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Theory that living organisms are made up of cells
In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory first formulated in the mid-nineteenth century, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are
Cell_theory
2005 video game
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory is a 2005 action-adventure stealth game co-developed by Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Milan, and published by Ubisoft
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory
Tom_Clancy's_Splinter_Cell:_Chaos_Theory
Falsifiable explanation of natural phenomena
(for example, scientific theories such as evolution, heliocentric theory, cell theory, theory of plate tectonics, germ theory of disease, etc.). In certain
Scientific_theory
Supposition or system of ideas intended to explain something
Ptolemaic theory Biology: Cell theory — Chemiosmotic theory — Evolution — Germ theory — Symbiogenesis Chemistry: Molecular theory — Kinetic theory of gases
Theory
Hypothetical life before complete cells
terms pre-cell (precell), proto-cell (protocell), etc. are frequently used to designate hypothetical ancestral entities precursing complete cells. The meanings
Pre-cell
The theory of solar cells explains the process by which light energy in photons is converted into electric current when the photons strike a suitable
Theory_of_solar_cells
German doctor and polymath (1821–1902)
pathology, introduced the third dictum in cell theory: Omnis cellula e cellula ("All cells come from cells"), although this concept is now widely recognized
Rudolf_Virchow
Neuroscientific theory
Hebbian theory is a neuropsychological theory claiming that an increase in synaptic efficacy arises from a presynaptic cell's repeated and persistent
Hebbian_theory
Basic unit of life forms
magnetotactic bacteria. Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named them after their resemblance to cells in a monastery. Cell theory, developed in
Cell_(biology)
Deterioration of function with age
Cellular theory of ageing can be categorized as telomere theory, free radical theory (free-radical theory of aging) and apoptosis. The stem cell theory of aging
Senescence
Scientific theories regarding the origins and formation of cells
cellularisation) has been used in theories to explain the evolution of cells from non-cellular components, for instance in the pre-cell theory, dealing with the evolution
Cellularization
German physiologist (1810–1882)
considered to be the extension of cell theory to animals. Other contributions include the discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system,
Theodor_Schwann
Cell theory has its origins in seventeenth century microscopy observations, but it was nearly two hundred years before a complete cell membrane theory
History of cell membrane theory
History_of_cell_membrane_theory
Stealth video game series
have been six main games in the series: Splinter Cell (2002), Pandora Tomorrow (2004), Chaos Theory (2005), Double Agent (2006), Conviction (2010) and
Tom_Clancy's_Splinter_Cell
Branch of biology that studies cells
nucleus. All of this preceded the cell theory which states that all living things are made up of cells and that cells are organisms' functional and structural
Cell_biology
Evolutionary theory
theory, or serial endosymbiotic theory) is the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms. The theory holds
Symbiogenesis
German botanist
5 April 1804 – 23 June 1881) was a German botanist and co-founder of cell theory, along with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow. He published some poems
Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden
Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment
Artificial cell Bacterial cell structure Bangstad syndrome Cell cortex Cell damage, including damage to cell membrane Cell theory Cytoneme Elasticity of cell membranes
Cell_membrane
Theory of aging
The stem cell theory of aging postulates that the aging process is the result of the inability of various types of stem cells to continue to replenish
Stem_cell_theory_of_aging
Concept that the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells
identifying the cells in question. The neuron doctrine, as it became known, served to position neurons as special cases under the broader cell theory evolved
Neuron_doctrine
Prevailing theory about diseases
portal Alexander Fleming Cell theory Cooties Epidemiology Chronic diseases and cancers linked to infectious microbes Germ theory denialism History of emerging
Germ_theory_of_disease
Scientific study of animals
groundwork for cell theory. van Leeuwenhoek's observations were endorsed by Robert Hooke; all living organisms were composed of one or more cells and could
Zoology
Outermost layer of some cells
A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes
Cell_wall
Antiquated theory in biology
their findings to develop the preformationist theory. For two centuries, until the development of cell theory, preformationists would oppose epigenicists
Preformationism
Cancer cells with features of normal cells
any cell in the body resulting in a cancer. Essentially this theory proposes that all cells have the ability to be tumorigenic making all tumor cells equipotent
Cancer_stem_cell
previously unknown world of microorganisms, laying the groundwork for cell theory. The growing importance of natural theology, partly a response to the
History_of_biology
Scientific study of life
