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An adapter or adaptor in genetic engineering is a short, chemically synthesized, double-stranded oligonucleotide that can be ligated to the ends of other
Adapter_(genetics)
Topics referred to by the same term
different objects AC adapter, an electric power supply device Adapter (genetics), a small DNA molecule used in genetic engineering Adapter (rocketry), a segment
Adapter_(disambiguation)
The history of genetics can be represented on a timeline of events from the earliest work in the 1850s, to the DNA era starting in the 1940s, and the genomics
Timeline of the history of genetics
Timeline_of_the_history_of_genetics
Type of genetic marker
for association mapping, QTL-mapping, population genetics, ecological genetics and evolutionary genetics. The use of RAD markers for genetic mapping is
Restriction site associated DNA markers
Restriction_site_associated_DNA_markers
Preparation and analysis method for DNA
This method uses degenerate molecular tags in addition to sequencing adapters to recognize reads originating from each strand of DNA. As the two strands
Duplex_sequencing
Rare disease of the bones
Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, and Mitchell, 8th edition Reference, Genetics Home. "osteopetrosis". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2017-12-13. Ihde LL, Forrester
Osteopetrosis
Process of determining the nucleic acid sequence
was a bead-based method that used a complex approach of adapter ligation followed by adapter decoding, reading the sequence in increments of four nucleotides
DNA_sequencing
Association of scientists deciphering the genetic code
1959. Crick, Francis: From DNA to protein On degenerate templates and the adapter hypothesis: a note for the RNA Tie Club, 1955. Crick, Francis: What Mad
RNA_Tie_Club
Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins
Robert W. Holley determined the structure of transfer RNA (tRNA), the adapter molecule that facilitates the process of translating RNA into protein.
Genetic_code
Transfer of genetic variation from one population to another
In population genetics, gene flow (also known as migration and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. If the
Gene_flow
digital images independently of the display device (such as a graphics adapter), used especially on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. Boolean
Glossary_of_computer_science
repetitive fraction of the genome. ApeKI is the most used RE. Barcode adapters are then ligated to sticky ends and PCR amplification is performed. Next-generation
Genotyping_by_sequencing
Method used in molecular biology
immunoprecipitation. In order to allow for priming of reverse transcription, RNA adapters are ligated to the 3' ends, and RNA fragments are labelled to enable the
Cross-linking immunoprecipitation
Cross-linking_immunoprecipitation
a magnetic bead through an adapter, while for Illumina sequencing, the RNA fragments are firstly ligated to the adapters and then attached to the surface
Small_RNA_sequencing
biology, molecular biology, and related disciplines, including molecular genetics, biochemistry, and microbiology. It is split across two articles: Glossary
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M–Z)
DNA reverse transcribed from RNA
In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA that was reverse transcribed (via reverse transcriptase) from an RNA (e.g., messenger RNA or microRNA). cDNA
Complementary_DNA
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Ectodysplasin-A receptor-associated adapter protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EDARADD gene. This gene was identified by its association
EDARADD
Methylation process
in this reaction. Sequence adapters: Methylated sequence adapters are ligated to the DNA fragments. The methylated adapter oligonucleotides have all cytosines
Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing
Reduced_representation_bisulfite_sequencing
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1) also known as ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AIF1 gene
Allograft inflammatory factor 1
Allograft_inflammatory_factor_1
Protein-coding gene in humans
Feng GS (July 1999). "Gab2, a new pleckstrin homology domain-containing adapter protein, acts to uncouple signaling from ERK kinase to Elk-1". The Journal
PTPN11
