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Net transport of atoms through a solid
In chemical physics, atomic diffusion is a diffusion process whereby the random, thermally-activated movement of atoms in a solid results in the net transport
Atomic_diffusion
Transport of dissolved species from the highest to the lowest concentration region
enhances high gradients Atomic diffusion, in solids Bohm diffusion, spread of plasma across magnetic fields Eddy diffusion, in coarse-grained description
Diffusion
Differential diffusion
an alloy containing that metal, and heating to a temperature where atomic diffusion is reasonable for the given timescale; the boundary will move relative
Kirkendall_effect
Atomic diffusion within a crystalline lattice
In condensed matter physics, lattice diffusion (also called bulk or volume diffusion) refers to atomic diffusion within a crystalline lattice, which occurs
Lattice_diffusion_coefficient
Manhattan Project codename for a program to produce enriched uranium
Project to the program to produce enriched uranium for atomic bombs using the gaseous diffusion method. Originally the codename for the product, over time
K-25
Type of stochastic process
physics, and pattern theory and computational vision. In crystals, atomic diffusion typically consists of jumps between vacant lattice sites. On time and
Jump_diffusion
as diffusion bonding, pressure joining, thermocompression welding or solid-state welding. Two metals, e.g. gold-gold (Au), are brought into atomic contact
Thermocompression_bonding
Equation that describes density changes of a material that is diffusing in a medium
Griübler, A.: (1991). Diffusion of Technologies and Social Behavior; Springer Michaud, G.; Alecian, G.; Richer, G.: (2013). Atomic Diffusion in Stars, Springer
Diffusion_equation
Particle behavior in systems of length less than the mean free path
large enough number of molecules N. Knudsen flow Knudsen equation Atomic diffusion Mass diffusivity "Transport in Small Pores". Archived from the original
Knudsen_diffusion
Physical Process
Surface diffusion is a general process involving the motion of adatoms, molecules, and atomic clusters (adparticles) at solid material surfaces. The process
Surface_diffusion
Topics referred to by the same term
concentration Diffusion MRI Diffusion (acoustics), sound waves Atomic diffusion Brownian motion Collective diffusion Facilitated diffusion Effusion of a gas through
Diffusion_(disambiguation)
Mathematical descriptions of molecular diffusion
Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were first posited by Adolf Fick in 1855 on the basis of largely experimental results. They can be used
Fick's_laws_of_diffusion
solidus point for the particular alloy composition. During this process, atomic diffusion occurs, which produces compositionally homogeneous grains. Coring is
Coring
Crystallographic defect; an atom missing from a lattice site
essential to atomic diffusion in crystalline solids. Atoms move by hopping into adjacent vacant lattice sites, a process known as vacancy diffusion. This mechanism
Vacancy_defect
World War II Allied nuclear weapons program
gaseous diffusion plant and the K-25 power plant. The latter provided energy to both the K-25 gaseous diffusion plant and the S-50 thermal diffusion plant
Manhattan_Project
American manufacturer of 3D printers
a low cost, under $100k. The process has been referred to as ADAM (Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing) technology and it has an in-process laser inspection
Markforged
Chemical element with atomic number 5 (B)
The traditional method of doping semiconductors with boron is via atomic diffusion at high temperatures. This process uses either solid (B2O3), liquid
Boron
Proportionality constant in some physical laws
– gas; (dis) – dissolved. Atomic diffusion Effective diffusion coefficient Lattice diffusion coefficient Knudsen diffusion "CRC Press Online: CRC Handbook
Mass_diffusivity
Diffusion coefficient through the pore space of a porous media
The effective diffusion coefficient of a diffusant (atoms of a material which are diffusing in another material) in atomic diffusion of solid polycrystalline
Effective diffusion coefficient
Effective_diffusion_coefficient
Material of moderate electrical conductivity
ISBN 978-981-4405-97-3. G. B. Abdullayev, T. D. Dzhafarov, S. Torstveit (Translator), Atomic Diffusion in Semiconductor Structures, Gordon & Breach Science Pub., 1987
Semiconductor
Property of solid materials under mechanical stress
Nabarro–Herring (NH) creep is a form of diffusion creep, while dislocation glide creep does not involve atomic diffusion. Nabarro–Herring creep dominates at
Creep_(deformation)
Type of atomic measurement
