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Academic journal
The World Mycotoxin Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering mycotoxins. It is published by Wageningen Academic Publishers. It is indexed
World_Mycotoxin_Journal
Toxin produced by a fungus
A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης mykes, "fungus" and τοξικός toxikos, "poisonous") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi and is capable of
Mycotoxin
Group of poisons produced by molds
"They are probably the best known and most intensively researched mycotoxins in the world." The fungi grow in soil, decaying vegetation and various staple
Aflatoxin
Toxin found in animal feed
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi, commonly detected as contaminants in agricultural commodities globally. Exposure to
Mycotoxins_in_animal_feed
Harmful effects of molds
harmful health effects of molds (moulds in British English) and their mycotoxins. Molds are ubiquitous in the biosphere, and mold spores are a common component
Mold_and_human_health
Chemical compound
T-2 mycotoxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin. It is a naturally occurring mold byproduct of Fusarium spp. fungus which is toxic to humans and other animals
T-2_mycotoxin
Species of fungus
altertoxin-II by strains of Alternaria tenuissima from Argentinean wheat". World Mycotoxin Journal. 7 (3): 329–334. doi:10.3920/WMJ2013.1711. hdl:11336/22873. Robertshaw
Alternaria_tenuissima
Large family of chemically related mycotoxins
Trichothecenes constitute a large group of chemically related mycotoxins. They are produced by fungi of the genera Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma,
Trichothecene
Dutch academic publishing company
Physiology Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition Journal of Insects as Food and Feed Journal on Chain and Network Science World Mycotoxin Journal MarketScreener
Wageningen Academic Publishers
Wageningen_Academic_Publishers
Chemical compound
Zearalenone (ZEN), also known as RAL and F-2 mycotoxin, is a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Fusarium and Gibberella species. Specifically
Zearalenone
Species of fungus
Cultural Heritage: the case of a contaminated library in Venice". World Mycotoxin Journal. 9 (3): 397–407. doi:10.3920/WMJ2015.1958. hdl:2318/1562648. S2CID 87667921
Aspergillus_creber
Chemical compound
Agaritine is an aromatic hydrazine-derivative mycotoxin in mushroom species of the genus Agaricus. It is an α-aminoacid and a derivative of phenylhydrazine
Agaritine
Species of fungus
contamination and mycotoxin production at workplaces in composting plants, tanneries, archives and libraries". World Mycotoxin Journal. 7 (3): 345–355.
Aspergillus_puulaauensis
Species of fungus
nordicumgrowth on and ochratoxin a production in country-style sausages". World Mycotoxin Journal. 6 (4): 411. doi:10.3920/WMJ2013.1548. Färber, P.; Geisen, R. (2004)
Penicillium_nordicum
Species of fungus
temperature range of 15–20 °C (59–68 °F), this species is able to produce the mycotoxin, ochratoxin A (OTA). The fungus is tolerant of low pH and has a preference
Aspergillus_tubingensis
Pharmaceutical compound
purpurea) detected in Western Canadian grains from 2014 to 2016". World Mycotoxin Journal. 11 (2): 259–264. doi:10.3920/WMJ2017.2241. ISSN 1875-0710. Ergocristine
Ergovalide
Fungal disease of cereals
contamination by mycotoxins produced by the fungi already when the crop is growing in the field. The disease can cause severe economic losses as mycotoxin-contaminated
Fusarium_ear_blight
Purported chemical weapon
secretary of state Alexander Haig accused the Soviet Union of supplying T-2 mycotoxin to the communist states in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia for use in counterinsurgency
Yellow_rain
Food intended for consumption by dogs usually made from meat
food in Brazil. A 2010 study in the Journal of Mycotoxin Research tested 26 commercial dog foods and found mycotoxins at concerning sub-lethal levels. It
Dog_food
Group of chemical compounds