1860s most biologists accepted all three tenets which consolidated into cell theory. Meanwhile, taxonomy and classification became the focus of natural historians
Biology
Science regarding functions in organisms or living systems
appearance of the cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. Claude Bernard's
Physiology
Diploid eukaryotic cell formed by fertilization between two gametes
19th-century elucidation of animal fertilization: Its relation to the cell theory, embryology, and cytogenetics". muse.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2026-04-17. Khan
Zygote
Sub-field of gerontology
damage the elements of the cell such as the cell membrane and DNA and cause irreversible damage. The free-radical theory of aging proposes that this
Biogerontology
Scottish physician and naturalist
Scottish physician and naturalist who contributed to the pioneering work on cell theory done by his brother John Goodsir. He served as surgeon and naturalist
Harry_Goodsir
Matter with biological processes
matter, formed of one or more units called cells, for processes such as cell signaling, homeostasis, metabolism, cell growth, adaptation, response to stimuli
Life
German botanist (1920–2017)
planet, Kandler presented his pre-cell theory, suggesting that the three domains of life did not emerge from an ancestral cell, e.g. the last universal common
Otto_Kandler
Scottish anatomist (1814–1867)
March 1867) was a Scottish anatomist and a pioneer in the formulation of cell theory. Goodsir was born on 20 March 1814 in Anstruther, Fife, the son of Elizabeth
John_Goodsir
Discussion of the meaning and usage of the terms evolution, fact and theory
scientific theories, as in "atom theory", "germ theory of diseases" or "cell theory". The "theory of evolution" is actually a network of theories that created
Evolution_as_fact_and_theory
German microscopic anatomist and phycologist (1825–1874)
January 1874) was a German microscopic anatomist noted for his work on cell theory. Schultze was born in Freiburg im Breisgau (Baden), son of the anatomist
Max_Schultze
Molecule produced by a living organism
universals" or "theory of material unity of the living beings", a unifying concept in biology, along with cell theory and evolution theory. A diverse range
Biomolecule
Increase of the total mass of a cell
of cell proliferation, where a cell, known as the mother cell, grows and divides to produce two daughter cells. Importantly, cell growth and cell division
Cell_growth
Group of similar cells performing a specific function
In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function
Tissue_(biology)
Hypothetical neuron that responds to a single concept
without critics. The opposite of the grandmother cell theory is the distributed representation theory, that states that a specific stimulus is coded by
Grandmother_cell
Obsolete scientific theory in neurobiology
made of discrete cells. This neuron doctrine turned out to be the correct description of the nervous system, whereas the reticular theory was discredited
Reticular_theory
Biological concepts and questions with insufficient resolutions
life. Determinants of cell size. How do cells determine what size to grow to before dividing? Golgi apparatus. In cell theory, what is the exact transport
List of unsolved problems in biology
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_biology
Polish embryologist and neurologist (1815–1865)
modern cell theory, plagiarized Remak's notion that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Remak had concluded this after observing red blood cells from
Robert_Remak
Immune system theory
surveillance theory, also known as tumour immunosurveillance, is a proposed mechanism that the immune system can recognise and destroy neoplastic cells by recognising
Tumour_surveillance_theory
revealed the previously unknown world of microorganisms, paving the way for cell theory. The growing importance of natural theology, partly a response to the
History of zoology through 1859
History_of_zoology_through_1859
lipids: cell membrane – fats – phospholipids nucleic acids: DNA – RNA Outline of cell biology Cell structure: Cell coined by Robert Hooke Techniques: cell culture
Outline_of_biology
Darwin's proposed mechanism for heredity
other pre-Darwinian scientists, but using new concepts such as cell theory, explaining cell development as beginning with gemmules which were specified to
Pangenesis
Ancestor of all current life on Earth
"first cell". It may explain the unity and, at the same time, the partition into three lines (the three domains) of life. Kandler's pre-cell theory is supported
Last universal common ancestor
Last_universal_common_ancestor
Theory about pain and the nervous system
reduces perceived pain. In the gate control theory, a closed "gate" describes when input to transmission cells is blocked, therefore reducing the sensation
Gate_control_theory
Theory
reproductive-cell cycle theory posits that the hormones that regulate reproduction act in an antagonistic pleiotrophic manner to control aging via cell cycle
Reproductive-cell cycle theory
Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory
French scientist (1816–1908)
producing pathogenic bacteria. While cell theory and germ theory gained widespread acceptance, granular theories have been rejected by current scientific
Antoine_Béchamp
Physical substance of the human organism
at a rapid rate with the cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in 1838, that organisms are made up of cells. Claude Bernard (1813–1878)
