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Conjecture that gravity must be the weakest force
theoretical physics, the weak gravity conjecture (WGC) is a conjecture regarding the strength gravity can have in a theory of quantum gravity relative to the gauge
Weak_gravity_conjecture
Low energy theories not compatible with string theory
symmetries. The weak gravity conjecture (WGC) is a conjecture regarding the strength gravity can have in a theory of quantum gravity relative to the gauge
Swampland_(physics)
Czech physicist and translator
the conjectured relevance of quasinormal modes for loop quantum gravity, deconstruction, and other topics. In 2006, he proposed the weak gravity conjecture
Luboš_Motl
Iranian theoretical physicist
that arise through string dualities (culminating in the Gopakumar–Vafa conjecture). This topic has been known as "geometric engineering of quantum field
Cumrun_Vafa
Unsolved problem in physics
aspects of the weak force and gravity. There is no scientific consensus on why, for example, the weak force is 1024 times stronger than gravity. A hierarchy
Hierarchy_problem
Description of gravity using discrete values
and the weak interaction; this leaves gravity as the only interaction that has not been fully accommodated. The current understanding of gravity is based
Quantum_gravity
Conjecture in physics
The weak and the strong cosmic censorship hypotheses are two mathematical conjectures about the structure of gravitational singularities in the context
Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis
American-Canadian physicist (born 1972)
dimensions Dimensional deconstruction Little Higgs Split supersymmetry Weak gravity conjecture Dark matter Scattering amplitudes Amplituhedron Future Circular
Nima_Arkani-Hamed
Interaction between subatomic particles
through gravity and the weak interaction. The weak interaction does not produce bound states, nor does it involve binding energy – something that gravity does
Weak_interaction
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
of quantum gravity has been found. It is not yet known how gravity can be unified with the three non-gravitational interactions: strong, weak and electromagnetic
General_relativity
Most basic type of physical force
interactions. There are four fundamental interactions known to exist: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interaction, and strong interaction. The gravitational and
Fundamental_interaction
Theory of subatomic structure
fundamental forces of nature: electromagnetism, the strong and weak nuclear forces, and gravity. Interest in eleven-dimensional supergravity soon waned as
String_theory
Topics referred to by the same term
Writers Guild of Canada Warangal Airport, the IATA Airport code Weak gravity conjecture, a hypothesis in theoretical physics This disambiguation page lists
WGC
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
field dark matter – Conjectured dark matter in cosmology Strongly interacting massive particle (SIMP) – Hypothetical particle Weakly interacting slim particle
Dark_matter
Hypothetical physical concept
four fundamental interactions: electromagnetism, strong and weak nuclear forces, and gravity. Finding such a theory is one of the major unsolved problems
Theory_of_everything
Framework of superstring theory
unifies all consistent versions of superstring theory. Edward Witten first conjectured the existence of such a theory at a string theory conference at the University
M-theory
Theory of quantum gravity merging quantum mechanics and general relativity
Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is a theory of quantum gravity that incorporates matter of the Standard Model into the framework established for the intrinsic
Loop_quantum_gravity
Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
Around 1960 Leonard I. Schiff conjectured that any complete and consistent theory of gravity that embodies the weak equivalence principle implies the
Equivalence_principle
Hypothetical FTL transportation by warping space
otherwise become a time machine. Some results in semiclassical gravity appear to support the conjecture, including a calculation dealing specifically with quantum
Alcubierre_drive
Units defined only by physical constants
Planck, they are relevant in research on unified theories such as quantum gravity. The term Planck scale refers to quantities of space, time, energy and
Planck_units
Phenomenon within general relativity
It became the basis of Roger Penrose's 1979 strong cosmic censorship conjecture, in which he argued that the Cauchy horizon could not exist because any
Mass_inflation
Principle in theoretical physics
Argentinian physicist Juan Maldacena (after ref.) or gauge/gravity duality, is a conjectured relationship between two kinds of physical theories. On one
Holographic_principle
Speculation that the Moon is hollow
suggested that the Moon may have been a planetoid captured by Earth's gravity. The modern explanation for the origin of the Moon is usually the giant-impact
Hollow_Moon
Duality between theories of gravity on anti-de Sitter space and conformal field theories
field theory correspondence (frequently abbreviated as AdS/CFT) is a conjectured relationship between two kinds of physical theories. On one side are
AdS/CFT_correspondence
Hypothetical topological feature of spacetime
was put forth by Juan Maldacena and Leonard Susskind in their ER = EPR conjecture. The quantum foam hypothesis is sometimes used to suggest that tiny wormholes
Wormhole
