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Chemical compound
3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is a mycotoxin which is severely toxic to humans. It is a potent suicidal inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme
3-Nitropropionic_acid
Species of fungus
Bohm, J. (2008). "Detection of 3-nitropropionic acid and cytoxicity in Mucor circinelloides". Mycotoxin Research. 24 (3): 140–150. doi:10.1007/BF03032341
Mucor_circinelloides
Chemical compound
pedunculatus, and Heteropterys umbellata. Karakin is the glucoside of 3-nitropropionic acid and can produce severe toxicity when consumed by humans, with symptoms
Karakin
Genus of fungi
; Lin, S. C.; Doong, M. L.; Jong, S. C. (1994). "Production of 3-nitropropionic acid by Arthrinium species". Current Microbiology. 28: 1–5. doi:10.1007/BF01575978
Arthrinium
Illness from eating spoiled or contaminated food
toxins in food and animal feed. Fusaric acid Fusarochromanone Kojic acid Lolitrem B Moniliformin 3-Nitropropionic acid Nivalenol Ochratoxins – In Australia
Foodborne_illness
Class of enzymes
reductase (EC 1.3.1.16) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 3-Nitropropionic acid + NADP+ H+ H+ 3-Nitroacrylic acid + NADPH The
Beta-nitroacrylate_reductase
Chemical compound
Juvenile Leaf Beetles; Esters of 3-nitropropionic Acid in the Hemolymph and Aposematic Warning. Journal of Chemical Ecology 42 (3) 240-248. Dakin, H. D. (1923)
Salicylaldehyde
of 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA, beta-nitropropionic acid). The latter compound is an irreversible inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. Hence, 3-NPA
Chemical_defense_in_insects
Organic compound containing an –NO2 group
nature. 3-Nitropropionic acid found in fungi and plants (Indigofera). Nitropentadecene is a defense compound found in termites. Aristolochic acids are found
Nitro_compound
Species of plant
effects on horses with Birdsville disease are due to the neurotoxin 3 nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), with horses less susceptible than cattle to the hepatotoxic
Indigofera_tsiangiana
Town in Queensland, Australia
linnaei) which contains natural toxins including the neurotoxin 3 nitropropionic acid (3-NPA). The affected horses exhibit weakness and lack of coordination;
Birdsville
Species of flowering plant
process. C. laevigatus's seeds contain highly toxic glucosides of 3-nitropropionic acid, such as karakin. Some initial symptoms of poisoning include diarrhoea
Corynocarpus_laevigatus
Species of flowering plant
shape. C. similis's seeds contain poisonous glucosides compounds of 3-nitropropionic acid, which are similar to those found in C. laevigatus. Corynocarpus
Corynocarpus_similis
Index of chemical compounds with the same molecular formula
exact mass: 119.0219 u) may refer to: Hadacidin β-Nitropropionic acid, or 3-nitropropanoic acid This set index page lists chemical structure articles
C3H5NO4
Genus of bacteria
(Pradoshia eiseniae). Pradoshia eiseniae is capable to metabolize 3-nitropropionic acid. Pradoshia eiseniae has been isolated from the gut of the earthworm
Pradoshia
Enzyme
Onset and Reduced Cognitive Deficits through Pre-Conditioning with 3-Nitropropionic Acid is Dependent on Sex and CAG Repeat Length in the R6/2 Mouse Model
Succinate_dehydrogenase
Medical condition
hypertensive vasculopathy, acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, 3-nitropropionic acid intoxication, late-onset familial dystonia, cerebrovascular abrupt
Glutaric_aciduria_type_1
Mitochondrial enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism
poisons, such as rotenone, malonate, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, and 3-nitropropionic acid. In nearly all cancer cells, glycolysis has been seen to be highly
GOT2
Species of fungus
amyloliquefaciens QST 713; ASO) induced the fungus to produce the mycotoxins 3-nitropropionic acid and diplodiatoxin. Exposure of the fungus to the chemical fungicide
Gnomoniopsis_castaneae
Indian chemical biologist
against behavioural dysfunctions and dendritic spine damage in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced rat model of Huntington's disease". Behav. Brain Res. 1
K._P._Mohanakumar
Naturally occurring glutamate receptor agonist neurotoxin