repair enzymes and complementary adapters are then applied to the DNA in an end-prep polymerase chain reaction and adapter ligation reaction, respectively
Whole genome bisulfite sequencing
Whole_genome_bisulfite_sequencing
specificity, using base qualities at all steps in the alignment. Includes adapter trimming, base quality calibration, Bi-Seq alignment, and options for reporting
List of sequence alignment software
List_of_sequence_alignment_software
Species of canine native to North America
Chris (1998). "The Coyotes of Lamar Valley: In Yellowstone, the master adapter learns to deal with wolves". Science News. 153 (5): 76–78. doi:10.2307/4010114
Coyote
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Angelisová P, Milgram SL, Horejsí V (October 2001). "Interaction between two adapter proteins, PAG and EBP50: a possible link between membrane rafts and actin
PAG1
Protein found in humans
Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a signaling adapter protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS1 gene. It is a 180 kDa protein with amino acid
Insulin_receptor_substrate_1
German optics company
A12, and many mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras through the use of adapters. Some ZM lenses are manufactured in Germany by Zeiss, others in Japan by
Zeiss_(company)
genome into millions of molecules, which are size-selected and ligated to adapters. The set of fragments is referred to as a sequencing library, which is
Read_(biology)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(2002). "Gene defect in ectodermal dysplasia implicates a death domain adapter in development". Nature. 414 (6866): 913–6. doi:10.1038/414913a. PMID 11780064
Ectodysplasin_A_receptor
Lab technique
is digested by DpnI, which cuts only methylated GATCs. Double-stranded adapters with a known sequence are then ligated to the ends generated by DpnI. Ligation
DNA adenine methyltransferase identification
DNA_adenine_methyltransferase_identification
necessary to filter data, removing low quality sequences or bases (trimming), adapters, contaminations, overrepresented sequences or correcting errors to assure
List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools
List_of_RNA-Seq_bioinformatics_tools
Nuclear protein that binds to CREB
complexing with other transcriptional co-activators. CBP has two transitional adapter zinc finger (TAZ) domains that each consist of four alpha helices stabilized
CREB-binding_protein
Human chromosome
Protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I subunit beta PHAX: Phosphorylated adapter for RNA export Pikachurin: Responsible for the functioning of the ribbon
Chromosome_5
Method used to detect DNA damage
to all cells. DSBCapture Similar to BLESS, DSBCapture uses biotinylated adapters to label DSBs in situ and streptavidin beads to isolate labeled DNA fragments
BLESS
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
response to DNA damage. FANCE together with FANCC acts as the substrate adapter for this reaction Activated FANCD2 protein co-localizes with BRCA1 (breast
Fanconi anemia group E protein
Fanconi_anemia_group_E_protein
Species of bacteria, cause of plague
binds the p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, the Gab1, the Gab2 adapter proteins, and the Vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor. YopE functions
Yersinia_pestis
Mammalian protein
Ret receptor protein tyrosine kinase associates with the SH2-containing adapter protein Grb10". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (37): 21461–21463
RET_proto-oncogene
Medical condition
(IKK) with the upstream Bcl10-MALT1 (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) adapter complex which were crucial for the induction of nuclear translocation of
Caspase-8_deficiency
American immunologist and geneticist
Beutler is currently a Regental Professor and Director of the Center for the Genetics of Host Defense at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Bruce_Beutler
Aspect of molecular biology
proteins. Size-select for previously-protected mRNA fragments. Ligate 3' adapter to fragments. Reverse transcribe RNA to cDNA using reverse transcriptase
Ribosome_profiling
RNA that facilitates the addition of amino acids to a new protein
"adaptor hypothesis" based on the assumption that there must exist an adapter molecule capable of mediating the translation of the RNA alphabet into