Proposed theories of gravity
less than 1×10−4. Schiff's conjecture states that any complete, self-consistent theory of gravity that embodies the Weak Equivalence Principle necessarily
Alternatives to general relativity
Alternatives_to_general_relativity
Theory with particles of spin more than two
examples of quantum gravity. Most of the interest in the topic is due to the AdS/CFT correspondence where there is a number of conjectures relating higher-spin
Higher-spin_theory
Hypothetical black holes of very small size
the range of hundreds of TeV. In an early speculation, Stephen Hawking conjectured that a black hole would not form with a mass below about 10−8 kg (roughly
Micro_black_hole
Compact astronomical body
A black hole is an astronomical body so compact that its gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping. Albert Einstein's theory of general
Black_hole
Hypothetical object usable as a time machine
only be created if there is a violation of the weak energy condition in that region, whereas the conjecture predicts that closed timelike curves will prove
Tipler_cylinder
Strong-weak duality in supersymmetric theories of theoretical physics
duality or electric–magnetic duality is the oldest known example of strong–weak duality or S-duality according to current terminology. It generalizes the
Montonen–Olive_duality
Unpredictable phenomenon in complex systems
science due to a failure to demarcate weak and strong emergence, which are "quite different concepts". Both "weak" and "strong" positions hold that emergent
Emergence
Mathematics award
contributions to ergodic theory, most notably the solution of the weak Pinsker conjecture." Emmy Murphy – "For contributions to symplectic and contact geometry
Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics
Breakthrough_Prize_in_Mathematics
Equivalence of two physical theories
In theoretical physics, S-duality (short for strong–weak duality, or Sen duality) is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum
S-duality
Hypothetical phenomenon
providing a counterexample to the strong version of the cosmic censorship conjecture by mathematically proving a generic condition under which a locally naked
Naked_singularity
British theoretical physicist and mathematician (1923–2020)
same manner as Montgomery conjectured for the nontrivial zeros of the zeta function. Andrew Odlyzko has verified the conjecture on a computer, using his
Freeman_Dyson
Aspect of relativity in physics
mechanics, does not provide for their existence, instead asserting that gravity has instantaneous effect everywhere. Gravitational waves therefore stand
Gravitational_wave
Concept in general relativity and quantum field theory
energy, temperature and entropy, Hawking was able to confirm Bekenstein's conjecture and fix the constant of proportionality at 1 / 4 {\displaystyle 1/4} :
Black_hole_thermodynamics
Hypothetical travel into the past or future
arguments led Stephen Hawking to formulate the chronology protection conjecture, suggesting that the fundamental laws of nature prevent time travel, but
Time_travel
Minimum energy to remove a system from a gravitationally bound state
the theories of Newtonian gravity and Albert Einstein's theory of gravity called General Relativity. In Newtonian gravity, the binding energy can be
Gravitational_binding_energy
Physics of the cause–effect relation
light; the weak causality principle operates at the microscopic level and need not lead to information transfer. Physical models can obey the weak principle
Causality_(physics)
Wave in general relativity
the Spectrum Completeness Hypothesis and justify the famous Cobordism Conjecture. In short, solitons are not simple stable field configurations, but the
Gravitational_soliton
Chinese-American mathematician (born 1949)
recognition of his contributions to partial differential equations, the Calabi conjecture, the positive energy theorem, and the Monge–Ampère equation. Yau is considered
Shing-Tung_Yau
Principle suggesting that time travel paradoxes are inherently impossible
self-consistency principle, also known as the Novikov self-consistency conjecture and Larry Niven's law of conservation of history, is a principle developed
Novikov self-consistency principle
Novikov_self-consistency_principle
Theory of strings with supersymmetry
strong force and the weak force, but does not work for gravity, which is non-renormalizable. Development of a quantum theory of gravity therefore requires
Superstring_theory
Concept in physical models
17293. Shoen, R.; Yao, S.-T. (1979). "On the proof of the positive mass conjecture in general relativity" (PDF). Commun. Math. Phys. 65 (1): 45–76. Bibcode:1979CMaPh
Negative_mass
Energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe
would lead to a static universe, effectively using dark energy to balance gravity. Einstein gave the cosmological constant the symbol Λ (capital lambda)
Dark_energy
American theoretical physicist
Advanced Study in Princeton. Witten is a researcher in string theory, quantum gravity, supersymmetric quantum field theories, and other areas of mathematical
Edward_Witten
theory of quantum gravity which unites general relativity with quantum mechanics, as suggested by the "chronology protection conjecture" of Stephen Hawking
List of unsolved problems in physics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
Modern theory of gravitation that combines supersymmetry and general relativity
supersymmetry as a gauge theory makes gravity arise in a natural way. Like all covariant approaches to quantum gravity, supergravity contains a spin-2 field
