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In logic and model theory, a valuation can be: In propositional logic, an assignment of truth values to propositional variables, with a corresponding assignment
Valuation_(logic)
In logic, a statement which is always true
concept in propositional logic, where a tautology is defined as a propositional formula that is true under any possible Boolean valuation of its propositional
Tautology_(logic)
Topics referred to by the same term
finitely-additive measures Valuation (logic), an operation on well-formed formulas with the semantics of evaluation Valuation (measure theory), a tool for
Valuation
Type of formal logic
Modal logic is a kind of logic used to represent statements about necessity and possibility. In philosophy and related fields it is used as a tool for
Modal_logic
Type of formal logic
either t or b for the valuation being used. A formula is a tautology of paraconsistent logic if it is true in every valuation which maps atomic propositions
Paraconsistent_logic
Symbol representing a property or relation in logic
determine the truth or falsehood of a predicate. In fuzzy logic, the strict true/false valuation of the predicate is replaced by a quantity interpreted as
Predicate_(logic)
Various systems of symbolic logic
intuitionistic logic therefore preserve justification, with respect to evidence and provability, rather than truth-valuation. Intuitionistic logic is a commonly
Intuitionistic_logic
Value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth
variables is referred to as valuation. Whereas in classical logic truth values form a Boolean algebra, in intuitionistic logic, and more generally, constructive
Truth_value
Branch of logic
Propositional logic is a branch of classical logic. It is also called statement logic, sentential calculus, propositional calculus, sentential logic, or sometimes
Propositional_logic
U.S. information technology company
Retrieved 19 June 2019. Miller, Ron (8 May 2019). "Sumo Logic announces $110M Series G investment on valuation over $1B". Retrieved 19 June 2019. Volkman, Eric
Sumo_Logic
Equity valuation method based on the present value of future residual income
Residual income valuation (RIV), also called the residual income model or residual income method (RIM), is an approach to equity valuation that formally
Residual_income_valuation
Capital budgeting analysis term
Real options valuation, also often termed real options analysis, (ROV or ROA) applies option valuation techniques to capital budgeting decisions. A real
Real_options_valuation
Kind of non-classical logic
Relevance logic, also called relevant logic, is a kind of non-classical logic requiring the antecedent and consequent of implications to be relevantly
Relevance_logic
An Automated Valuation Model (AVM) is a system for the valuation of real estate that provides a value of a specified property at a specified date, using
Automated_valuation_model
Theory of logic to account for observations from quantum theory
In the mathematical study of logic and the physical analysis of quantum foundations, quantum logic is a set of rules for manipulation of propositions
Quantum_logic
Formal semantics for non-classical logic systems
introducing epistemic logic that is a simple variation of Kripke's semantics, equivalent to the characterisation of valuations by means of maximal consistent
Kripke_semantics
System of logic in mathematics and philosophy
logic if it evaluates to 1 under each valuation of propositional variables by real numbers in the interval [0, 1]. Using exactly the same valuation formulas
Łukasiewicz_logic
Assignment of meaning to the symbols of a formal language
formal semantics. The most commonly studied formal logics are propositional logic, predicate logic and their modal analogs, and for these there are standard
Interpretation_(logic)
System for representing and reasoning about time
In logic, a temporal logic is any system of rules and symbolism for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time (for example
Temporal_logic
American online e-commerce platform
August 2019, ContextLogic received a Series H funding round, led by equity firm General Atlantic, taking the company's valuation to $11.2 billion. JD
Wish_(company)
first-order logic, it is an element which may be used in a logical formula and which may take a number of different values. A clock valuation or clock interpretation