Ibotenic acid, or ibotenate, also known as premuscimol or as (S)-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl)acetic acid, is a naturally occurring α-amino acid found
Ibotenic_acid
expression and its altered interaction with β-actin in the striatum of 3-nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington's disease in rats". Neuroscience. 281: 216–228
Reverse_northern_blot
Species of fungus
species of the genus Penicillium which produces griseofulvin and beta-Nitropropionic acid. Balabanova, L. A.; Gafurov, Y. M.; Pivkin, M. V.; Terentyeva, N
Penicillium_melinii
Genus of bacteria
A; Allison, M J (September 1993). "Metabolism of the plant toxins nitropropionic acid and nitropropanol by ruminal microorganisms". Applied and Environmental
Denitrobacterium
Chemical compound
Isopimaric acid (IPA) is a toxin which acts as a large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BK channel) opener. IPA originates from many sorts of trees
Isopimaric_acid
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
oxidatively modified proteins induced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid in human astrocytes expressing the HIV protein tat". Brain Research
SSBP1
Species of fungus
atrovenetum by its secondary metabolite profile; P. atrovenetum produces 3-nitropropionic acid and atrovenetin, which are not found in P. scabrosum. Penicillium
Penicillium_scabrosum
Chemical compound
acid is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide. It is an amatoxin, all of which are found in several members of the mushroom genus Amanita. Amanullinic acid is
Amanullinic_acid
Chemical compound
Both leaves and seeds are poisonous. Leaves were shown to contain β-nitropropionic acid, which affected chickens, but it was not found in the seeds. M. P
Indospicine
Species of fungus
A. parasiticus also has the ability to produce kojic acid, aspergillic acid, nitropropionic acid and aspertoxin as secondary antimicrobial metabolites
Aspergillus_parasiticus
Species of fungus
sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, kojic acid, β-nitropropionic acid, aspertoxin, aflatrem, gliotoxin, and aspergillic acid. In humans, A. flavus aflatoxin
Aspergillus_flavus
Neurotoxin
4-Aminopyridine Brevetoxin Ciguatoxin Conotoxin Domoic acid Neosaxitoxin Neurotoxin Okadaic acid Saxitoxin Tectin For a more comprehensive list of TTX-producing
Tetrodotoxin
Group of chemical compounds
hogfish, king mackerel, sea bass and moray eels. Brevetoxin Domoic acid Okadaic acid Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Swift AE, Swift TR (2008). "Ciguatera". Journal
Ciguatoxin
Extremely potent neurotoxin
inhibitory interneurons. The blockage of the neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine is the direct cause of the physiological effects that
Tetanus_toxin
Cardiotoxin III (CTX III, also known as cytotoxin 3) is a sixty amino-acid polypeptide toxin from the Taiwan cobra Naja atra. CTX III is highly basic and
Cardiotoxin_III
Chemical compound
α-Amanitin (alpha-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is possibly the most deadly of all the amatoxins, toxins found in several species
Α-Amanitin
Poisoning of heart electrophysiology or muscle
Systematic Review beyond Lead and Cadmium". Current Environmental Health Reports. 3 (4): 416–433. doi:10.1007/s40572-016-0117-9. ISSN 2196-5412. PMC 5801549.
Cardiotoxicity
Chemical compound
tricyclo-[5.2.1.02,6]decane skeleton. Its functionalities include a carboxylic acid anhydride (−CO−O−CO−) substructure in one of its rings, as well as a bridging
Cantharidin
Species of fungus
been some health concerns due to the discovery of a mycotoxin, beta-nitropropionic acid, that the fungus produces. Another possible application for A. glaucus
Aspergillus_glaucus
Protein family
its amino acid sequence was determined. Margatoxin is a peptide of 39 amino acids with a molecular weight of 4185 Dalton. The primary amino acid sequence
Margatoxin
Cyclic peptide part of a group of toxins present in Amanita mushrooms
β-Amanitin (beta-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide comprising eight amino acids. It is part of a group of toxins called amatoxins, which can be found in several
Β-Amanitin
Group of poisons produced by molds
Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 39–49. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00725-5_3. ISBN 978-3-642-00724-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-07.