fumonisins, that constitute a group of fungal mycotoxins originally identified with genus Fusarium, a mycotoxin known for its contamination of infested corn
Fumonisin
Fermented oil seed used as a flavouring
species and mycotoxin contamination associated with locust bean, melon and their fermented products in south-western Nigeria". International Journal of Food
Ogiri
Illness from eating spoiled or contaminated food
1071/A97005. Li FQ, Yoshizawa T (July 2000). "Alternaria mycotoxins in weathered wheat from China". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48 (7): 2920–2924
Foodborne_illness
Wooly, dust-like fungal structure or substance
the body, or from the effects of ingested or inhaled toxic compounds (mycotoxins) produced by molds. There are thousands of known species of mold fungi
Mold
Toxin produced by microorganisms
M (October 2020). "Molecular Aspects of Mycotoxins-A Serious Problem for Human Health". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (21): 8187. Bibcode:2020IJMSc
Microbial_toxin
Mycotoxin
Roridin E is a mycotoxin of the trichothecene group. In nature it is mainly found in fungi of the Fusarium and Myrothecium species. The Fusarium and Myrothecium
Roridin_E
Rice contaminated with Penicillium fungi
Institute. Although research was interrupted by World War II, it was resumed afterward and in 1964 the mycotoxin citreoviridin was isolated. Kenji Uraguchi
Yellowed_rice
Chemical compound
3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is a mycotoxin which is severely toxic to humans. It is a potent suicidal inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme
3-Nitropropionic_acid
Plant-derived xenoestrogen
Frisvad JC, et al. (2015). "Review on Mycotoxin Issues in Ruminants: Occurrence in Forages, Effects of Mycotoxin Ingestion on Health Status and Animal
Phytoestrogen
Chemicals that result in blistering and skin irritation and damaging
though some naturally occurring terpenoids such as cantharidin and T2 mycotoxin fall under this class. Exposure to blister agents is widely incapacitating
Blister_agent
Species of fungus
cheese". Journal of Food Protection. 64 (2): 246–51. doi:10.4315/0362-028x-64.2.246. PMID 11271775. Erdogan A, Sert S (March 2004). "Mycotoxin-forming
Penicillium_roqueforti
Species of plant
Hengst D, Hajslova J (2015). "Mycotoxins in Plant-Based Dietary Supplements: Hidden Health Risk for Consumers". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Silybum_marianum
Species of fungus
resulting in contamination by ochratoxin A (OTA). OTA, a clinically relevant mycotoxin, can accumulate in human tissue and cause a variety of serious health
Aspergillus_niger
Chemical compound
Citrinin is a mycotoxin which is often found in food. It is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi that contaminates long-stored food and it can cause
Citrinin
Species of fungus
often heavy consumers of apple products. The fungus can also produce the mycotoxin citrinin. Penicillium expansum has a wide host range, causing similar
Penicillium_expansum
Public university in Minna, Nigeria
Change and Adapter Land Use (WASCAL). Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka, Lagos
Federal University of Technology, Minna
Federal_University_of_Technology,_Minna
Sweet plant-based beverage
Spanish Club Blog. 12 June 2022. Weidenbörner, Martin (24 January 2014). Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461487272 –
Horchata
Species of fungus
2017. Reiß, J (1981). "Studies on the ability of mycotoxins to diffuse in bread". European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 12 (4):
Mucor_mucedo
Procedure for preparing corn to eat
its nutritional value is increased, flavor and aroma are improved, and mycotoxins are reduced by up to 97–100% (for aflatoxins). Lime and ash are highly
Nixtamalization
Rice dish from West Africa
Abel, C.A., Shier, W.T., Oliveira, C.A.F.D. and Raghavender, C.R., 2009. Mycotoxin contamination of commercially important agricultural commodities. Toxin
Jollof_rice
Accuser in the Salem witch trials
Retrieved June 18, 2015. Woolf, Alan (2000). "Witchcraft or Mycotoxin? The Salem Witch Trials". Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 38 (4): 457–460.
