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Fourth stage of mitosis and meiosis
Anaphase (from Ancient Greek ἀνα- (ana-) 'back, backward' and φάσις (phásis) 'appearance') is the stage of mitosis after the process of metaphase, when
Anaphase
Cell division into two identical cells
preprophase (specific to plant cells), prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated
Mitosis
Cell division producing haploid gametes
meiosis I (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I) and meiosis II (prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II). During meiosis, specific
Meiosis
Cell-cycle regulatory complex
Anaphase-promoting complex (also called the cyclosome or APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that marks target cell cycle proteins for degradation by the
Anaphase-promoting_complex
Type of protein
Securin is a protein involved in control of the metaphase-anaphase transition and anaphase onset. Following bi-orientation of chromosome pairs and inactivation
Securin
Improper chromosomal separation during cell division
Anaphase lag is a consequence of an event during cell division where sister chromatids do not properly separate from each other because of improper spindle
Anaphase_lag
Third stage of mitosis and meiosis
second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase). These chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the equator
Metaphase
Biological process
anaphase. At this point, the chromosomes are ready to split into opposite poles of the cell toward the spindle to which they are connected. Anaphase is
Cell_division
Biological factor
activity falls at anaphase, the inhibitory sites are dephosphorylated and cytokinesis proceeds. MPF is disassembled when anaphase-promoting complex (APC)
Maturation_promoting_factor
Cell cycle checkpoint
The spindle checkpoint, also known as the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), the metaphase checkpoint, or the mitotic
Spindle_checkpoint
Possession of multiple genetic lineages within a multi-cellular organism
different mechanisms including chromosome nondisjunction, anaphase lag, and endoreplication. Anaphase lagging is the most common way by which mosaicism arises
Mosaic_(genetics)
Final stage of cell division
sister chromatid separation in the anaphase of mitosis. The process can be divided to the following distinct steps: anaphase spindle reorganization, division
Cytokinesis
early cell division leads to a fraction of the cells with trisomy 21; An anaphase lag of a chromosome 21 in a Down syndrome embryo leads to a fraction of
Genetics_of_Down_syndrome
Unique numeric book identifier since 1970
guide to creating a book on your computer (2nd ed.). San Diego, Calif.: Anaphase II. ISBN 0-945962-14-2. OCLC 54527545. "ISBN Users' Manual (2001 edition)
ISBN
Protein-coding gene in humans
activate the anaphase promoting complex (APC/C), a large 11-13 subunit complex that initiates chromatid separation and entrance into anaphase. The APC/CCdc20
CDC20
One half of a duplicated chromosome
dyad. Once sister chromatids have separated (during the anaphase of mitosis or the anaphase II of meiosis during sexual reproduction), they are again
Chromatid
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
triggering anaphase by hydrolysing cohesin, which is the protein responsible for binding sister chromatids during the early stage of anaphase. In humans
Separase
Essential spindle checkpoint protein
regulatory system that restrains progression through the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. The Mad2 gene was first identified in the yeast S. cerevisiae
Mad2
Asexual reproduction without fertilization
automixis as a sexual process depends on when the products of anaphase I or of anaphase II are joined. The criterion for sexuality varies from all cases
Parthenogenesis
DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell
In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis
Chromosome
Fusion of nuclei or gametes from same individual
automixis as a sexual process depends on when the products of anaphase I or of anaphase II are joined together. The criterion for "sexuality" varies from
Automixis
Chromosomes that pair in fertilization
homologous chromosomes and helps them resist being pulled apart until anaphase. Genetic crossing-over, a type of recombination, occurs during the pachytene
Homologous_chromosome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC2 gene. A large protein complex, termed the anaphase-promoting
ANAPC2
Final stage of mitosis and meiosis