Transfer_RNA
Method of archaeological study
conducting extractions under extreme sterile conditions, using special adapters to identify endogenous molecules of the sample (distinguished from those
Ancient_DNA
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Matrilin-2, Matrilin-3, and Matrilin-4, a family of filamentous-forming adapter oligomeric extracellular proteins that are linked to the formation of cartilage
Matrilin-3
Device which reduces sound intensity or muzzle flash on a firearm
Muzzle brake Flash suppressor Muzzle booster Muzzle shroud Blank-firing adapter "Firearms - Gun Control Act Definition - Silencer". atf.gov. Retrieved
Silencer_(firearms)
Basic unit of life forms
relates to the polypeptide sequence by binding to transfer RNA (tRNA) adapter molecules in binding pockets within the ribosome. The new polypeptide chain
Cell_(biology)
Molecular biology technique
chromatin with hyperactive mutant Tn5 Transposase that inserts sequencing adapters into open regions of the genome. While naturally occurring transposases
ATAC-seq
Chronic low-grade inflammation that develops with advanced age
The inflammasome is a multi-protein complex consisting of a sensor, an adapter, and an effector, that when activated, modulates caspases which cleave
Inflammaging
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
localized to Purkinje cell dendritic spines and bind the Src homology 3 adapter protein insulin receptor substrate p53". The Journal of Neuroscience. 23
BAIAP2
Human protein-coding gene on chromosome 9
WK, et al. (October 1996). "p130CAS forms a signaling complex with the adapter protein CRKL in hematopoietic cells transformed by the BCR/ABL oncogene"
Tyrosine-protein_kinase_ABL1
Human chromosome
dehydrogenase, mitochondrial SIT1: signaling threshold regulating transmembrane adapter 1 SLC25A25-AS1: encoding protein SLC25A25 antisense RNA 1 SNORD24: encoding
Chromosome_9
The fragments attached to the magnetic beads will have a universal P1 adapter sequence attached so that the starting sequence of every fragment is both
ABI_Solid_Sequencing
Irish playwright, critic, and polemicist (1856–1950)
concluded: He was no originator of ideas. He was an insatiable adopter and adapter, an incomparable prestidigitator with the thoughts of the forerunners.
George_Bernard_Shaw
information, but it does so by digesting DNA with restriction enzymes, ligating adapters, and selectively amplifying subsets of fragments. These approaches produce
Arbitrarily_amplified_DNA
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
SH2B adapter protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2B1 gene. SH2B1 has been shown to interact with: Grb2, Insulin receptor, Janus
SH2B1
Chemical compound
alongside adapter proteins to install ac4C in leucine and serine tRNA and in helices 34 and 45 of 18S rRNA. Cellular studies identified the adapter proteins
N4-Acetylcytidine
American playwright, screenwriter and novelist (1923–1981)
structure." Chayefsky had his name removed as screenwriter but remained as adapter. In 1969 and 1970. Chayefsky began to consider a film that would be set
Paddy_Chayefsky
Jefferson. Later, it was revealed Barbathos (now Barbatos) was the Hyper-Adapter, a product of Apokolips, and Thomas Wayne was part of the cult. After making
List of criminal organizations in DC Comics
List_of_criminal_organizations_in_DC_Comics
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
with A20 in an isoform-specific manner and function both as chaperone and adapter molecules". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (33): 20029–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.33.20029
YWHAE
Class of immune system proteins
pathways. When activated, TLRs recruit adapter molecules within the cytoplasm of cells to propagate a signal. Four adapter molecules are known to be involved
Toll-like_receptor
British-Canadian scientist (1952–2013)
Kyoto Prize – "Japan's Nobel" for "Proposing and Proving the Concept of Adapter Molecules in the Signal Transduction" 2012 – Clarivate Citation Laureate
Tony_Pawson_(biochemist)
Class of enzymes
last step of nitrate reductase inactivation is the binding of the 14-3-3 adapter protein, which is initiated by the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+. Higher plants
Nitrate_reductase
Human chromosome