Supergravity
French philosopher (1909–1943)
Math Intelligencer *34, *76–78 (2012) Simone Pétrement (1988) "The Weil Conjectures by Karen Olsson review – maths and mysticism". The Guardian. 2 August
Simone_Weil
Subatomic particle having no substructure
such as the reason for the extremely large discrepancy between the weak force and gravity (an aspect of the hierarchy problem). A further issue is the fact
Elementary_particle
Majorana–Weyl spinor Peter–Weyl theorem Schur–Weyl duality Weyl–Berry conjecture Weyl–Groenewold product Wigner–Weyl transform Weyl algebra Weyl almost
List of things named after Hermann Weyl
List_of_things_named_after_Hermann_Weyl
Maximally symmetric Lorentzian manifold with a negative cosmological constant
to describe weak gravity, as on the Earth, it is sufficient to consider time distortion in a particular coordinate system. We find gravity on the Earth
Anti-de_Sitter_space
Concept of absolute rotation
particularly in discussions of gravitation theories, Mach's principle (or Mach's conjecture) is the name given by Albert Einstein to an imprecise hypothesis often
Mach's_principle
Bound between quantum information and spacetime geometry
quantum focusing conjecture, implies the original Bousso bound and so can be viewed as a stronger version of it. In the limit where gravity is negligible
Bousso's_holographic_bound
Equations of motion for viscous fluids
purely mathematical sense. Despite their wide range of practical uses, the conjecture that they have smooth (meaning infinitely differentiable) or bounded solutions
Navier–Stokes_equations
American physicist, writer, and Nobel Laureate (born 1940)
gravitational force. To express this realization, he proposed his hoop conjecture, which describes an imploding star turning into a black hole when the
Kip_Thorne
mass), Jacob Bekenstein (black hole entropy), Vladimir A. Belinsky (BKL conjecture, inverse scattering transform solution generating methods), Peter G. Bergmann
List of contributors to general relativity
List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity
Phase transition for the whole universe
whole universe. The success of the Big Bang model led researchers to conjecture possible cosmological phase transitions taking place in the very early
Cosmological_phase_transition
Property of a mathematical space
whole spacetime, or "the bulk". This could be related to why gravity is exponentially weaker than the other forces, as it effectively dilutes itself as
Dimension
Star types predicted by theory
yet to be definitively observed. Hypothetical types of stars have been conjectured to exist, have existed, or will exist in the future universe. Scientifically
Hypothetical_star
Nebula surrounding a dying star
Yellow Carbon S CN CH White dwarf Chemically peculiar Am Ap/Bp CEMP HgMn He-weak Barium Lambda Boötis Lead Technetium Be Shell B[e] Helium Extreme Blue straggler
Protoplanetary_nebula
Classification of stars based on spectral properties
(β) for intermediate surface gravity and gamma (γ) for low surface gravity. Indication for low surface gravity are weak CaH, KI and NaI lines, as well
Stellar_classification
Elementary particle, fundamental constituent of matter
valence quarks, such as tetraquarks (qqqq) and pentaquarks (qqqqq), was conjectured from the beginnings of the quark model but not discovered until the early
Quark
Something that has mass and volume
meaning that they are subject to the weak interaction. Leptons are massive particles, therefore are subject to gravity. In bulk, matter can exist in several
Matter
Tidal force experienced by objects subject to the gravitational field of a galaxy
just as the Earth distends in response to the gravity of the Moon. The Sun's gravity is sufficiently weak at such a distance that these small galactic
Galactic_tide
English polymath (1642–1727)
(much less than the speed of light) and weak gravitational fields. He used his mathematical description of gravity to derive Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Isaac_Newton
General relativity model near spacetime singularities
the system (truncated equations). Then, the BKL conjecture can be made more specific: Weak conjecture: As the singularity is approached the terms containing
BKL_singularity
Schleich, K.; Witt, D. M.; Woolgar, E. (1999). "The AdS / CFT correspondence conjecture and topological censorship". Physics Letters B. 505: 255. arXiv:hep-th/9912119
Topological_censorship
Amount of matter present in an object
the lower gravity, but it would still have the same mass. This is because weight is a force, while mass is the property that (along with gravity) determines
Mass
Void between celestial bodies
planets may successfully transport life forms to another habitable world. A conjecture is that just such a scenario occurred early in the history of the Solar
Outer_space
Theoretical physicist
physicist at the University of Groningen specializing in cosmology and quantum gravity. Together with Sougato Bose, Mazumdar has proposed a bonafide test for
Anupam_Mazumdar
Austrian–British philosopher of science (1902–1994)
philosophers, such as Daniel Dennett, have not embraced Popper's Three World conjecture, mainly owing to what they see as its resemblance to mind–body dualism
Karl_Popper
Theory of fundamental physics
of the four known fundamental interactions) with gravity, making SVT a derivative of quantum gravity and describes all known interactions in the Universe
Superfluid_vacuum_theory