Abigail_Williams
Species of tree and its edible seeds
Official Journal of the European Union: 33–38. 5 July 2003. 2003/493/EC. "Research improves the control of Brazil nut contamination by mycotoxins". AGÊNCIA
Brazil_nut
Medical controversy
and commonly consumed plant oils high in unsaturated fat". The British Journal of Nutrition. 132 (8): 1039–1050. doi:10.1017/S0007114524002459. PMC 11600290
Seed_oil_misinformation
Chemical compound
certain mycotoxins in food (WHO food additives series 47)". Geneva: World Health Organization: 103–279. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Fumonisin_B1
Species of grass cultivated as a food crop
fungi, which contaminate the grain with mycotoxins. Aspergillus and Fusarium spp. are the most common mycotoxin sources, and accordingly important in agriculture
Maize
American restaurateur & convicted felon
feature, advertised as "zero-toxin" and independently tested for molds and mycotoxins. TownHall also includes a full-service bar with a wide selection of craft
Bobby_George_(restaurateur)
Genus of fungi
members of the skin microbiome.[not verified in body] Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter
Fusarium
Australian mycologist (1937–2022)
(2009). "Growth and mycotoxin production by food spoilage fungi under high carbon dioxide and low oxygen atmospheres". International Journal of Food Microbiology
John_I._Pitt
Increase in food prices and shortages around the world
length of growing seasons. Bacteria like Salmonella and fungi that produce mycotoxins grow faster as the climate warms. Their growth has negative effects on
2022–2023_global_food_crises
Spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus
small amounts of hydrazines, the most abundant of which is agaritine (a mycotoxin and carcinogen). However, the hydrazines are destroyed by moderate heat
Mushroom
Genus of grass cultivated for grain
head blight development and trichothecene accumulation in spring wheat". Mycotoxin Research. 28 (1): 45–58. doi:10.1007/s12550-011-0115-6. PMID 23605982
Wheat
Species of fungus
it is uncommon. Cortinarius rubellus contains orellanine, a powerful mycotoxin. The danger of poisoning was first recognized in 1972 in Finland, where
Cortinarius_rubellus
Organism belonging to kingdom Fungi
A, et al. (2020). "Molecular aspects of mycotoxins—a serious problem for human health". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (21): 8187. Bibcode:2020IJMSc
Fungus
Chemical compound
Luteoskyrin is a carcinogenic mycotoxin with the molecular formula C30H22O12 which is produced by the mold Penicillium islandicum. Luteoskyrin has strong
Luteoskyrin
Yellow legume seeds used as food
that is infected with the fungus Diaporthe toxica; the fungus produces mycotoxins called phomopsins, which cause liver damage. Lupin allergy may cause life-threatening
Lupin_bean
Medical condition
Alimentary toxic aleukia is a mycotoxin-induced condition characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia (aleukia), hemorrhaging, skin inflammation
Alimentary_toxic_aleukia
Substances consumed for human nutrition
or as contaminants. Food contaminated with fungal growth may contain mycotoxins such as aflatoxins which may be found in contaminated corn and peanuts
Human_food
Type of lectin
feed-Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain". EFSA Journal. 6 (9). European Food Safety Authority: 726. September 2008. doi:10.2903/j
Ricin
Poisoning of heart electrophysiology or muscle
(2021-10-19). "Antipsychotics cardiotoxicity: What's known and what's next". World Journal of Psychiatry. 11 (10): 736–753. doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i10.736. ISSN 2220-3206
Cardiotoxicity
Species of fungus
cooking does not eliminate all toxins. When consumed, the principal active mycotoxin, gyromitrin, is hydrolyzed into the toxic compound monomethylhydrazine
Gyromitra_esculenta
Legume cultivated as a grain and oil crop
sometimes result in its contamination by aflatoxin, a naturally occurring mycotoxin that is produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Some
Peanut
American entrepreneur and author (born 1973)
"Upgraded Coffee" alleged to omit mycotoxins. Physician David Bach says that coffee producers are already able to remove mycotoxins from their products and that
Dave_Asprey
Ergot poisoning incident in France
epidemic, while a few theorise other causes such as poisoning by mercury, mycotoxins, or nitrogen trichloride. During the Vichy government, the supply of grains
1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning
1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning
Former college in Kent, England
14 June 2022. "Prof. Abdullahi Bala". Africa Centre for Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved
Wye_College
Symptoms of illness attributed to a building
against them. Sick building syndrome may be associated with indoor mold or mycotoxin contamination. However, the attribution of sick building syndrome to mold
Sick_building_syndrome
Reported symptom of bewitchment
1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning Woolf, Alan. (2000). Witchcraft or Mycotoxin? The Salem Witch Trials. Clinical Toxicology, 38 (4): 457-60, (July 2000)
Medical explanations of bewitchment
Medical_explanations_of_bewitchment
1979–1989 killings in Afghanistan
have also been numerous reports of illegal chemical weapons, including mycotoxins, being used by Soviet forces in Afghanistan, often indiscriminately against
Soviet war crimes in the Soviet–Afghan War
Soviet_war_crimes_in_the_Soviet–Afghan_War
Species of fungus
diseases caused by Penicillium spp. Penicillium hirsutum produces the mycotoxins cyclopiazonic acid and roquefortine C. MycoBank UniProt Cavagnaro, P.
