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Roman fort in Northern England
Vindolanda was a Roman auxiliary fort (castrum) just south of Hadrian's Wall in northern England, which it pre-dated. Archaeological excavations of the
Vindolanda
Roman writing tablets found in England
The Vindolanda tablets are some of the oldest surviving handwritten documents in Britain (antedated by the Bloomberg tablets from Roman London). They are
Vindolanda_tablets
British archaeologist
British archaeologist and the Director of Excavations on the site of Vindolanda. He is the son of Robin Birley and Patricia Birley and grandson of Eric
Andrew_Birley
Defensive fortification in Roman Britain
required major Roman reinforcements from outside Britannia. A tablet from Vindolanda fort describes a centurio regionarius who exercised direct military rule
Hadrian's_Wall
The Hand of God is a bronze hand found at the Roman fort of Vindolanda, thought to be from the third century AD. It is unlikely that it was actually intended
Hand_of_God_(Vindolanda)
British archaeologist (1937–2020)
academic. He was one of the leaders of excavations at the Roman fortress of Vindolanda and also published several books on Roman Britain and Roman emperors of
Anthony_Birley
Roman road that ran from Carlisle to Corbridge, England
the South Tyne until it meets the next major fort, at Vindolanda (Chesterholm). From Vindolanda the Stanegate crosses the route of the present-day Military
Stanegate
Museum curator
curator working at the Roman fort of Vindolanda, near Hadrian's Wall. Birley is the curator for the Vindolanda Trust, where she works on the conservation
Barbara_Birley
British archaeologist (1935–2018)
He was the Director of Excavations at the Roman site of Vindolanda and head of the Vindolanda research committee. He was the son of Eric Birley and Margaret
Robin_Birley_(archaeologist)
Early 2nd century wife of a Roman prefect
Flavius Cerialis, Prefect of the Ninth Cohort of Batavians, stationed at Vindolanda in Roman Britain in the early 2nd century AD. She is known from her correspondence
Sulpicia_Lepidina
Form of handwriting used in ancient Rome
Hieratic Larzac tablet Vindolanda tablets "Roman Writing". Corinium Museum. Retrieved 2025-09-21. Oxford, Scripts at Vindolanda page 2 page 3 De Robertis
Roman_cursive
County of England
Nearly 2,000-year-old Roman boxing gloves were uncovered at Vindolanda in 2017 by the Vindolanda Trust experts, led by Andrew Birley. Being similar in style
Northumberland
Romano-Gallic goddess
Gallia (Gaul). The only evidence of her name to date is an altar set up at Vindolanda by its auxiliary garrison of the 4th cohort of Gauls, stationed there
Gallia_(goddess)
Roman fort in Northumberland, England
is the location of the Roman Army Museum run by the Vindolanda Trust. Like the museum at Vindolanda, the Roman Army Museum was modernised and reopened
Magnis_(Carvoran)
Late Roman military reconnaissance force based in Roman Britain
This interpretation is supported by epigraphic evidence from Vindolanda, where Vindolanda Tablet 162 contains the line miles arcanu... ("an arcanus soldier")
Areani
Roman writer
the wife of Aelius Brocchus, commander of an unidentified fort near Vindolanda fort in northern England. She is known for a birthday invitation she sent
Claudia_Severa
British historian and archaeologist (1906–1995)
associated with the excavation of the forts near Hadrian's Wall, notably at Vindolanda. Eric Birley was born in Eccles, Lancashire, on 12 January 1906. He was
Eric_Birley
p. 101-146, here 145. Mattingly, pp. 168-9 Vindolanda Tablet 154 Mattingly op cit 162-5 Vindolanda Tablet 346 Vindolanda Tablet 164 Holder (2003) 145
Roman_auxiliaries_in_Britain
Long-distance footpath in the north of England
summer. The bus runs between Hexham, Chesters, Housesteads, Once Brewed, Vindolanda, Walton and Haltwhistle approximately once an hour 0900 – 1700. The service
Hadrian's_Wall_Path
Ancient tablets
from 50 to 80 AD in the early Roman period. These tablets predate the Vindolanda tablets, which were previously the earliest writing examples found in
Bloomberg_tablets
British series of Latin textbooks