degradation starting in anaphase. Experimental addition of non-degradable M-cyclin to cells induces cell cycle arrest in a post-anaphase/pre-telophase-like
Telophase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC1 gene. ANAPC1 is one of at least ten subunits of the anaphase-promoting
ANAPC1
Cell cycle regulator
cycle regulator which ensures timely mitotic entry by primarily inhibiting Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) activity. This protein is present in
Early_Mitotic_Inhibitor_1
constriction). The difference between the two constrictions can be noticed during anaphase, as chromosomes can only bend at the site of primary constriction. Secondary
Secondary_constriction
Failure to separate properly during cell division
releases its inhibition of the anaphase promoting complex (APC), which in turn irreversibly triggers progression through anaphase.[citation needed] Surveys
Nondisjunction
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
associated with the mitotic spindle in a highly dynamic manner during anaphase, and localizes to the cell midbody during cytokinesis. PRC1 was first identified
PRC1
Protein-coding gene in the species Mus musculus
chromosome attachment to spindle microtubules and prevents cells from starting anaphase until the spindle is built up. The name Mad refers to the observation that
Mad1
Chromosome with multiple kinetochores along its length
holocentrism are related to the analysis of the behaviour of chromosomes during anaphase migration since holocentric sister chromatids migrate in parallel to the
Holocentric_chromosome
Protein-coding gene in humans
Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC7 gene. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms
ANAPC7
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
unknown; however, there is some evidence suggesting that it plays a role in anaphase. It also contains a relatively well-characterized structural motif called
Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 39C
Tetratricopeptide_repeat_protein_39C
Events leading to cell division
These phases are sequentially known as: prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the
Cell_cycle
Medical condition
daughter cells. Because this event is most prevalent during anaphase, the term anaphase bridge is often used as a substitute. After the formation of
Chromatin_bridge
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
chromosomes prior to anaphase. Bub3 and its related proteins that form the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) inhibit the action of the Anaphase Promoting Complex
BUB3
Protein complex that allows microtubules to attach to chromosomes during cell division
mitotic spindle apparatus. Following the transition from metaphase to anaphase, the sister chromatids separate from each other, and the individual kinetochores
Kinetochore
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC4 gene. A large protein complex, termed the anaphase-promoting
ANAPC4
Cellular structure shaped like a star
there are five stages of cell division: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. During prophase, two aster-covered centrosomes migrate
Aster_(cell_biology)
product will be dicentric. The dicentric chromatid is pulled apart during anaphase of meiosis I with such force that the chromosome breaks at random positions
Dicentric_chromosome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC10 gene. ANAPC10 has been shown to interact with CDC27, Mothers
ANAPC10
Protein-coding gene in humans
product of Schizosaccharomyces pombe nuc 2. This protein is a component of anaphase-promoting complex (APC), which is composed of eight protein subunits and
CDC27
chromosomes may fail to move to opposite poles of spindle fiber during anaphase. As a result, the chromosome is fragmented, which causes the death of the
Polycentric_chromosome
Small nucleus in the cells of some organisms
risk of developmental or degenerative diseases. Micronuclei form during anaphase from lagging acentric chromosomes or chromatid fragments caused by incorrectly
Micronucleus
Protein-coding gene in humans
Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC5 gene. The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) consists of at least
ANAPC5
Protein tandem repeat
solenoid domain called a TPR domain. Proteins with such domains include the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) subunits cdc16, cdc23 and cdc27, the NADPH oxidase
Tetratricopeptide_repeat
Protein family
mitotic regulator CDC20 form a ternary complex with the anaphase-promoting complex to control anaphase initiation". Genes & Development. 12 (12): 1871–83.