Clock_(model_checking)
Private startup companies valued at over US$1 billion
finance, a unicorn is a privately held startup company with a current valuation of US$1 billion or more. Notable lists of unicorn companies are maintained
List of unicorn startup companies
List_of_unicorn_startup_companies
San Francisco-based software company
financing at a valuation of $62 billion. In August 2025, Databricks announced a $1 billion Series K funding round, raising their valuation to over $100
Databricks
Statement that is true regardless of the truth or falsity of its constituent propositions
Logical truth is one of the most fundamental concepts in logic. Broadly speaking, a logical truth is a statement which is true regardless of the truth
Logical_truth
Valuation-based system (VBS) is a framework for knowledge representation and inference. Real-world problems are modeled in this framework by a network
Valuation-based_system
Version of classical propositional calculus that uses only one connective
calculus Peirce's law Propositional calculus Tautology (logic) Truth table Valuation (logic) Francola, John; Goldsmith, Judy; Schlipf, John; Speckenmeyer
Implicational propositional calculus
Implicational_propositional_calculus
Mathematical term; concerning axioms used to derive theorems
In mathematics and logic, an axiomatic system or axiom system is a standard type of deductive logical structure, used also in theoretical computer science
Axiomatic_system
Symbolic logic system
minimal logic that mirror the frame-semantics of intuitionistic logic, see the discussion of semantics in paraconsistent logic. Here the valuation functions
Minimal_logic
American software company
and gave MarkLogic a pre-money valuation of $1 billion. NTT Data announced a strategic investment in MarkLogic on 31 May 2017. The MarkLogic product is
MarkLogic
Family of formal systems
X:s} . The semantics of matching logic defines how patterns are interpreted over models and valuations. Matching logic formulas, called patterns, are interpreted
Matching_logic
The fuzzy pay-off method for real option valuation (FPOM or pay-off method) is a method for valuing real options, developed by Mikael Collan, Robert Fullér
Fuzzy pay-off method for real option valuation
Fuzzy_pay-off_method_for_real_option_valuation
Concept in logic
(interpretations, valuations); namely, those in which either Lisa is in Denmark is false or Lisa is in Europe is true. (Note that in this example, classical logic is
Logical_equivalence
US based Entrepreneur
He is also the co-founder of several previous companies including Lasso Logic, PacketTrap, Anchor Networks, Boostingo and Realm Interactive. Sferlazza
Sal_Sferlazza
Concept in logic
original expression. Where ψ and φ represent formulas of propositional logic, ψ is a substitution instance of φ if and only if ψ may be obtained from
Substitution_(logic)
Statement that players know and also know that other players know (ad infinitum)
(1976). Computer scientists grew an interest in the subject of epistemic logic in general – and of common knowledge in particular – starting in the 1980s
Common_knowledge_(logic)
Acquisition of a company using a significant proportion of borrowed money
it would be if less leverage were used. The LBO (or leveraged buyout) valuation model estimates the current value of a business to a "financial buyer"
Leveraged_buyout
Logical paradox from vague predicates
{\displaystyle n} can be arbitrarily large) This formalization is in first-order logic, where F {\displaystyle F} is a predicate and a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , … , a n
Sorites_paradox
Modal temporal logic with modalities referring to time
In logic, linear temporal logic or linear-time temporal logic (LTL) is a modal temporal logic with modalities referring to time. In LTL, one can encode
Linear_temporal_logic
Propositional logic extending intuitionistic logic
In mathematical logic, a superintuitionistic logic is a propositional logic extending intuitionistic logic. A logic is a set of propositional formulas
Intermediate_logic
Range of application for a quantifier or connective in a logical formula
Natural Language Semantics: Formation and Valuation. MIT Press. pp. 250–253. ISBN 978-0-262-03920-8. "Examples | Logic Notes - ANU". users.cecs.anu.edu.au.