lived at the Roman fort of Vindolanda near Hadrian’s Wall in northern Britain. The books feature many artifacts from Vindolanda, integrating real objects
Minimus
Roman fort in Northumberland, England
Chesters fort and about 2-mile (3.2 km) north east of the existing fort at Vindolanda on the Stanegate road. The site is now owned by the National Trust and
Housesteads_Roman_Fort
Dog breed
2000. Written evidence from the early period of Roman occupation, the Vindolanda tablets (No. 594), demonstrate that the occupying troops from Continental
Greyhound
Symbol for Jesus Christ (ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ)
Christian signet rings in Britain. In 2020, archaeologists discovered in Vindolanda in northern England a 5th-century chalice covered in religious iconography
Chi_Rho
Oldest known written complaint (c. 1750 BC)
Barrow Thetford Hoard Tromsø Burial Tudor Heart Pendant Vale of York Hoard Vindolanda Tablets Undley bracteate Waddesdon Bequest Wandsworth Shield Waterloo
Complaint_tablet_to_Ea-nāṣir
Ancient Roman military boot
Athenaeum. 97 (2): 489–506. OCLC 506184150. van Driel-Murray, Carol (2001). "Vindolanda and the Dating of Roman Footwear". Britannia. 32: 185–197. doi:10.2307/526955
Caligae
British archeologist (1910–2000)
was an archaeologist who worked at the Roman forts of Housesteads and Vindolanda. Margaret, known as Peggy, Isobel Goodlet was born in 1910 in Forest Hall
Margaret_Birley
Indo-European language of the Italic branch
having been discovered at Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall in Britain. Most notable is the fact that while most of the Vindolanda tablets show spaces between
Latin
Writing instrument
forged from rolled strips of wrought iron were found at the Roman site of Vindolanda. Several other surviving solid metal and removable-nib pens from the Middle
Dip_pen
New Zealand painter (1927–1999)
involved with arrangements for the famous Lindow Man and in displaying the Vindolanda Tablets, the earliest written materials yet found in Britain. Walls held
Bob_Walls
Welsh historian and author (born 1969)
Them Ashore (2014) Whose Business is to Die (2015) Roman Britain Series Vindolanda (Head of Zeus, 2017) ISBN 9781784974701 The Encircling Sea (Head of Zeus
Adrian_Goldsworthy
Writing implement in antiquity
wax-tablets have been preserved in waterlogged deposits in the Roman fort at Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall. Medieval wax tablet books are on display in several
Wax_tablet
British archaeologist
archaeologist and was the director of the Vindolanda Trust from 2002 to 2015. Birley founded the Vindolanda Trust in the 1970s as a curator and conservator
Patricia_Birley
Topics referred to by the same term
wood erected as a monument or marker Tabula ansata, tablets with handles Vindolanda tablets, Roman era writings found in Britain Tablet (magazine), a daily
Tablet
Ancient Roman goddess of fortune and luck
Intaglios", in Birley, A. and Blake, J., 2005, Vindolanda: The Excavations of 2003-2004, Bardon Mill: Vindolanda Trust, pp187-193 Livy, Ab urbe condita, 2:40
Fortuna
Roman board game
2008-07-31. Penn, Tim; Courts, Summer (2022-10-29). "Playing games at Vindolanda". The Vindolanda Trust. Retrieved 2026-07-28. Falkener, Edward (January–December
Ludus_latrunculorum
place-names, along with archaeological finds such as coins, the Bloomberg and Vindolanda tablets, and Bath curse tablets. That shows that most inhabitants spoke
Celtic language decline in England
Celtic_language_decline_in_England
Secondary academy in Brampton, Cumbria, England
Headteacher Kath Pigdon Gender Coeducational Age 11 to 18 Enrolment 1367 Houses Vindolanda, Talkin, Gelt, Eden Colour Blue Yellow Website www.williamhoward.cumbria
William_Howard_School
Roman Empire from about 27 BC to 476 AD
Cichorius plates Birley Vindolanda Tablets 155, 258 Goldsworthy (2003), p.73 Vindolanda Tablet 346 Vindolanda Tablets 166, 311 Vindolanda Tablets 311, 174,
Imperial_Roman_army
British documentary series about UK archaeology
January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022 – via Twitter. "All roads lead to Vindolanda Roman Fort". 25 June 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2025. "Janet Glassbrook"
Digging_for_Britain
Village in Northumberland, England