Deubiquitinating_enzyme
Control mechanism in the eukaryotic cell cycle
checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint. Progression through these
Cell_cycle_checkpoint
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
plays a role in the inhibition of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), delaying the onset of anaphase and ensuring proper chromosome segregation
BUB1B
Nuclear protein inhibiting DNA replication
cycle. Geminin levels drop at the metaphase-anaphase transition of mitosis when it is degraded by the anaphase-promoting complex. During S phase, geminin
Geminin
containing three copies of a chromosome loses one of these chromosomes (anaphase lag) to form a diploid chromosome complement. If both of the retained chromosomes
Trisomic_rescue
Protein-coding gene in humans
highly similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc26, a component of cell cycle anaphase-promoting complex (APC). APC is composed of a group of highly conserved
CDC26
Presence of only one chromosome from a pair
stage, an equal maternal, paternal contribution to monosomies is observed. Anaphase lag Miscarriage Nullisomic "CRC - Glossary M". Archived from the original
Monosomy
Topics referred to by the same term
monoamine transporter (PMAT) Four phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase: Prophase: Chromatin into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope
PMAT
Protein complex that regulates the separation of sister chromatids during cell division
Cohesin holds sister chromatids together after DNA replication until anaphase when removal of cohesin leads to separation of sister chromatids. The complex
Cohesin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
required for maintaining proper kinetochore size and a timely transition to anaphase. A putative pseudogene exists on chromosome 12. GRCh38: Ensembl release
CENPC1
Type of protein
ubiquitination of proteins destined for 26S proteasomal degradation. Along with the anaphase-promoting complex, SCF has important roles in the ubiquitination of proteins
SCF_complex
Protein-coding gene in humans
its dissolution by the cysteine protease Separase at the metaphase to anaphase transition results in the separation of sister chromatids and chromosomal
RAD21
American scientist and cytogeneticist (1902–1992)
broken chromatids were rejoined after the chromosome replication. In the anaphase of mitosis, the broken chromosomes formed a chromatid bridge, which was
Barbara_McClintock
Male bee
chromosomes comes not from sperm, but from one of the three polar bodies during anaphase II of meiosis. In honey bees, the genetics of offspring can best be controlled
Drone_(bee)
Enzyme found in humans
signaling osteoblast differentiation ubiquitin-dependent ERAD pathway anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process T cell receptor signaling
PSMC2
Mechanism of cell death
the spindle assembly checkpoint inhibits the anaphase promoting complex. Normally, activation of the anaphase promoting complex leads to the separation of
Mitotic_catastrophe
Union of a human egg and sperm
undergoing mitosis (which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together. Thus
Human_fertilization
Protein-coding gene in humans
the centrosome and mitotic spindle and is essential for the metaphase to anaphase transition". Cell. 81 (2): 261–8. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90336-4. PMID 7736578
CDC16
1985 novel by Greg Bear
The book's structure is titled "inter-phase", "prophase", "metaphase", "anaphase", "telophase", and "interphase". This mirrors the major phases of cell
Blood_Music_(novel)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
phosphorylated at the onset of mitosis and then dephosphorylated at the metaphase/anaphase transition. It can deubiquitinate H2A, one of two major ubiquitinated proteins
USP16
Cell in anaphase the chromosomes having split and the kinetochore microtubules shrinking
Cytotaxonomy
Protein found in humans
proteolysis Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway NIK/NF-kappaB signaling anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process proteolysis involved in cellular
PSMB1
First subphase of interphase
transcription factors downregulate expression of S phase cyclin genes; anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is activated, which targets and degrades S and
G1_phase
Enzyme found in humans
C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway ubiquitin-dependent ERAD pathway anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process negative regulation of canonical
PSMC4
that can be used to arrest cells before Anaphase at the spindle assembly checkpoint in the metaphase/anaphase transition. The microtubule poison works
Cell_synchronization
Protein found in humans
cascade Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway NIK/NF-kappaB signaling anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process proteolysis involved in cellular
PSMA3
Fungal protein found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c
Cdh1 (cdc20 homolog 1) is one of the substrate adaptor proteins of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
APC/C_activator_protein_CDH1
Byproduct of oogenesis
second. For example, predivision (the separation of chromatids before anaphase) in the first polar body can induce the formation of an aneuploid polar
Polar_body
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