Penicillium_hirsutum
Soy product from Java, Indonesia
interfering with the accumulation of aflatoxin (especially aflatoxin B1), the mycotoxin of greatest concern. R. oligosporus has also been reported to produce
Tempeh
Species of endospore forming bacterium
et al. (November 2010). "Botulinum toxin: Bioweapon & magic drug". Indian Journal of Medical Research. 132 (5): 489–503. doi:10.4103/IJMR.2010_132_05_489
Clostridium_botulinum
Poisonous species of fungus
Bohnert M, Wackler B, Hoffmeister D (2010). "Spotlights on advances in mycotoxin research". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 87 (1): 1–7. doi:10
Amanita_bisporigera
Neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum
of wrinkles and was published in the journal Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in 1989. Editors of the journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons
Botulinum_toxin
Metropolitan municipality in Erzurum Province, Turkey
Adnan; Cetin, Bulent; Sekerci, Pinar; Dagdemir, Elif (7 September 2014). "Mycotoxin production capability of Penicillium roqueforti in strains isolated from
Erzurum
Chemical compound
Agricultural Food Crops". Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2014: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2014/706291. "Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003"
Aflatoxin_B1
Gill-bearing non-tetrapod aquatic vertebrates
The Journal of American Popular Culture (8). Durga, P.; Sai, Kanaka (2017). "Nature of Existential Struggle in The Old Man and the Sea" (PDF). Journal of
Fish
Air quality within and around buildings and structures
varieties of mold contain toxic compounds (mycotoxins). However, exposure to hazardous levels of mycotoxin via inhalation is not possible in most cases
Indoor_air_quality
Chemical compound
Niku-Paavola ML, Nummi M (October 1979). "Incidence of zearalenol (Fusarium mycotoxin) in animal feed". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 38 (4): 749–750
Zeranol
Species of flowering plant
unknown. The effect has been attributed to tremorgenic phytotoxins or mycotoxins. In one study, dried samples of Ipomoea asarifolia were found to contain
Ipomoea_asarifolia
Species of fungus
it occurs throughout the world including the United Kingdom, Europe and Netherlands. Pithomyces chartarum produces a mycotoxin called sporidesmin when
Pithomyces_chartarum
Interior fungal growth
leak (causing moisture and condensation). After a flood or major leak, mycotoxin levels are higher, even after a building has dried out. If a house has
Indoor_mold
American organic chemist
fermenting microbes. By 1974, she was a Supervisory Chemist and Leader of Mycotoxin Analysis and Chemical Research. She led a team developing insecticides
Odette_L._Shotwell
Species of flowering plant
the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2021-12-08. Riet-Correa, Franklin (2011). Poisoning by Plants, Mycotoxins, and
Nierembergia_rivularis
Genetically modified crop
concentrations of mycotoxins. Meta-analyses of long-term field studies are reporting that Bt maize contains significantly lower concentrations of mycotoxins with carcinogens
Genetically_modified_maize
Genus of flowering plants
environment for contamination of the crop with other toxins, such as mycotoxins, which could contribute to the disease process. Zhao, XX; Lin, FJ; Li
Allium
Species of fungus
mycotoxins associated with head blight in small-grain cereals in Europe". In Logrieco, A.; Bailey, J.A.; Corazza, L.; Cooke, B. M. (eds.). Mycotoxins
Fusarium_tricinctum
Edible fungi fruit bodies