tumor-like protein LIME1: encoding protein Lck-interacting transmembrane adapter 1 LZTS3: encoding protein Leucine zipper, putative tumor suppressor family
Chromosome_20
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
rat brain: complementary distribution and proposed function as vesicular adapter proteins in early stages of secretion". Neuron. 18 (3): 453–461. doi:10
STXBP1
Human chromosome
TP63: Tumor protein p63 TRAT1: T-cell receptor-associated transmembrane adapter 1 USH3A: Usher syndrome 3A ZBED2: encoding protein Zinc finger BED-type
Chromosome_3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Pessin JE (October 1996). "Interactions between Src homology (SH) 2/SH3 adapter proteins and the guanylnucleotide exchange factor SOS are differentially
SOS1
Genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation
into small pieces and then those DNA pieces are ligated to designated adapters for random reading during in-parallel DNA synthesis. The read length corresponds
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis
Genomic analysis technique
can be pulled-down and enriched for. Ligation of the Illumina paired-end adapters is performed while the DNA fragments are bound to the streptavidin beads
Hi-C (genomic analysis technique)
Hi-C_(genomic_analysis_technique)
Mammalian protein and protein-coding gene
Lennartsson J, Gottfridsson E, Yoshimura A, Rönnstrand L (March 2003). "The adapter protein APS associates with the multifunctional docking sites Tyr-568 and
KIT_gene
Examines sequence information from individual cells
the typical procedure, where sequencing adapters are added prior to bisulfite fragmentation. Instead, the adapters are added after the DNA is treated and
Single-cell_sequencing
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Escarceller M (Jan 2001). "PACSIN 3 is a novel SH3 domain cytoplasmic adapter protein of the pacsin-syndapin-FAP52 gene family". Gene. 262 (1–2): 199–205
PACSIN1
Apartment building in Manhattan, New York
p. 44. Retrieved January 2, 2026. "EDWARD EAGER,53, AUTHOR, LYRICIST; Adapter of 'Rugantino,' With Alfred Drake, Is Dead". The New York Times. October
Sutton_House_(Manhattan)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
MN (November 2007). "Control of postnatal bone mass by the zinc finger adapter protein Schnurri-3". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1116 (1):
HIVEP3
Protein-coding gene in humans
(2003). "LPS-TLR4 signaling to IRF-3/7 and NF-kappaB involves the toll adapters TRAM and TRIF". J. Exp. Med. 198 (7): 1043–55. doi:10.1084/jem.20031023
OPN1LW
2003). "TIRP, a novel Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adapter protein involved in TIR signaling". The Journal of Biological Chemistry
IRAK3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PMC 2008650. PMID 4561027. Miyazaki T, Reed JC (Jun 2001). "A GTP-binding adapter protein couples TRAIL receptors to apoptosis-inducing proteins". Nature
DAP3
Method for sequencing DNA
the library, DNA fragments are put into a circular form using hairpin adapter ligations. For each of the nucleotide bases, there is a corresponding fluorescent
Single-molecule real-time sequencing
Single-molecule_real-time_sequencing
DNA / RNA sequencing technique
5'-monophosphates by using an engineered protein nanopore equipped with a molecular adapter". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128 (5): 1705–10. Bibcode:2006JAChS
Nanopore_sequencing
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Feng GS (July 1999). "Gab2, a new pleckstrin homology domain-containing adapter protein, acts to uncouple signaling from ERK kinase to Elk-1". The Journal
GAB2
Openings in nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells
(NES) present in RNA-binding proteins, except for tRNA which lacks an adapter. It is notable that all viral RNAs and cellular RNAs (tRNA, rRNA, U snRNA
Nuclear_pore_complex
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Lipkowitz S, Boulter J, Bogler O (December 2000). "SETA is a multifunctional adapter protein with three SH3 domains that binds Grb2, Cbl, and the novel SB1
SH3KBP1
Protein-coding gene in humans
which RIOK1 and PICln are involved, suggest that RIOK1 is a more general adapter than PICln. RIOK1 also interacts with NCL via its C-terminus, which targets
RIOK1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Weinhold LM, et al. (August 2025). "β-catenin functions as a molecular adapter for disordered cBAF interactions". Molecular Cell. 85 (16): 3041–3056.e9