Gorge, Sycamore Gap, The Sill: National Landscape Discovery Centre and Vindolanda Roman Fort. The local pub in Bardon Mill is The Bowes Hotel. Church services
Bardon_Mill
Roman city in Britain, now Carlisle, Cumbria
105 and retained its garrison until the Hadrianic period. One of the Vindolanda tablets records a centurio regionarius, a Stanegate officer, stationed
Luguvalium
enjoyed by some Roman legionaries. For instance, among the Vindolanda tablets (from Vindolanda in Roman Britain, dated c. 97–103 CE), the cavalry decurion
History_of_beer
Village in Northumberland, England
the Whin Sill ridge above the village to the north. The Roman fort of Vindolanda is a couple of miles away to the south-east. The Roman earthwork known
Once_Brewed
Roads in the Province of Britannia, 43–410
private individuals with special permission and for a fee. In Britain, the Vindolanda tablets, a series of letters written on wooden tablets to and by members
Roman_roads_in_Britannia
Craft practice
around since the Roman period. There are some examples of Roman leather at Vindolanda near Hadrian's wall and the book "Purses in Pieces" is very informative
Leather_carving
Study of classical antiquity
antiquity. These are mainly preserved in sources such as graffiti and the Vindolanda tablets. Latin literature seems to have started in 240 BC, when a Roman
Classics
Genus of trees
was the material used for many ancient Indian texts. The Roman period Vindolanda tablets also use birch as a material on which to write and birch bark
Birch
Roman military subdivision
Law and Legal Definition". uslegal.com. Retrieved 17 September 2011. "Vindolanda Charitable Trust". 31 October 2022. "Roman Military". Matthew, Christopher
Cohort_(military_unit)
3rd century Roman Governor of Britannica Inferior
provides part of the name (Maximus). He is also mentioned in inscriptions in Vindolanda and perhaps at Chesters. His father is thought to be a T. Cl(audius) T
Claudius_Xenophon
Ancient Roman city in present-day York, England
settlement's name, Eburaci, on a wooden stylus tablet from the Roman fortress of Vindolanda in what is now Northumberland. During the Roman period, the name was written
Eboracum
Type of dog
Sighthound Review. January 2011. Bennett, D. & Timm, R.M., The dogs of Roman Vindolanda, Part IV: Large sighthounds and guard and utility dogs. Archaeofauna (30)
Sighthound
Type of graffiti representing male genitalia
sexual violence of imperialism. In 2022 a volunteer excavating part of the Vindolanda site in Northumberland discovered a rock inscribed with a personal insult
Phallic_graffiti
Spice container from the Hoxne hoard
black pepper that was found at three sites in the 1990s and from the Vindolanda tablets, which record the purchase of it for two denarii near Hadrian's
Empress_pepper_pot
Sports equipment worn by boxers
leather bands that were recovered from excavations at the Roman fort of Vindolanda. The brutality of the sport caused the boxing to be banned in AD 393
Boxing_glove
Historical adventure film directed by Antoine Fuqua
months to build. The fort in the film was based on the Roman fort named Vindolanda, which was built around 80 AD just south of Hadrian's Wall in what is
King_Arthur_(2004_film)
pilot the EpiDoc recommendations were the Inscriptions of Aphrodisias and Vindolanda Tablets Online in 2002–4, and the guidelines reached a degree of stability
EpiDoc
First century AD invasion of Britain by the Romans
Stanegate became the new frontier it was augmented by large forts as at Vindolanda and additional forts at half-day marching intervals were built at Newbrough
Roman_conquest_of_Britain
National museum in London, England
emperors Hadrian and Nero, found in London and Suffolk, (1st–2nd centuries) Vindolanda Tablets, important historical documents found near Hadrian's Wall in Northumberland
British_Museum
Britain under Roman rule (43 AD – c. 410 AD)
important sources for this era are the writing tablets from the fort at Vindolanda in Northumberland, mostly dating to 90–110. These tablets provide evidence
Roman_Britain
Tribe of Celtic Britons
inhabitants of an area, with their capital at Beltingham near the site of Vindolanda or at Corbridge. One scholar[who?] states that “both the goddess and the