Scope_(logic)
Look up Appendix:Glossary of logic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. This is a glossary of logic. Logic is the study of the principles of valid reasoning
Glossary_of_logic
Semantics for dealing with irreferential singular terms and vagueness
In philosophical logic, supervaluationism is a semantics for dealing with irreferential singular terms and vagueness. It allows one to apply the tautologies
Supervaluationism
American cybersecurity company
status with over $2B valuation. Exabeam was founded in 2013 while its software was developed by programmers from Imperva, Sumo Logic, HP ArcSight, and Splunk
Exabeam
Banking valuation adjustments
exposure is not collateralized then a credit valuation adjustment, or CVA, is subtracted from this value (the logic: an institution insists on paying less for
XVA
Computer that uses photons or light waves
consumption is currently unclear. Critics note that real-world logic systems require "logic-level restoration, cascadability, fan-out and input–output isolation"
Optical_computing
computer science, timed propositional temporal logic (TPTL) is an extension of propositional linear temporal logic (LTL) in which variables are introduced to
Timed propositional temporal logic
Timed_propositional_temporal_logic
Algebra describing information processing
different on the surface: relational databases, multiple systems of formal logic or numerical problems of linear algebra. It allows the development of generic
Information_algebra
In the context of semantics the extension of a concept, idea, or sign
Free logic is one attempt to avoid some of these problems. Some fundamental formulations in the field of general semantics rely heavily on a valuation of
Extension_(semantics)
Symbol in mathematical logic
S} , when all possible valuations in which T {\displaystyle T} is true, S {\displaystyle S} is also true. For propositional logic, it may be shown that
Turnstile_(symbol)
Project for an open source artificial intelligence framework
formulas, sentences and relationships) together with their "values" (valuations or interpretations, which can be thought of as per-atom key-value databases)
OpenCog
American philosopher (1883–1964)
Cooper Harold (1959) [1932]. Symbolic Logic (2 ed.). Dover Publications. 1946: An Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation, Open Court, link via Internet Archive
C._I._Lewis
Method of valuing inventory in accounting
for valuation of factory inventory in the United States. The concept was not easy for the Academic Accountants to accept due to its lack of logic. Despite
Lower_of_cost_or_market
Valuing firms by changes in book value excluding shareholder transactions
greater Earnings response coefficient.) Valuation (finance)#Net asset value method Residual income valuation T-model Ohlson, J. A. (1995). "Earnings,
Clean_surplus_accounting
Mathematical model of computation
Motwani & Ullman 2006, pp. 130–131. Pouly & Kohlas 2011, p. 223, Chapter 6. Valuation Algebras for Path Problems. Jonczy 2008, p. 34. Felkin 2007, pp. 277–278
Finite-state_machine
Theorem that arithmetical truth cannot be defined in arithmetic
Alfred Tarski in 1933, is an important limitative result in mathematical logic, the foundations of mathematics, and in formal semantics. Informally, the
Tarski's undefinability theorem
Tarski's_undefinability_theorem
Branch of economics
second-highest bid. The logic of this auction type is that the dominant strategy for all bidders is to bid their true valuation. William Vickrey was the
Auction_theory
Overview of finance and finance-related topics
neutral valuation (Corporate) Bonds Bond valuation Bond (finance) § Bond valuation Corporate bond § Valuation Equity valuation #Equity valuation above Fundamental
Outline_of_finance
Algebraic structure providing a semantics of Łukasiewicz logic
MV-algebras are the algebraic semantics of Łukasiewicz logic; the letters MV refer to the many-valued logic of Łukasiewicz. MV-algebras coincide with the class
MV-algebra
Technology company based in New York City
of Rokt. Rokt acquired OfferLogic in 2019. In October 2020, Rokt achieved unicorn status and in 2025 reached a valuation of $3.5 billion. In 2022, Bill
Rokt
time horizon, faces consumers who have different valuations, and does not know individuals' valuations. Coase theorem States that if the provision of a
Glossary_of_economics
study of order, a metric lattice L is a lattice that admits a positive valuation: a function v ∈ L → ℝ satisfying, for any a, b ∈ L, v ( a ) + v ( b )
Metric_lattice
1837 fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen
contemporary controversies: the institution of a meritocratic civil service, the valuation of labor, the expansion of democratic power, and the appraisal of art"
The_Emperor's_New_Clothes
Mathematical logic
In mathematical logic, Skolem arithmetic is the first-order theory of the natural numbers with multiplication, named in honor of Thoralf Skolem. The signature
Skolem_arithmetic
The Datar–Mathews Method (DM Method) is a method for real options valuation. The method provides an easy way to determine the real option value of a project
Datar–Mathews method for real option valuation
Datar–Mathews_method_for_real_option_valuation
Less-restrictive form of modal logic