Relative atomic mass (symbol: Ar; sometimes abbreviated RAM or r.a.m.), also known by the deprecated synonym atomic weight, is a dimensionless physical
Relative_atomic_mass
Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. The definition of the word "atom" has changed over the years
History_of_atomic_theory
Process of forming and bonding material by heat or pressure
where gas adsorption is a priority). During the sintering process, atomic diffusion drives powder surface elimination in different stages, starting at
Sintering
Packaging technology
Thermocompression bonding Reactive bonding Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding Atomic diffusion bonding The bonding of wafers requires specific environmental
Wafer_bonding
Chemical properties of materials
necessary for a metal or metal oxide surfaces to show significant atomic diffusion along the surface, sintering, and surface recrystallization. Desorption
Tammann temperature and Hüttig temperature
Tammann_temperature_and_Hüttig_temperature
Shift of atomic positions in a crystal structure
hinge on the diffusion of atoms across extensive distances. Rather, these transformations manifest as a result of synchronized shifts in atomic positions
Diffusionless_transformation
Problem in astronomy
the star. Recent stellar evolution models that consistently include atomic diffusion, rotation-induced mixing, and angular momentum transport across Population
Cosmological_lithium_problem
Manhattan Project uranium enrichment facility
At the time, the proposed nuclear reactor, gas centrifuge and gaseous diffusion technologies were still in the research stage, and the design of the plant
Clinton_Engineer_Works
Decommissioned uranium enrichment facility
The Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP) is a facility located in McCracken County, Kentucky, near Paducah, Kentucky that produced enriched uranium
Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant
Paducah_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
Manhattan Project uranium enrichment facility
production-scale liquid thermal diffusion plant ever built. It could not enrich uranium sufficiently for use in an atomic bomb, but it could provide slightly
S-50_(Manhattan_Project)
Measure of the size of an atom
The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atom, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the
Atomic_radius
Movement of a screw dislocation between crystallographic planes
then avoid obstacles through conservative motion (without requiring atomic diffusion), unlike edge dislocations which must climb to move around obstacles
Cross_slip
Former uranium enrichment plant in Pike County, Ohio, USA
States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) selected Scioto Township, a rural area occupied by family-owned farms, as the site for a new gaseous diffusion plant
Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant
Portsmouth_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
compound, (AB) is formed from the intermixing elements (A+B) due to atomic diffusion. The reactive foil is ignited by an energy pulse resulting in an immediate
Reactive_bonding
Uranium processed to increase the percentage of uranium-235
which used gaseous diffusion and electromagnetic isotope separation to produce enriched uranium. Historically, gaseous diffusion and the gas centrifuge
Enriched_uranium
Concept from evolutionary biology
differential diffusion of chemical species and chemical reaction. The instability mechanism is surprising because a pure diffusion, such as molecular diffusion, would
Turing_pattern
Random temperature-influenced deviations of particles from their average state
statistical mechanics, thermal fluctuations are random deviations of an atomic system from its average state, that occur in a system at equilibrium. All
Thermal_fluctuations
Empirical thermodynamic model of gas-transport phenomenon
basis for separating isotopes by diffusion—a method that came to play a crucial role in the development of the atomic bomb. Graham's law is most accurate
Graham's_law
Alloys with high proportions of several metals
to low-LPE sites, serving as traps and hindering atomic diffusion. This leads to the sluggish diffusion effect. The cocktail effect is used to emphasise
High-entropy_alloy
Type of refractory ceramics
involves heating powdered materials in a mold in order to promote atomic diffusion and create a solid material. Compacts are prepared by uniaxial die
Ultra-high temperature ceramic
Ultra-high_temperature_ceramic
Form of exhaust heat management
with a feathery structure, but become smoother with heating due to atomic diffusion at high temperature in order to minimize surface energy. The undulations