Human_body
theory of aging Exposure to ultraviolet light Free-radical damage Glycation Life expectancy Longevity Maximum life span Senescence Stem cell theory of
List_of_aging_processes
Overview of and topical guide to cell biology
of cork cells viewed through his microscope to that of the small rooms (or monks' "cells") of a monastery. Cell theory – The scientific theory which states
Outline_of_cell_biology
1839 treatise by Theodor Schwann
Schwann published in 1839 which officially formulated the basis of the cell theory. The original title was Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Uebereinstimmung
Microscopical researches into the accordance in the structure and growth of animals and plants
Microscopical_researches_into_the_accordance_in_the_structure_and_growth_of_animals_and_plants
Device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity
Fuel_cell
American politician
mischaracterization of scientific theory would inhibit the instruction of climate change, gravity, and cell theory. "Legislator Information". services
Daniel_Emrich
State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
whether the chemical processes take place inside the cell or in the interstitial fluid bathing the cells. The best-known homeostatic mechanisms in humans
Homeostasis
Domain of microorganisms
ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically
Bacteria
Kind of grid that deceives a person's vision
increased inhibition. There is strong evidence that the retinal ganglion cell theory is untenable. For example, making the lines of the grid wavy rather than
Grid_illusion
Russian-Soviet botanist (1890–1957)
work to place the theory of symbiogenesis into a Darwinian evolutionary context, as well as one of the first to redefine cell theory. Boris Kozo-Polyansky
Boris_Kozo-Polyansky
Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804–1881), German botanist and co-founder of the cell theory George Schoener (1864–1941), German-American botanist who experimented
List_of_biologists
Electrochemical device
A galvanic cell or voltaic cell, named after the scientists Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta, respectively, is an electrochemical cell in which an electric
Galvanic_cell
Biological process of getting older
Mitochondrial theory of ageing Neuroscience of ageing Old age Old person smell Particulates Pollutants Population ageing Progeria Rejuvenation Stem cell theory of
Ageing
Animated television series
Splinter Cell: Blacklist (2013) As depicted in Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory (2005) Otterson, Joe (July 30, 2020). "Splinter Cell Anime Series
Splinter_Cell:_Deathwatch
in embryology, and for his pioneer research in cell theory. Reichard created the Reichert–Gaupp theory together with Ernst Gaupp, concerning the origin
Karl_Bogislaus_Reichert
microscopy and the cell theory. Almost a thousand years before Darwin, the Arab scholar Al-Jahiz (781–868) had already developed a rudimentary theory of natural
History of zoology (1859–present)
History_of_zoology_(1859–present)
Community of living organisms together with the nonliving components of their environment
inaccessible due to an outer layer of cuticle or bark, and cell contents are protected by a cell wall. Newly dead animals may be covered by an exoskeleton
Ecosystem
German physician and pathologist
his Bildungskugeltheorie (1830) is considered to be a precursor to the cell theory proposed by Theodor Schwann. Ueber die Natur und die Behandlung der Fieber
Karl_Heinrich_Baumgärtner
American biologist
symposium to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of Schleiden and Schwann's cell theory. Taylor married Lola Lucille Felder, a student of his, in 1921 and they
Charles_Vincent_Taylor
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory (also known as the chromosome theory of inheritance or the Sutton–Boveri theory) is a fundamental unifying theory of genetics which
Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory
Boveri–Sutton_chromosome_theory
Medical condition
Sickle cell disease (SCD), also simply called sickle cell, is a group of inherited hemoglobin-related blood disorders. Sickle cell disease is caused by
Sickle_cell_disease
Loss of structure in proteins and nucleic acids due to external stress
living cell are denatured, this results in disruption of cell activity and possibly cell death. Protein denaturation is also a consequence of cell death
Denaturation_(biochemistry)
German botanist (1766–1827)
Moldenhawer is not credited with the cell theory, his work provided key documentation for the validity of the theory in plants. The genus Moldenhawera is
Johann_Jacob_Paul_Moldenhawer
Field of science that uses cells for the creation of products
biotechnology include tissue culture, which allows researchers to grow cells and tissues in the lab for research and medical purposes, and fermentation
Biotechnology
French chemist, naturalist, physician, physiologist, attorney and politician
founders of the cell theory in biology. Raspail did not coin the phrase omnis cellula e cellula ("every cell is derived from a [preexisting] cell") stated later
François-Vincent_Raspail
Discrete model of computation
cell in terms of the current state of the cell and the states of the cells in its neighborhood. Typically, the rule for updating the state of cells is
Cellular_automaton
Study of the structure of organisms