Chinese mathematician (born 1958)
Kähler-Einstein metrics. Shing-Tung Yau, in his renowned resolution of the Calabi conjecture, had settled the case of closed Kähler manifolds with nonpositive first
Tian_Gang
English mathematician, mathematical physicist (born 1931)
the Belinski–Khalatnikov–Lifshitz conjecture and issues of nonlinear stability, settling the censorship conjectures is one of the most important outstanding
Roger_Penrose
Mechanism in physical cosmology
In theoretical physics, the Fischler–Susskind holographic bound is a conjectured bound on the maximum amount of entropy that a region of spacetime could
Fischler–Susskind holographic bound
Fischler–Susskind_holographic_bound
planets was conjecture until Kepler determined the distances from the Sun of the five known planets other than Earth. It had been conjectured that the fixed
List_of_most_distant_stars
Theory of quantum gauge fields on a lattice
Lagrangian includes an interaction term that is quartic in the field φ. It is conjectured, based on evidence including lattice gauge calculations, that this theory
Lattice_gauge_theory
German astronomer and mathematician (1571–1630)
mentioned Kepler's discoveries in his work. He postulated the Kepler conjecture. Kepler influenced among others Isaac Newton, providing one of the foundations
Johannes_Kepler
Early attempts to explain gravity
kinetic theories of gravitation) are attempts to explain the action of gravity by aid of basic mechanical processes, such as pressure forces caused by
Mechanical explanations of gravitation
Mechanical_explanations_of_gravitation
Time reversal symmetry in physics
as thermodynamic objects. For example, according to the gauge–gravity duality conjecture, all microscopic processes in a black hole are reversible, and
T-symmetry
Philosphical view that existence proofs must be constructive
known whether either a proof or a disproof of Goldbach's conjecture must exist (the conjecture may be undecidable in traditional ZF set theory). Thus to
Constructivism (philosophy of mathematics)
Constructivism_(philosophy_of_mathematics)
Vast void adjacent to the Local Group
ESO 461-36 located inside it. The bigger and emptier the void, the weaker its gravity, and the faster the dwarf should be fleeing the void towards concentrations
Local_Void
inflation, dark energy–dark matter unification and interaction, alternative gravity theories Somnath Bharadwaj (1964–) studied large-scale structure formation
List_of_cosmologists
Extra-dimensional model of the universe
exponentially as it moves closer towards the Tevbrane. In this, gravity would be much weaker on the Tevbrane than on the Planckbrane. The RS1 model attempts
Randall–Sundrum_model
exceeded that of any finite machine. He recognized that this was only a conjecture, since one could never disprove (b). Yet he considered the disjunctive
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence
Physical theory of the cosmos
proper understanding of the origin of the universe can only be subject to conjecture. There are no direct probes for what came before inflation, so extrapolations
Big_Bang
Physical theory with fields invariant under the action of local "gauge" Lie groups
geometrical ideas of general relativity to include electromagnetism, conjectured that Eichinvarianz or invariance under the change of scale might also
Gauge_theory
Cosmological phenomenon
out many modified gravity theories as alternative explanations to dark energy. Another type of model, the backreaction conjecture, was proposed by cosmologist
Accelerating expansion of the universe
Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe
Mathematical technique in physics
solutions to the Einstein field equation. However, the chronology protection conjecture of Stephen Hawking suggests that any such closed timelike curve would
Retrocausality
Hypothetical hybrid star type
A Thorne–Żytkow object (TŻO or TZO) is a conjectured type of hybrid star wherein a red giant or red supergiant contains a neutron star at its core, formed
Thorne–Żytkow_object
Single yellow-hued star in the constellation Cetus
surface gravity. This technique was used to determine the surface gravity of Tau Ceti. The log g, or logarithm of the star's surface gravity, is about
Tau_Ceti
Second planet from the Sun
interplanetary spaceflight from Earth, Venus is frequently used as a waypoint for gravity assists, offering a faster and more economical route. Venus has no moons
Venus
Innermost part of Earth, a solid ball of iron-nickel alloy
Eastern hemisphere and re-crystallization in the Western one. C. Finlay conjectured that this process could explain the asymmetry in the Earth's magnetic
Earth's_inner_core
Quantum description of black holes
singularity is not a real phenomenon, and proposed theories of quantum gravity, such as superstring theory, are expected to explain its true nature. Second
Fuzzball_(string_theory)
Theory of rapid universe expansion
of entropy over several cycles. Misner made the (ultimately incorrect) conjecture that the Mixmaster mechanism, which made the Universe more chaotic, could
Cosmic_inflation
Type of quark
the leptons and the quarks with their theory. According to Glashow, the conjecture came from "aesthetic arguments". In 1970, Glashow, John Iliopoulos, and
Charm_quark
Introductory article
Hermann Weyl, inspired by success in Einstein's general relativity, conjectured (incorrectly, as it turned out) in 1919 that invariance under the change
Introduction_to_gauge_theory
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