YAP1
Protein-coding gene in humans
Cella M, Yokoyama WM, Colonna M (Dec 2002). "NKG2D recruits two distinct adapters to trigger NK cell activation and costimulation". Nature Immunology. 3
SPOP
DNA sequencing method
thus the name "circular" consensus sequencing – then the primers and adapters are removed using bioinformatics to deliver a highly accurate consensus
Circular_consensus_sequencing
Study of RNA transcripts
amplified by PCR to enrich for fragments that contain the expected 5' and 3' adapter sequences. Amplification is also used to allow sequencing of very low input
Transcriptomics_technologies
Cell-free DNA profiling method
The library preparation process encompassed end repair, A-tailing, and adapter ligation, which also incorporated molecular barcodes into each read. These
EPIC-Seq
American astronaut and biochemistry researcher (born 1960)
with Expedition 50 commander Shane Kimbrough. During the EVA, three new adapter plates were installed and electrical connectors were hooked up preparing
Peggy_Whitson
Protein found in humans
MacDonald JI, Gryz EA, Kubu CJ, Verdi JM (April 1999). "The signaling adapter FRS-2 competes with Shc for binding to the nerve growth factor receptor
Tropomyosin_receptor_kinase_A
Method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA
technologies that analyze the sequences can use cluster amplification of adapter-ligated ChIP DNA fragments on a solid flow cell substrate to create clusters
ChIP_sequencing
Separation or breakage of DNA strands into pieces
afterwards cut so that the transposition events result in fragmented DNA with adapters (instead of an insertion). The relative concentration of transposomes and
DNA_fragmentation
vesicle budding events. In addition to its primary role as an endocytic adapter, there is evidence the epsins play a role in regulating GTPase activity
Epsin
Mammalian protein found in humans
Ozaki K, Fujihara M, Handa M, Ikebuchi K, Ikeda H (May 2001). "CrkL is an adapter for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and Syk". Blood. 97 (9): 2633–9. doi:10
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein
Wiskott–Aldrich_syndrome_protein
Mammalian protein found in humans
interaction of the medium chain mu 2 subunit of the clathrin-associated adapter protein complex 2 with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and CD28". The
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4
Cytotoxic_T-lymphocyte_associated_protein_4
Lab technique in cellular biology
Illumina short-read sequencing, a common technology for cDNA sequencing, adapters are ligated to the cDNA, DNA is attached to a flow cell, clusters are generated
RNA-Seq
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
binding interface of the motor domain. Upon binding of PTPN21 or the cargo adapter HOOK3 to the KIF1C stalk, the motor domain is released, engages with microtubules
KIF1C
Degraded DNA fragments circulating in bodily fluids
population specific genome wide SNP panel. Attaching barcodes to the ligated adapters prior to NGS during library preparation make absolute ddcfDNA quantification
Circulating_free_DNA
German physician and biomedical scientist
vascular mechanisms. Molecular cloning and further studies identified VASP as adapter protein and proline-rich ligand for profilins, playing a key role in both
Ulrich Walter (clinical biochemist)
Ulrich_Walter_(clinical_biochemist)
Class of enzymes
(July 2014). "Activation of cytoplasmic dynein motility by dynactin-cargo adapter complexes". Science. 345 (6194): 337–41. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..337M. doi:10
Dynein
Protein and coding gene in humans
MacDonald JI, Gryz EA, Kubu CJ, Verdi JM (April 1999). "The signaling adapter FRS-2 competes with Shc for binding to the nerve growth factor receptor
Tropomyosin_receptor_kinase_B
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
the centromere of chromosome 1 at 1p12 and 1q21". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 73 (3): 157–63. doi:10.1159/000134330. PMID 8697799. Maresco DL, Blue
FCGR1A
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
with A20 in an isoform-specific manner and function both as chaperone and adapter molecules". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (33): 20029–20034
YWHAZ
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