
Chemical compound
inherent electronic, steric, and stereoelectronic factors within a substrate to favor one site of oxidation. When these factors combine productively,
White–Chen_catalyst
Polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co-polymer
certain poloxamers such as Pluronic F-108 or Pluronic F-127, are used as steric stabilizers to prevent coalescence and/or reduce aggregation. In the case
Poloxamer
Proteoglycan; lubricant; gene
in both coating and repelling similarly coated cartilage surfaces due to steric repulsion. Lubricin's high degree of hydration is also thought to be involved
Proteoglycan_4
The distortion in the low-spin iridium(IV) system is likely due to steric factors, which result from the distribution and orientation of the ligands in
Tetramesityl_compounds
Chemical compound
conditions), chiefly because the amide hydrogen (trans isomer) offers less steric repulsion to the preceding Cα atom than does the following Cα atom (cis
Proline
Chemical-analysis technique
SEC is typically run under low flow rate conditions where hydrodynamic factor should have little effect on the separation. In fact, both theory and computer
Size-exclusion_chromatography
Steric effect from the spatial arrangement of methyl groups in n-pentane
Pentane interference or syn-pentane interaction is the steric hindrance that the two terminal methyl groups experience in one of the chemical conformations
Pentane_interference
Peptide used as medication
increase molecular weight, and limit enzymatic degradation as a result of steric hindrance caused by adding the PEG. PEGylation offers a number of benefits
Peptide_therapeutics
Type of reaction in organometallic chemistry
elimination is sensitive to a variety of factors including: (1) metal identity and electron density, (2) sterics, (3) participating ligands, (4) coordination
Reductive_elimination
Process in molecular biology
Brca1 and Ercc1. Splicing events can be experimentally altered by binding steric-blocking antisense oligos, such as Morpholinos or Peptide nucleic acids
RNA_splicing
Catalyzed organic reactions that produce an organoboron compound
alkyl complexes can be attributed to several factors. First, the primary alkyl complex is favored sterically over the secondary alkyl complex. Second, partial
Borylation
Mixture of an insoluble substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance
continuous phases are matched), is short-range, and is attractive. Steric forces: A repulsive steric force typically occurring due to adsorbed polymers coating
Colloid
Preferential formation of one chiral isomer over another in a chemical reaction
during nucleophilic additions. These models are based on a combination of steric and electronic considerations and are often in conflict with each other
Asymmetric_induction
Molecules which are non-mirror image, non-identical stereoisomers
reaction. In general, stereoselectivity is attributed to torsional and steric interactions in the stereocenter resulting from electrophiles approaching
Diastereomer
Complex oxide molecules that contain five or more metal ions
2017, Kriven and Tseng reported the first polymeric steric entrapment HEO synthesis. Polymeric steric entrapment can be used to synthesize bulk HEO samples
High_entropy_oxide
Viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane
explainable as due to motional restricting effect at these positions, because of steric hindrance by large chlorophyll headgroups, specially so, in liposomes. However
Membrane_fluidity
Ligands that lack mirror symmetry but have two-fold rotational symmetry
reducing the number of unique geometries in the transition states. Steric and kinetic factors then usually favor the formation of a single product. Chiral ligands
C2-Symmetric_ligands
Class of chemical compounds
triisocyanide ligands are well developed, e.g., (CH2)n(NC)2. Usually steric factors force these ligands to bind to two separate metals, i.e., they are binucleating
Transition metal isocyanide complexes
Transition_metal_isocyanide_complexes
Protein found in humans
most of these effects include cellular re-localization, conformational and steric changes. These processes lead to decrease in Tyrosine phosphorylation by
Insulin_receptor_substrate_1
Tripartite protein complex secreted by virulent strains of Bacillus anthracis
the LF and EF into the cytosol. Heptamerization and pore formation is sterically hindered by the PA20 fragment, but when it is removed from the top of
Anthrax_toxin
Structures of cyclohexane
its high steric strain. For 1,3-disubstituted cyclohexanes, the cis form is diequatorial and the flipped conformation suffers additional steric interaction
Cyclohexane_conformation
Type of strain energy in organic chemistry
end. If the substituents (R and R') are large enough in size, they can sterically interfere with each other such that one conformer is greatly favored over
Allylic_strain
Protein family
two models have been proposed based on in vivo and in vitro data. In the "steric" model, the helicase tightly translocates along one strand of DNA while
Minichromosome_maintenance
Bond arrangement in organic chemistry
first coined by Klyne and Prelog in their work entitled "Description of steric relationships across single bonds", published in 1960. ‘Anti’ refers to
Anti-periplanar
Chemical reaction in which a nucleophile is affixed to the substrate
severely limit the reaction rate. Since this reaction occurs in one step, steric effects drive the reaction speed. In the intermediate step, the nucleophile
Nucleophilic_substitution
Methods of storing hydrogen for later use
Doping in MOFs can increase hydrogen storage capacity, but there might be steric effect and inert metals have inadequate stability. There might be formation
Hydrogen_storage
Breaking a molecular bond such that both fragments retain an electron
proposed an alternative hypothesis involving the relief of substituent group steric strain (as opposed to the before accepted paradigm, which suggests that
Homolysis_(chemistry)
Proteins assisting in protein folding
by heat stress. The majority of molecular chaperones do not convey any steric information for protein folding, and instead assist in protein folding by
Chaperone_(protein)
Type of protein secondary structure
isomer of the peptide bond, specifically the X-Pro peptide bond; steric and electronic factors heavily favor the trans isomer in most other peptide bonds.