Textoverdi
Village in Northumberland, England
having caught a fatal chill in going out to supervise an excavation at Vindolanda fort. He was born near Otterburn and related to Capability Brown. Both
Beltingham
2003 British TV series or programme
were invited to vote for their favourites in a poll that was won by the Vindolanda Tablets, with the Sutton Hoo ship burial in second place. Richard Morrison
Our_Top_Ten_Treasures
Pattern used in weaving fabric
herringbone tartan from around 240 AD. Similar fabric fragments found at Vindolanda, south of Hadrian's Wall in England. Drill (fabric) Herringbone pattern
Herringbone_(cloth)
children's sizes were found very near Hadrian's Wall, at the frontier fort of Vindolanda at the same site, bronze military discharge certificates were found, granting
Women_in_ancient_Rome
enjoyed by some Roman legionaries. For instance, among the Vindolanda tablets (from Vindolanda in Roman Britain, dated c. 97–103 AD), the cavalry decurion
History of alcoholic beverages
History_of_alcoholic_beverages
Non-citizen troops in the Imperial Roman army
(1994) 40 Duncan-Jones (1994) 36 Birley (2002) 47 Birley (2002) 47–8; Vindolanda Tablets Online Introduction: Personnel Goldsworthy (2003) 73 Goldsworthy
Auxilia
Card given to someone to celebrate their birthday
custom of celebrating the birth of ordinary men. Wooden tablets found at Vindolanda on Hadrian’s wall, record an invitation, dictated by Claudia Severa, inviting
Birthday_card
2007 British TV series or programme
Barrow Thetford Hoard Tromsø Burial Tudor Heart Pendant Vale of York Hoard Vindolanda Tablets Undley bracteate Waddesdon Bequest Wandsworth Shield Waterloo
Museum_(TV_series)
Social class in ancient Rome
Annales. Birley, Anthony (2002). Band of Brothers: Garrison Life at Vindolanda. Bowman, Alan K; et al., eds. (1996). The Augustan empire, 43 BC–AD 69
Equites
Ancient Celtic god of youth
the dedicants were often high-ranking officers of the Roman army. At Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall a crescent-shaped silver plaque is inscribed Deo Mapono
Maponos
here are derived from epigraphic evidence or from sources such as the Vindolanda letters. Beyond the recall of Gnaeus Julius Agricola in 85 the dates of
List of governors of Roman Britain
List_of_governors_of_Roman_Britain
British academic
Vindolanda tablets). Her thesis was titled "Image to interpretation: towards an intelligent system to aid historians in the reading of the Vindolanda
Melissa_Terras
Accommodation for military personnel, laborers or prisoners
remains of Roman army barracks in frontier forts such as Vercovicium and Vindolanda. From these and from contemporary Roman sources we can see that the basics
Barracks
Military unit
276–82 at Vindolanda.[citation needed] But the Notitia Dignitatum, a late Roman official document, records a cohors IV Gallorum at Vindolanda under the
Cohors_IV_Gallorum_equitata
Type of manuscript
folios, affecting the accuracy of museum curation and art history. The Vindolanda tablets of Roman Britain (c. 100 CE) have been hypothesized as leporello-format
Folding_book_manuscript
Etymology of placenames derived from Celtic languages
(suffix). First element from Celtic *windo- 'white' (Welsh gwyn); in Vindolanda, Celtic *landā 'land, place' (Welsh llan). In Vindomora, second element
Celtic_toponymy
Sub-class of Roman temples found in the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire
Hill. Temples were located in extra-mural settlements near a fort, as at Vindolanda, or along roadsides. Prominent places within a landscape were also chosen
Romano-Celtic_temple
American naval architect
History of the Washington Navy Yard Civilian Workforce 1799–1962 Stockton: Vindolanda Press, 2005 p. 13. Shiner, Michael. The Diary of Michael Shiner Relating
William Doughty (naval architect)
William_Doughty_(naval_architect)
Columella, De re Rustica, 2.2.4-7 "Ceres and the Festival of Cerialia". Vindolanda Trust. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2025. "Saturn". Encyclopedia Britannica
Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome
Aspect of Scottish history