include the sponges, which have undifferentiated cells. Unlike plant cells, animal cells have neither a cell wall nor chloroplasts. Vacuoles, when present
Anatomy
Study of microscopic organisms (microbes)
those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous
Microbiology
Virchow proposed that cells can only arise from pre-existing cells; "Omnis cellula e celulla," all cell from cells. The Cell Theory states that all organisms
Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry
Speculation on the 1988 bombing
conspiracy theories suggest a number of possible explanations for the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 on 21 December 1988. Some of the theories preceded the
Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories
Pan_Am_Flight_103_conspiracy_theories
Immune response against an organism's own healthy cells
auto-reactive B cells, that escape deletion, cannot find the antigen or the specific helper T cell. Suppressor population or Regulatory T cell theory, wherein
Autoimmunity
Generally accepted theory published in 1900 to explain immune response in living cells
side-chain theory (German, Seitenkettentheorie) is a theory proposed by Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) to explain the immune response in living cells. Ehrlich
Side-chain_theory
Military unit
Red Cell, formally designated as OP-06D, was a classified United States Navy (USN) military unit designed to test the security of USN facilities. Created
Red_Cell
2006 video game
The first version was made by Ubisoft Montreal (Splinter Cell and Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory) and was released for GameCube, PlayStation 2, Wii, and Xbox
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent
Tom_Clancy's_Splinter_Cell:_Double_Agent
Organism that consists of more than one cell
below: This theory suggests that the first multicellular organisms occurred from symbiosis (cooperation) of different species of single-cell organisms,
Multicellular_organism
Study of disease
Royal Society member Robert Hooke to coin the word "cell", setting the stage for later germ theory. Modern pathology began to develop as a distinct field
Pathology
Hypothesis that aging is caused by accumulated DNA damage
The DNA damage theory of aging proposes that aging is a consequence of unrepaired accumulation of naturally occurring DNA damage. Damage in this context
DNA_damage_theory_of_aging
Model of the immune system response to infection
In immunology, clonal selection theory explains the functions of cells of the immune system (lymphocytes) in response to specific antigens invading the
Clonal_selection
Oldest cultured human cell line (1951)
an immortalized cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest human cell line and one of the most commonly used. HeLa cells are durable and
HeLa
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
testis. In accordance with cancer stem cell theory, there's is a link between BEX2 and dormant cancer stem cells of many different types of cancer. The
Protein_BEX2
Swiss surgeon
Method", what would later be called fresh cell theory. Fresh cell therapy is an alternative medicine where animal cells, primarily from sheep or bovine are
Paul_Niehans
Proposed theory on the origins of COVID-19
Many scenarios proposed for a lab leak are characteristic of conspiracy theories. Central to many is a misplaced suspicion based on the proximity of the
COVID-19_lab_leak_theory
creating a new cell wall that enables cell division. cell theory The theory that all living things are made up of cells. cell wall A tough, often rigid structural
Glossary_of_biology
Microscopic living organism
organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected
Microorganism
Scottish embryologist (1858–1924)
"EMBRYOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND ETIOLOGY OF CARCINOMA: GATEWAY TO THE CANCER STEM CELL THEORY | SCQ". www.scq.ubc.ca. Retrieved 6 January 2022. Richards, B A (29 June
John_Beard_(embryologist)
Vital Force Theory
force theory, the conduction of water up the xylem vessel is a result of vital action of the living cells in the xylem tissue. These living cells are involved
Vital_theory
Name list
mathematician Matthias Jakob Schleiden, German botanist and co-founder of the cell theory Matthias, central figure in Brian Jacques's Redwall series Matthias Helvar
Matthias
French physician, botanist and physiologist
in the elliptical force (1842–43) Contributions to the modern cell theory Cell theory Chisholm 1911. Henri Dutrochet, L'Agent Immédiat du Movement Vital
Henri_Dutrochet
Change in the heritable traits of populations
Expanding Evolutionary Synthesis: A Genetic Theory of Morphological Evolution". Cell. 134 (1): 25–36. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.030. PMID 18614008. S2CID 2513041
Evolution
CELL THEORY
CELL THEORY
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived near a spring or stream, Middle English well(e) (Old English well(a)).German : from a short form of the personal names Wallo, Walilo.German : nickname from Middle High German wël ‘round’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English selle, a rough hut of the type normally occupied by animals, hence a topographic name for someone who lived in a hut like this. In many cases the name may have been in effect a metonymic occupational name for a herdsman.Americanized spelling of Hungarian and Hungarian Jewish Széll, a topographic name for someone who lived in a spot exposed to the wind, from Hungarian szél ‘wind’.German : variant of Selle.