Thermal_barrier_coating
American mechanical engineer (1934–2022)
developed nonclassical theories for phase transitions, fracture dynamics, atomic diffusion, and crystalline plasticity. This work extends continuum mechanics
Morton_Gurtin
Particle detector for visualizing ionizing radiation
as Arthur Compton received half the prize for the Compton Effect). The diffusion cloud chamber was developed in 1936 by Alexander Langsdorf. This chamber
Cloud_chamber
German-born British physicist and atomic spy (1911–1988)
(29 December 1911 – 28 January 1988) was a German theoretical physicist, atomic spy, and communist who supplied information from the American, British,
Klaus_Fuchs
Study of the chemical composition and chemical processes in stars
showing overabundances or underabundances of specific metals caused by atomic diffusion and, in Ap stars, strong magnetic fields. Wolf–Rayet stars – massive
Stellar_chemistry
Pakistani government agency
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is an independent federal agency of the Government of Pakistan, tasked and concerned with research and development
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission
Chemical compound
mold and heating it to below its melting point. Sintering is based on atomic diffusion, the atoms in the powder particle diffuse into surrounding particles
Lithium_titanate
Ceramic materials that are optically transparent
additional driving force for densification by substantially increasing the atomic diffusion coefficients, which promotes additional viscous flow at or near grain
Transparent_ceramics
showed that the chemisorbed oxide layer is too thin to serve as an atomic diffusion barrier in electrochemical corrosion, which was the commonly held view
Herbert_H._Uhlig
Soviet Union program to develop nuclear weapons during and after World War II
include diffusion experiments in our plans along with centrifuge." In 1945, the Soviet intelligence obtained rough blueprints of the first U.S. atomic device
Soviet_atomic_bomb_project
Geochemist
is known for her research on rock-forming minerals, specifically on atomic diffusion in these minerals. She established the use of ion implantation to place
Daniele_Cherniak
Diffusion coefficient of a diffusant along a grain boundary
important in understanding how grain boundaries affect atomic diffusivity. Grain boundary diffusion is a commonly observed route for solute migration in
Grain boundary diffusion coefficient
Grain_boundary_diffusion_coefficient
Concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element
directly on the atomic weight of the isotope. Those based on the small differences in chemical reaction rates produced by different atomic weights. Those
Isotope_separation
Berg-Sorenson; et al. (1992). "Momentum diffusion of atoms moving in laser fields". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 25 (20):
Momentum_diffusion
Dutch information technology company
fabrication plants for processes such as atomic layer deposition, epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, and diffusion. The company was founded by Arthur del
ASM_International
Failed attempt by the Empire of Japan to develop nuclear technology
uranium hexafluoride, and an unsuccessful attempt to enrich it via thermal diffusion in a Clusius tube. The Imperial Japanese Navy also supported the "F-Go
Japanese nuclear weapons programs
Japanese_nuclear_weapons_programs
American physicist (1924–2023)
conducting his doctoral research on atomic diffusion in solids (1957), Schoen discovered that for self-diffusion in crystalline solids, there is a simple
Alan_Schoen
Star in the constellation Libra
stratifications of iron in blue horizontal-branch stars to those predicted by atomic diffusion", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 536 (4): 3739–3744
HD_135485
Random motion of particles suspended in a fluid
the probability distribution of a Brownian particle and the macroscopic diffusion equation. These predictive equations describing Brownian motion were subsequently
Brownian_motion
Type of transistor
collector by double diffusion. The method was summarized in a history of science at Bell: "Fuller had shown that acceptors of low atomic weight diffuse more
Diffused_junction_transistor
British nuclear weapons research during WW2
Britain's own gaseous diffusion plant, a heavy water plant and an atomic reactor in Britain, despite the immense cost. A gaseous diffusion plant to produce
Tube_Alloys
Thin-film deposition technique that deposits one 1-atom thick layer at a time
Haukka, S.; Juhanoja, J.; Besling, W.F.A. (2002). "Diffusion Barrier Deposition on a Copper Surface by Atomic Layer Deposition". Chemical Vapor Deposition.