Aflatoxin
Species of endospore forming bacterium
levels of moisture, or storage at temperatures below 3 °C (37 °F) for type A. For example, low-acid, canned vegetables (such as green beans) that are not
Clostridium_botulinum
These are enzymes that hydrolyze the bond between a fatty acid tail and glycerol in fatty acids on the 2-position. The name notexin comes from the fact
Notexin
Chemical compound
simply zearalanol, is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen of the resorcylic acid lactone group related to mycoestrogens found in fungi in the Fusarium genus
Zeranol
Neurotoxic protein
analysis, volkensin was found to be coded by 1569-bp ORF, that is 523 amino acid residues without introns. The internal linker sequence is 45 bp. The active
Volkensin
Broad-spectrum calcium channel blocker
Phoneutria nigriventer toxin-3 is more commonly referred to as PhTx3. The PhTx3 neurotoxin is a broad-spectrum calcium channel blocker that inhibits glutamate
Phoneutria nigriventer toxin-3
Phoneutria_nigriventer_toxin-3
Type of lectin
endosperm of castor oil plant seeds. The ricin precursor protein is 576 amino acid residues in length and contains a signal peptide (residues 1–35), the ricin
Ricin
Family of toxins
synthesized as 35-amino-acid proproteins, from which the final eight amino acids are cleaved by a prolyl oligopeptidase. The schematic amino acid sequence of amatoxins
Amatoxin
Group of chemical compounds
least seven compounds, all of which are bicyclic heptapeptides (seven amino acids), isolated from the death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides). They differ
Phallotoxin
Protein family
3 kDa, and is responsible for the disintegration of tight junctions between epithelial cells in the gut. This mechanism is mediated by host claudin-3
Clostridium_enterotoxin
Protein family
structure. It blocks the potassium channels Kv1.2 and Kv1.3 and slows the activation of Kv1.3. The kappa- Hefutoxin 1 and 2 (κ- hefutoxin1/2) are toxic
Hefutoxin
Chemical compound
derived from both a dedicated fatty acid synthase (FAS) and a polyketide synthase (PKS), together known as norsolorinic acid synthase. The biosynthesis begins
Aflatoxin_B1
of the Trinidad tarantula Psalmopoeus cambridgei. It selectively blocks Acid Sensing Ion Channel 1-a (ASIC1a), which is a proton-gated sodium channel
Psalmotoxin
Chemical compound
3.0.co;2-g. PMID 9664235. S2CID 30739340. Friis, P; Hasselager, E; Krogh, P (1969). "Isolation of citrinin and oxalic acid from Penicillium
Citrinin
Cyclic peptide part of a group of toxins present in Amanita mushrooms
γ-Amanitin (gamma-Amanitin) is a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is an amatoxin, a group of toxins isolated from and found in several members
Γ-Amanitin
Class of chemical compounds
from the Seeds of Helleborus odorus]. Planta Medica (in German). 52 (2): 152–3. doi:10.1055/s-2007-969103. S2CID 84240708. Chen KK, Kovaríková A (December
Bufotoxin
Group of chemical compounds
Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe. 41: 205–340. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-8656-5_6. ISBN 978-3-7091-8658-9. PMID 7049875. Daly JW (January 1995). "The chemistry
Histrionicotoxins
Naturally occurring organic poison
Samara C, Kouimtzis T (August 2006). "Detection of the marine toxin okadaic acid in mussels during a diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) episode in Thermaikos
Toxin
Exotoxin
vulgaris in which there is an IgG antibody against the cadherin desmoglein 3. Exfoliation (disambiguation) Staphylococcus aureus — Exfoliative toxins Exfoliatins
Exfoliatin
Scorpion toxin
leiurotoxin I analogs lacking one disulfide bridge: evidence that disulfide pairing 3-21 is not required for full toxin activity". Biochemistry. 35 (33): 10641–7
Scyllatoxin
New Zealand crystallographer (1927–1990)