them for it. [unreliable source?] All the more surprising given that the Vindolanda tablets show that the Roman nickname for the north British locals was
Scotland during the Roman Empire
Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire
Roman fort in Cumbria, England
org.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2024. Pearce, John. "Locations around Vindolanda". Vindolanda Tablets Online. Retrieved 29 January 2007. Dacre J A et al. Transactions
Petriana
Class of chemical compounds
Switzerland, and coarse ware vessels from a Roman cavalry barrack at Vindolanda. A study demonstrated that the survival of ARs is highly dependent on
Alkylresorcinol
History of English county
The Roman forts of Vercovicium (Housesteads) on Hadrian's Wall, and Vindolanda (Chesterholm) built to guard the Stanegate, had extensive civil settlements
History_of_Northumberland
(or Housesteads Roman Fort) was an auxiliary fort on Hadrian's Wall Vindolanda, a fort on the Stanegate Roman road pre-dating Hadrian's Wall nearby,
Roman_sites_in_Great_Britain
Village in Northumberland, England
Gorge, Sycamore Gap, The Sill: National Landscape Discovery Centre and Vindolanda Roman Fort. The data below shows that 50.7% of the population in Henshaw
Henshaw,_Northumberland
, Snyder, J.R., & Beckett, C.T.S. 2022. "Building with turf at Roman Vindolanda: multi-scalar analysis of earthen materials, construction techniques,
Tanja_Romankiewicz
Brief history of the ancient Roman monetary and weight unit symbols
same conclusion is drawn by researchers of tablets from the British fort Vindolanda, written ancient Roman documents of the 1st–2nd centuries AD. The Quinarius
Ancient Roman symbols of monetary and weight units
Ancient_Roman_symbols_of_monetary_and_weight_units
British classicist
consume meat dishes and ate only corn. Writing tablets discovered at Vindolanda between 1973 and 1975, which contained food lists suggesting a varied
Roy_W._Davies
Ancient Roman family
Sulpicia Lepidina, the wife of Flavius Cerealis, prefect of a cohort at Vindolanda in Britannia, circa AD 103. Servius Sulpicius Similis, governor of Egypt
Sulpicia_gens
12th-century mosque in Eastern Ethiopia. Summer – Roman boxing gloves found at Vindolanda in the north of England. August Boxford Roman mosaic discovered in southern
2017_in_archaeology
Person who writes or copies manuscripts
personal letters to friends; these were to be written by one's own hand. The Vindolanda tablets (early 2nd century CE) from a fort in Roman Britain contain several
Scribe
Roman site in North Yorkshire, England
battle ramparts". The name is attested as Cataractonium in two 2nd-century Vindolanda tablets. The British section of the 2nd-century Antonine Itinerary mentions
Cataractonium
Topics referred to by the same term
Christian art Hands of God, a symbol in Slavic neopaganism Hand of God (Vindolanda), a bronze hand found at a Roman auxiliary fort PSR B1509-58, a pulsar
Hand_of_God
Ceremonial Roman helmet found in England in 1796
The helmet was voted Britain's "second best Roman find", behind the Vindolanda tablets, according to a web site poll by the Channel 4 television programme
Ribchester_Helmet
profanity and in particular the interjection "God damn". In one of the Vindolanda tablets from Hadrian's Wall the pejorative Latin word Brittunculi (wretched
Glossary of names for the British
Glossary_of_names_for_the_British
Celtic Goddess
from a single, unadorned altar-stone dedicated to her at Chesterholm (Vindolanda). The inscription reads: DEAE / SAIIADAE / CVRIA TEX / TOVERDORVM / V·S·L·M
Satiada
Constituent college of Durham University
1949, Hatfield would be reestablished as an independent college – with Vindolanda archaeologist Eric Birley (1949–1956) appointed to serve as the new Master
Hatfield_College,_Durham
Village in Northumberland, England
or Coriosopitum, and wooden writing tablets found at the Roman fort of Vindolanda nearby suggest it was probably locally called Coria (meaning a tribal
Corbridge
British novelist and playwright
Peggers And The Creelers (Trilogy) 1997 Dark Star (The Life Of Lorna Moon) Vindolanda (5 Episodes) Kidnapped And Catriona (10 Episodes) 1985 The Bride Of Lammermoor
Catherine_Czerkawska
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