Atomic_layer_deposition
Azerbaijani nuclear physicist (1918–1993)
scientific reference publication — the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Atomic Diffusion in Semiconductor Structures. H.Abdullaev, Hasan Mammadbaghir oghlu
Hasan_Abdullayev
Atoms of the same element, but different mass
species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic
Isotope
Mixture or metallic solid solution composed of two or more elements
and in atomic fraction for basic science studies. Alloys are usually classified as substitutional or interstitial alloys, depending on the atomic arrangement
Alloy
Deformation mechanism in crystalline materials
through the crystal lattice of the material, in contrast to diffusion creep, in which diffusion (of vacancies) is the dominant creep mechanism. It causes
Dislocation_creep
mobile defects is thermally activated, and thus limited by the rate of atomic diffusion. Deformation (mechanics) Deformation in continuum mechanics is the
Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L
Hyper-velocity star in the constellation Leo
S2CID 56111543. Such a surface abundance pattern is caused by atomic diffusion in a possibly magnetically stabilised, non-convective atmosphere. Hence
HVS_7
Device for controlled nuclear reactions
water graphite reactor. During early 1940s nuclear research, the phrase "atomic pile" was used to refer to any assembly involving uranium and attempts at
Nuclear_reactor
Power generated from nuclear reactions
development was part of the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort to create atomic bombs during World War II. It led to the building of larger single-purpose
Nuclear_power
American nuclear materials company
facility for the production of enriched uranium through gaseous diffusion. In gaseous diffusion, isotopes of Uranium-235 could be separated from Uranium-238
Kellex_Corporation
Interaction of light with material waves in a medium
macromolecular chain condensate or a viscous liquid or gas, then the low frequency atomic-chain-deformation waves within the transmitting medium (not the transmitted
Brillouin_scattering
Mass of a given molecule in daltons
relative molecular mass is the unitless ratio of the mass of a molecule to the atomic mass constant (which is equal to one dalton). The molecular mass and relative
Molecular_mass
British contribution to the WWII atomic bomb project
Britain initiated the world's first research project to design an atomic bomb in 1941. Building on this work, Britain prompted the United States to recognise
British contribution to the Manhattan Project
British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project
Belief that innovation should be adopted by the society without the need for alterations
In diffusion of innovation theory, a pro-innovation bias is a belief that innovation should be adopted by the whole society without the need for its alteration
Pro-innovation_bias
Open cluster in the constellation Gemini
-ESO survey: 3D NLTE abundances in the open cluster NGC 2420 suggest atomic diffusion and turbulent mixing are at the origin of chemical abundance variations"
NGC_2420
Form of hydrogen embrittlement due to hydrogen sulfide
amount of atomic hydrogen which recombines to form H2 on the surface is greatly reduced, thereby increasing the amount of diffusion of atomic hydrogen
Sulfide_stress_cracking
United States Army general (1907–2000)
engineer who worked on the secret Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb during World War II. He served as Deputy District Engineer to James
Kenneth_Nichols
Medical imaging technique
also may be used to form images of non-living objects, such as mummies. Diffusion MRI and functional MRI extend the utility of MRI to capture neuronal tracts
Magnetic_resonance_imaging
Physical process in cosmology
In modern cosmological theory, diffusion damping, also called photon diffusion damping, is a physical process which reduced density inequalities (anisotropies)
Diffusion_damping
Exhibition at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum
so short, it did not have time to diffuse or be dissipated by thermal diffusion. This meant that the immediate surfaces of affected objects were raised
Human_Shadow_Etched_in_Stone
Process of invention, innovation and diffusion of technology or processes
technological development is the overall process of invention, innovation and diffusion of technology or processes. Technological change includes the invention
Technological_change
UK atomic bomb development project
High Explosive Research (HER) was the British project to develop atomic bombs independently after the Second World War. This decision was taken by a cabinet
High_Explosive_Research
Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)
atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion.