defined by criteria including their palatability and absence of dangerous mycotoxins. Edible mushrooms are consumed for their nutritional and culinary value
Edible_mushroom
Agricultural trade controversy
worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxins". Animal Feed Science and Technology. 78 (1–2): 21–37. doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(98)00278-8
Beef_hormone_controversy
Genus of fungi
especially species of subgenus Penicillium. Many species produce highly toxic mycotoxins. The ability of these Penicillium species to grow on seeds and other stored
Penicillium
Market name for Hawaiian coffee brand
much moisture in coffee allows the growth of ochratoxin A, a harmful mycotoxin hazardous to human health. From here, the beans are stored as "pergamino"
Kona_coffee
Production of maize crop in the United States
production". Daily Herald. January 11, 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013. "Mycotoxins in Indiana corn will concern pig producers". Pig Progress. December 14
Corn production in the United States
Corn_production_in_the_United_States
Species of fungus
Denning (2007). "Aspergillus flavus: human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 153 (6): 1677–1692. doi:10.1099/mic
Aspergillus_terreus
Harmful effects from ingestion of toxic substances present in a mushroom
Benjamin DR. "Amatoxin syndrome": 198–214. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) in: Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas – a handbook
Mushroom_poisoning
Nigerian Professor
6(7), e1600. "Dr. Oluwatoyin A. Asojo". AFRICA CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR MYCOTOXIN AND FOOD SAFETY. Archived from the original on 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2020-05-26
Oluwatoyin_Asojo
Agent directly involved in causing cancer
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic aromatic amines, and mycotoxins. Activation-independent carcinogens, or "direct-acting" carcinogens, are
Carcinogen
Toxin harmful to nervous tissue
(1992). "War and Hunting Poisons of the New World. Part 1. Notes on the Early History of Curare". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 36 (1): 1–26. doi:10
Neurotoxin
Neurotoxin
Medical Journal. 45 (2): 73–74. PMID 14985845. How CK, Chern CH, Huang YC, Wang LM, Lee CH (2003). "Tetrodotoxin poisoning". The American Journal of Emergency
Tetrodotoxin
American historian
Hoogasian Villa) "Ergot and the Salem Witchcraft Affair" (1982) "Did mycotoxins play a role in bubonic plague epidemics?" (1986) "Climate, Crops, and
Mary_Kilbourne_Matossian
other German firms supplied equipment to manufacture botulin toxin and mycotoxin for germ warfare. In 1988, German engineers presented centrifuge data
Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Use of insects as food for humans
hazards. Biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi and mycotoxins; toxological risks are poisons, pesticides, heavy metals and antinutrients;
Insects_as_food
Australian bacteriologist
alternative to penicillin, however the drug was reclassified in the 1960s as a mycotoxin. Atkinson specialized in the study of Salmonella bacteria. She established
Nancy_Atkinson
from Beale AFB for purification, storage, and disposal. Trichothecenes mycotoxin is a toxin that can be extracted from Wheat Stem Rust and Rice Blast and
History_of_biological_warfare
WORLD MYCOTOXIN-JOURNAL
WORLD MYCOTOXIN-JOURNAL
WORLD MYCOTOXIN-JOURNAL
WORLD MYCOTOXIN-JOURNAL
WORLD MYCOTOXIN-JOURNAL
WORLD MYCOTOXIN-JOURNAL
WORLD MYCOTOXIN-JOURNAL
WORLD MYCOTOXIN-JOURNAL
WORLD MYCOTOXIN-JOURNAL