Boy/Male
Latin
Blind.
Girl/Female
English American German
noble.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Belle, BELL means "beautiful."Â
Girl/Female
Latin
Abbreviation of Cecilia: blind.
Surname or Lastname
English (Essex)
English (Essex) : unexplained; perhaps from the personal name Yuel, a form of the Biblical name Joel.Scottish (Shetland) : from the name of the principal island of the Shetlands. According to Black, ‘Persons of this name in Shetland have changed to Dalziel, probably from the idea of its being more aristocratic, and spell
Male
Hebrew
(סֶלַע) Hebrew name CELA means "a rock." In the Old Testament bible, this is the name of the capital city of Edom, possibly an early name for Petra.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Mill.German : variant of Melle.
Female
English
Pet form of English Eleanor, NELL means "foreign; the other."
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : reduced form of McCall.English : from Middle English calle ‘close-fitting cap for women’ (from Old French cale), probably applied as a metonymic occupational name. Compare Cale.Catalan : topographic name from call ‘narrow track’ (Latin callis). Compare Calle.Possibly an Americanized spelling of German Koll or Goll.
Surname or Lastname
Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic)
Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : nickname for a man with red hair, from Yiddish gel ‘red-headed’, Middle High German gel ‘yellow’, German gelb (see Geller).German : unexplained.English : from a short form of the personal name Julian.Variant of French Gille.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived in a small valley, from Middle English, Old English dell ‘dell’, ‘valley’, or a habitational name from any of several minor places named Dell, from this word, for example in Buckinghamshire, Essex, and Sussex.German : from Low German delle ‘dell’, ‘depression’ (Middle High German telle ‘gorge’).
Surname or Lastname
Dutch and German
Dutch and German : from the personal name Nel, a reduced form of Cornelius.South German : nickname from Middle High German nelle ‘crown of the head’, perhaps denoting an obstinate person.English : from the Middle English personal name Nel(le), a variant of Neill.
Male
English
Short form of English unisex Kelly, KELL means "bright-headed."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a reduced form of the personal name Nicholas.Scottish or Irish : reduced form of McColl.Catalan : topographic name from coll ‘mountain pass’, from Latin collis ‘hill’.Americanized spelling of German Koll or Kohl.
Boy/Male
French English
Handsome.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Hill, from southeastern Middle English hell ‘hill’, a dialect form characteristic of Kent and Sussex.English : from a personal name, Helle, which may have been a variant of Elie (a Middle English form of Elias), or perhaps a short form of a personal name formed with Hild- as the first element (see Hilliard for example), or perhaps from the female personal name Helen.German : nickname from Middle High German hell ‘bright’, ‘shining’.German : variant of Helle 3.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English personal name Pell, a pet form of Peter.English : metonymic occupational name for a dealer in furs, from Middle English, Old French pel ‘skin’.English : variant of Pill 1.German : variant of Pelle or, in some instances, a variant of Pfell, the South German form of this name, from Middle High German phelle(e) ‘purple silk cloth’.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly northern)
English (chiefly northern) : topographic name for someone who lived by an area of high ground or by a prominent crag, from northern Middle English fell ‘high ground’, ‘rock’, ‘crag’ (Old Norse fjall, fell).English, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name for a furrier, from Middle English fell, Middle High German vel, or German Fell or Yiddish fel, all of which mean ‘skin’, ‘hide’, or ‘pelt’. Yiddish fel refers to untanned hide, in contrast to pelts ‘tanned hide’ (see Pilcher).
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