Uranium
Nuclear and aerospace projects of the People's Republic of China
Electron–Positron Collider in 1988, Deng remarked "If it were not for the atomic bomb, the hydrogen bomb and the satellites we have launched since the 1960s
Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite
Atomic battery Atomic beam Atomic clock Atomic coherence Atomic diffusion Atomic electron configuration table Atomic electron transition Atomic emission spectrum
Index_of_physics_articles_(A)
Mass spectrometer
Beta calutron, at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, Oxfordshire. Owing to the success of the gaseous diffusion plant at Capenhurst,
Calutron
Uranium enrichment plant in Gansu, China
to develop the atomic bomb, hydrogen bomb, and space technology Ural Electrochemical Combine, analogous first Soviet gaseous diffusion plant, heavily
Lanzhou uranium enrichment plant
Lanzhou_uranium_enrichment_plant
Absence of diffusion waves in disordered media
Anderson localization (also known as strong localization) is the absence of diffusion of waves in a disordered medium. In other words, disordered media are
Anderson_localization
German-British chemist
later British physical chemist and physicist who devised the gaseous diffusion method, and confirmed its feasibility, of separating the isotope Uranium-235
Francis_Simon
Mechanics concept
extremely sensitive, atomic resolution technique of NMR relaxation that can be used to fully determine the rotational diffusion tensor to very high precision
Rotational_diffusion
Research of materials
materials for specific applications. The internal structure of a material—from atomic arrangements to microscopic features—strongly influences its mechanical
Materials_science
Type of convolutional neural network
U-Net architecture. The U-Net architecture has also been employed in diffusion models for iterative image denoising. This technology underlies many modern
U-Net
Body formed to establish Britain's nuclear policy
material for an atomic bomb should be uranium-235 or plutonium. Tube Alloys had performed much of the pioneering research on gaseous diffusion for uranium
Gen_75_Committee
Mechanism of crystalline solid deformation
Coble creep, a form of diffusion creep, is a mechanism for deformation of crystalline solids. Contrasted with other diffusional creep mechanisms, Coble
Coble_creep
Absorption of radiation by atoms in the same system as those who emitted it
radiation, radiative transfer of spectral lines, line transfer or radiation diffusion is a phenomenon in physics whereby radiation may be "trapped" in a system
Radiation_trapping
{\displaystyle D_{2}} are the diffusion coefficients of the two components. N 1 {\displaystyle N_{1}} and N 2 {\displaystyle N_{2}} are the atomic fractions of the
Darken's_equations
Reaction that splits an atomic nucleus
Estimate of the size of an actual separation plant." Simon proposed gaseous diffusion as the best method for uranium isotope separation. On 28 March 1941, Emilio
Nuclear_fission
Heat treatment that alters the properties of a material
the diffusion of atoms within a solid material, so that the material progresses towards its equilibrium state. Heat increases the rate of diffusion by
Annealing_(materials_science)
ATOMIC DIFFUSION
ATOMIC DIFFUSION
Girl/Female
Indian
Atom
Girl/Female
Hindu
Atom
Male
Hungarian
Pet form of Hungarian Tamás, TOMI means "twin."
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Topic; Subject
Boy/Male
Indian
An Atom's Warrior
Male
Japanese
(富) Japanese name TOMIO means "treasured man."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Relating to the Soul
Boy/Male
Hindu
Atom
Boy/Male
Tamil
Atom
Boy/Male
Hindu
The soul
Boy/Male
Czechoslovakian
Boy/Male
Tamil
Atom
Boy/Male
Hindu
Atom
Girl/Female
British, English, French, Italian
Lovely
Boy/Male
African, Australian, Finnish, Japanese
The People; Twin; Happy Child
Girl/Female
Tamil
Anu Keerthi | அநà¯Â கிரதீ Â
Atom
Anu Keerthi | அநà¯Â கிரதீ Â
Girl/Female
Tamil
Atom
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Strong as an oak.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Telugu
Sunrise; Comic
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Horrible.
ATOMIC DIFFUSION
ATOMIC DIFFUSION
ATOMIC DIFFUSION
ATOMIC DIFFUSION
ATOMIC DIFFUSION
ATOMIC DIFFUSION
ATOMIC DIFFUSION