Crystallographica paper, The unit cell and space group of ethyl nitrolic acid, whilst a student. In 1954, Sutor went to the United Kingdom, and took up
June_Sutor
Chemical compound
(NaV) and forming extensive electrostatic interactions with the conserved acidic residues on the P2 helices, while the gem-diol moiety at C12 provides critical
Zetekitoxin_AB
Family of related toxins
identical to Stx of Shigella spp. or differs by only one amino acid. Stx-2 shares 55% amino acid homology with Stx-1. Cytotoxins – an archaic denotation for
Shiga_toxin
peptide with a length of 36 amino acids, which are crosslinked by three disulfide bridges. The 27th position in the amino acid sequence undergoes N-linked glycosylation
Ts15
Bacterial toxins
in a beta-sandwich structure; the total protein is composed of 117 amino acid residues and contains a hydrophobic core. Its family placement shows that
Cry34Ab1
amino acid residues. Pi3 has the same primary structure as Pi2 except for a single amino acid caused by point mutation of the seventh amino acid Pro7,
Pandinus imperator (Pi3) toxin
Pandinus_imperator_(Pi3)_toxin
Neurotoxin
black mamba Dendroaspis p. polylepis venom. This toxin consists of 60 amino acids with four disulfide bonds. Calciseptine specifically blocks L-type calcium
Calciseptine
peptides and the amino acid sequence of CSTX-1 from the multicomponent venom of Cupiennius salei (Araneae:Ctenidae)". Toxicon. 32 (3): 287–302. Bibcode:1994Txcn
CSTX
Toxin in scorpions
of voltage-gated potassium channel. Maurotoxin is a peptide of 34 amino acids (sequence VSCTGSKDCYAPCRKQTGCPNAKCINKSCKCYGC) cross-linked by four disulfide
Maurotoxin
Type of molecules produced by a pathogen that might cause potential harmful effects
damage to the host. Bacteria produce various adhesins including lipoteichoic acid, trimeric autotransporter adhesins and a wide variety of other surface proteins
Virulence_factor
Class of molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
lipid A and commonly contains sugars such as heptose and 3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (also known as KDO, keto-deoxyoctulosonate). The core oligosaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide
Spider toxin
the list of standard amino acids. Stromatoxin blocks the delayed-rectifier type potassium channels Kv2.1, Kv2.2, Kv2.1/9.3 and the A-type potassium channel
Stromatoxin
Scorpion neurotoxin
species and mechanism of action. BmKAEP is a 61-amino-acid protein derived from an 85-amino-acid precursor. The mature protein contains 8 cysteine residues
BmKAEP
nanopore sensor. In 1996 it was first shown that single-stranded nucleic acids can be detected by electrophysiology measurements as they translocate through
Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin
Staphylococcus_aureus_alpha_toxin
Group of neurotoxins
genus Conus. Conotoxins, which are peptides consisting of 10 to 30 amino acid residues, typically have one or more disulfide bonds. Conotoxins have a variety
Conotoxin
Chemical compound
of the affected cells. In biochemical experiments, when the tricarbillic acid groups are removed from FB1 by hydrolysis, the resulting product (aminopentol
Fumonisin_B1
Family of amphibians
resistance. Poison dart frogs containing epibatidine have undergone a 3 amino acid mutation on receptors of the body, allowing the frog to be resistant
Poison_dart_frog
Chemical compound
epsilon-amanitin, Amanullin, Amanullinic acid, Amaninamide, Amanin, Proamanullin) beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin
Cinobufagin
Foodborne illness
to treat ciguatera fish poisoning. Octopus bush leaves contain rosmarinic acid and derivatives, which are known for their antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant
Ciguatera_fish_poisoning
Paralytic shellfish toxin
chemical compounds Domoic acid Harmful algal bloom – Population explosion of organisms that can kill marine life Okadaic acid Paralytic shellfish poisoning –