Polyproline_helix
Large plasma protein found in the blood
thiol ester with small primary amines. αM protease inhibitors inhibit by steric hindrance. The mechanism involves protease cleavage of the bait region,
Alpha-2-Macroglobulin
Chemical group (–C4H9) derived from butane
called the Thorpe–Ingold effect. The tert-butyl effect is an example of steric hindrance. tert-Butyl groups lack alpha-hydrogen atoms. This aspect stabilizes
Butyl_group
Ability of a chemical reaction mechanism to differentiate between stereoisomers
products, but where one (or a subset) of the products is favored by factors, such as steric access, that are independent of the mechanism. A stereospecific
Stereospecificity
Drug discovery
shape, meaning that a flat amidinoaryl group should bind to it without steric hindrance. Modern direct Xa inhibitors are L-shaped molecules whose ends
Discovery and development of direct Xa inhibitors
Discovery_and_development_of_direct_Xa_inhibitors
Chemical element with atomic number 54 (Xe)
Heptacoordinated Complex Fluorides Containing One or Two Highly Repulsive Ligands or Sterically Active Free Valence Electron Pairs". inorg. Chem. 34 (7): 1868–1874. doi:10
Xenon
Group of genetic disorders resulting in fragile bones
protein's triple helix structure. The larger amino acid side-chains lead to steric effects that creates a bulge in the collagen complex, which in turn influences
Osteogenesis_imperfecta
Distance from the center of Earth to the sea surface
decrease the density of the water. These two effects together result in the steric sea level. The thermal part is called the thermosteric sea level, whereas
Eustatic_sea_level
Tricyclic antidepressant
Hansch C, Leo A, Hoekman D. 1995. Exploring QSAR.Hydrophobic, electronic and steric constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. Box KJ, Völgyi G,
Amitriptyline
Random process independent of past history
add in alternating fashion or in long runs of the same monomer). Due to steric effects, second-order Markov effects may also play a role in the growth
Markov_chain
Effective force in molecular and colloidal systems
mathematically by the hard-sphere potential. The hard-sphere potential imposes steric constraint around large spheres which in turn gives rise to excluded volume
Depletion_force
Solvent interface of a solute
binders or inhibitors. With other solvents and solutes, varying steric and kinetic factors can also affect the solvation shell. Activity coefficient Metal
Solvation_shell
Molecular biology hypothesis
PMID 29958112. Kris Pauwels and other (2007). "Chaperoning Anfinsen:The Steric Foldases" (PDF). Molecular Microbiology. 64 (4): 917–922. doi:10.1111/j
Anfinsen's_dogma
systems;[citation needed] while the patterns become more complex when factors other than steric bulk come into play (see section above on orbital contributions)
Flippin–Lodge_angle
Genetic perturbation technique
strand when targeting the transcriptional start site. In prokaryotes, this steric inhibition can repress transcription of the target gene by almost 99.9%;
CRISPR_interference
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication
required for COX-2 inhibition and the 4-methyl on the 5-pyrazol system has low steric hindrance to maximising potency, while the 3-trifluoromethyl group provides
Celecoxib
Group of chemical compounds
on the basis of sterics or electronics. In general, acidic deprotections deprotect less hindered silyl groups faster, with the steric bulk on silicon
Silyl_ether
Organic compounds made of alkyl/aryl groups bound to oxygen (R–O–R')
elimination on exposure to the basic alkoxide anion used in the reaction due to steric hindrance from the large alkyl groups. In a related reaction, alkyl halides
Ether
Process of evaluating 3-dimensional atomic models of biomacromolecules
shown to be essential for its stabilization. Packing anomalies include steric clashes, short contacts, holes and cavities while electrostatic disharmony
Structure_validation
Model for the mechanism of T-cell receptor triggering
antibody bound to plastic or by Fc receptors on other cells) considerable steric constraints emerge. It is of note, that the immobilized conventional antibody
Kinetic-segregation model of T cell activation
Kinetic-segregation_model_of_T_cell_activation
Organic compound (H3C–CH3)
PMID 15065281. Pophristic, V.; Goodman, L. (2001). "Hyperconjugation not steric repulsion leads to the staggered structure of ethane". Nature. 411 (6837):
Ethane
Insoluble protein aggregate with a fibrillar morphology
dehydrated interface created was termed a steric-zipper interface. There are eight theoretical classes of steric-zipper interfaces, dictated by the directionality
Amyloid
Autoimmune blistering disease
antibodies and the immunological pathway is most likely one of three mechanisms: Steric hindrance of the desmoglein 1: The antibody caps off the site for intracellular
Pemphigus_foliaceus
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