the kinetochore, presumably through detection of tension. Metaphase-to-anaphase transition is halted by the SAC as long as single kinetochores lack bipolar
BUB1
Feature of biological cell structure
kinetochores, which actively monitor spindle formation and prevent premature anaphase onset. Microtubule polymerization and depolymerization dynamics drive chromosome
Spindle_apparatus
Chemical compound
mitotic kinases Aurora B and Aurora A. Hesperadin causes cells to enter anaphase much faster, sometimes before the chromosomes are properly bi-oriented
Hesperadin
Genus of single-celled organisms
intact nuclear envelope. The chromatids separate and the nuclei elongate in anaphase. This is followed by an increase in vesicles on the inner membrane. During
Vampyrella
meiosis Nuclear reproduction: mitosis – interphase – prophase – metaphase – anaphase – telophase programmed cell death – apoptosis – cell senescence Metabolism:
Outline_of_biology
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
which is a mitotic regulator that interacts with Cdc20 and inhibits the anaphase promoting complex. Moreover, Emi1 also assembles a CRL1 complex that targets
FBXO5
Eukaryotic motor protein
as well as depolymerizing microtubule minus ends at centrosomes during anaphase. Specifically, Kinesin-5 family proteins act within the spindle to slide
Kinesin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Stroschein, S L; Bonni S; Wrana J L; Luo K (November 2001). "Smad3 recruits the anaphase-promoting complex for ubiquitination and degradation of SnoN". Genes Dev
SKIL
Protein-coding gene in humans
expression data Gene ontology Molecular function DNA binding protein binding anaphase-promoting complex binding Cellular component nucleus nucleoplasm Golgi
CLSPN
Conventions regarding how to submit material to publishers
Book: A Complete Guide to Creating a Book on Your Computer (2nd ed.). Anaphase II. p. 31. ISBN 9780945962144. Addison-Wesley/Benjamin Cummings publishing
Standard_manuscript_format
Protein found in humans
complex also including SKA1 and SKA3 which is responsible for onset of the anaphase in mitosis by regulating chromosomal segregation. SKA2 may function as
SKA2
Genus of diatoms
microscope. The central nucleus composes the core of the cytoplasm. During anaphase, daughter chromosomes join at the poles of the spindle apparatus, and then
Pleurosigma
loop promotes the inactivation of the cyclin-dependent kinases by the anaphase-promoting complex. This example clearly shows the combined effects that
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle
Biochemical_switches_in_the_cell_cycle
Hydrophobic scaffold protein
There is also a more distant member called ANAPC2 (or APC2), part of the Anaphase-promoting complex. CUL1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, 5 and 7 each form part of a multi-subunit
Cullin
Polyphyletic group of bacteria
that recognise DNA-binding proteins and repress DNA transcription the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). Examples of both the TPR-TPR interactions, as
Magnetotactic_bacteria
Protein-coding gene in humans
center Cul7-RING ubiquitin ligase complex perinuclear region of cytoplasm anaphase-promoting complex 3M complex cytoskeleton Biological process Golgi organization
CUL7
Protein complex
of homologous centromeres to opposite poles of a dividing cell during anaphase I of meiosis. This occurs by bridging DSN1 kinetochore proteins to sister
Monopolin
the centrosomes in early M phase, the spindle midzone in early and late anaphase and the midbody during cytokinesis. Plks are controlled at the level of
Polo-like_kinase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
of the mitotic spindle-assembly checkpoint that prevents the onset of anaphase until all chromosome are properly aligned at the metaphase plate. MAD1L1
MAD1L1
Protein found in humans
metabolic process negative regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process SCF-dependent proteasomal
PSMB10
Chromosome abnormality
U-type strand exchange. Under normal separation of sister chromatids in anaphase, the centromere will divide longitudinally, or parallel to the long axis
Isochromosome
Canadian/British scientist
performed in vitro biochemical characterisation of the activity of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) and used cryo-EM to study the APC structure. Passmore
Lori_Passmore
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
ubiquitination cellular response to DNA damage stimulus protein polyubiquitination anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process post-translational protein
FBXO31
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
bridges (UFBs), fine structures that connect sister chromatids during anaphase at some sites such as fragile sites, telomeres and centromeres. This gene
ERCC excision repair 6 like, spindle assembly checkpoint helicase
ERCC_excision_repair_6_like,_spindle_assembly_checkpoint_helicase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PMC 1347501. PMID 16381901. Stegmeier F, Rape M, Draviam VM, et al. (2007). "Anaphase initiation is regulated by antagonistic ubiquitination and deubiquitination
USP44
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
metaphase and anaphase. STAG3 disassociates with the axes, but stays localized in the centromere, during the transition. Once anaphase is achieved, STAG3
STAG3
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