Saxitoxin
Chemical compound
one of the most potent alkaloids known: its intravenous LD50 in mice is 2–3 μg/kg. Meanwhile, its derivative, batrachotoxinin A, has a much lower toxicity
Batrachotoxin
Chemical compound, scorpion neurotoxin
Charybdotoxin (ChTX) is a 37 amino acid neurotoxin from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus (deathstalker) that blocks calcium-activated
Charybdotoxin
Toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens
second messenger pathways. The end-result includes activation of arachidonic acid pathway and production of thromboxane A2, production of IL-8, platelet-activating
Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin
Clostridium_perfringens_alpha_toxin
Chemical compound
"Amino acid sequences of three beta-bungarotoxins (beta 3-, beta 4-, and beta 5- bungarotoxins) from Bungarus multicinctus venom. Amino acid substitutions
Β-Bungarotoxin
Chemical compound
any positions other than 3 and 11. This led to the elucidation that gliotoxin was an anhydropeptide related to the amino acids serine and phenylalanine
Gliotoxin
Neurotoxic phospholipase
in amino acid composition. The γ complex contains 135 amino acid residues which are cross linked by 8 disulfide bridges. It is very acidic due to 4 sialic
Taipoxin
Toxin harmful to nervous tissue
high on the food chain. It is known that the mercuric ion inhibits amino acid (AA) and glutamate (Glu) transport, potentially leading to excitotoxic effects
Neurotoxin
Pore-forming toxin produced by the bacteria Staphylococcus
γ-Hemolysin CB with Human C5a Receptors". The Journal of Immunology. 195 (3): 1034–1043. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1500604. ISSN 0022-1767. PMC 4506853. PMID 26091719
Leukocidin
Scorpion toxin
North Africa. Kaliotoxin is a 4-kDa polypeptide chain, containing 38 amino acids. The formula is C171H283N55O49S8. The sequence has a large homology with
Kaliotoxin
Highly modified saliva containing zootoxins
phospholipid cell membranes of red blood cells. Amino acid oxidases and proteases are used for digestion. Amino acid oxidase also triggers some other enzymes and
Snake_venom
short peptides that block potassium channels, consisting of 30 to 40 amino acids with three or four disulfide bridges. Based on a phylogenetic analysis Anuroctoxin
Anuroctoxin
Protein family
of agitoxin can be distinguished, each identified as comprising 38 amino acids. They are highly homologous, differing only in the identity of the residues
Agitoxin
Snake toxin
in the venom gland of the snake. Through SDS-PAGE analysis, TCX (112154-17-3 ) was determined to be a complex held together by non-covalent forces of the
Taicatoxin
desert scorpion or the yellow scorpion. Lq2 is a small peptide of 37 amino acids. Lq2 contains the classical scorpion toxin alpha-beta scaffold and is structurally
Lq2
Toxins that destroy red blood cells
blomhoffi "mamushi")--a case report]. Brain and Nerve (in Japanese). 62 (3): 273–7. PMID 20297733.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service
Hemotoxin
Scorpion toxin
sodium channels. On the basis of their amino acid sequences comparison those toxins are classified in 4 groups(3). HsTx1 Toxin belongs to the fourth group
HsTx1
Exotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa". The Biochemical Journal. 385 (Pt 3): 667–75. doi:10.1042/BJ20041480. PMC 1134741. PMID 15458385. Jørgensen R
Pseudomonas_exotoxin
Chemical compound
epsilon-amanitin, Amanullin, Amanullinic acid, Amaninamide, Amanin, Proamanullin) beta-Nitropropionic acid Citrinin Cytochalasin Ergotamine Fumonisin
Amanin
Chemical compound
orellanine–trifluoroacetic acid complex: evidence of a very short O–H.O hydrogen bond". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 43 (3): 504–507
Orellanine
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