non-normal modal logic is a variant of modal logic that deviates from the basic principles of normal modal logics. Normal modal logics adhere to the distributivity
Non-normal_modal_logic
Field of artificial intelligence
systems easier to design and build. KRR also incorporates findings from logic to automate various kinds of reasoning. Traditional KRR focuses more on
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
Family of modal logics for agency and choice
STIT logic (from seeing to it that) is a family of modal and branching-time logics for reasoning about agency and choice. A typical STIT operator has
STIT_logic
Video game engine developed by Epic Games
Erica (December 14, 2018). "The real reason Epic landed a $15 billion valuation is not Fortnite's viral video game success". CNBC. Archived from the original
Unreal_Engine
Finance model linking expected return to systematic risk
higher than the CAPM valuation, then the asset is overvalued (and undervalued when the estimated price is below the CAPM valuation). When the asset does
Capital_asset_pricing_model
Value of a firm's profit after deduction of capital costs
positive. Other approaches along similar lines include residual income valuation (RI) and residual cash flow. Although EVA is similar to residual income
Economic_value_added
C with certain properties. Algebraically closed fields with a (Krull) valuation are perhaps the most important example. This notion was defined in analogy
C-minimal_theory
Academic discipline concerned with the exchange of money
also been developed, all based on the same logic (using "contingent claim analysis"). Real options valuation allows that option holders can influence the
Financial_economics
Concept in algebraic geometry
specializations could all be discussed at the field level (as in the valuation theory approach to algebraic geometry, popular in the 1930s). This was
Generic_point
American security intelligence company
Exabeam; while the financial terms were not announced, Exabeam's most recent valuation was $2.5 billion. The merger was finalized in July 2024, with Christopher
LogRhythm
Philosophical concept
judgment, as opposed to valuation which is an object that is judged valuable. The plural values identifies collections of valuations, without identifying
Instrumental and intrinsic value
Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value
Option to trade bonds at a certain price
calculated by first subtracting the present value of the coupons between the valuation date (i.e. today) and the exercise date from today's dirty price, and
Bond_option
Generalization of the indicator function for classical sets in fuzzy logic
indicator function for classical sets. In fuzzy logic, it represents the degree of truth as an extension of valuation. Degrees of truth are often confused with
Membership function (mathematics)
Membership_function_(mathematics)
American entrepreneur and venture capitalist (born 1967)
to raise up to $2.5B at $28B valuation". TechCrunch. Bort, Julie (5 June 2025). "Anduril raises $2.5B at $30.5B valuation led by Founders Fund". TechCrunch
Peter_Thiel
Taiwanese and American businessman (born 1963)
for positions at Texas Instruments, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), and LSI Logic, ultimately choosing the California-based AMD due to already being familiar
Jensen_Huang
Computer hardware and software company
2009, Kontron Compact Computer AG acquired a majority stake in DIGITAL-LOGIC AG in Luterbach (Switzerland) from company founder Felix Kunz, a manufacturer
Kontron
Mathematical theory
In mathematics and logic, plural quantification is the theory that an individual variable x may take on plural, as well as singular, values. As well as
Plural_quantification
Right to buy or sell a certain thing at a later date at an agreed price
Thus, they are also a form of asset (or contingent liability) and have a valuation that may depend on a complex relationship between underlying asset price
Option_(finance)
Cloud-based data-warehousing company
2017. In January 2018, the company raised $263 million at a $1.5 billion valuation, making it a unicorn. In October of that same year, the company raised
Snowflake_Inc.
American mathematician (1909–2005)
After a thesis in mathematical logic, Mac Lane's early work was in field theory and valuation theory. He wrote on valuation rings and Witt vectors, and separability
Saunders_Mac_Lane
Method for evaluating stock options that divides time into discrete intervals
§ Method for more detail, as well as Rational pricing § Risk neutral valuation for logic and formulae derivation. As stated above, the lattice approach is
Lattice_model_(finance)
Approach to the semantics of logic that locates meaning in inferential role
propositional logic — which reduced the question to truth-functional semantics by exhibiting a correspondence between bases and classical valuations — it establishes
Proof-theoretic_semantics
Option granting the owner the right to a financial swap
Bermudan or American) and either physical or cash settlement. Swaption valuation typically relies on option pricing models such as the Black model or interest
Swaption
Military rule of engagement
the very fact that calculation took place – that justifies action'. This logic is pervasive in the following excerpt of an interview with a pilot whose
Non-combatant_casualty_value
American scholar of law and philosophy (born 1952)
"The Role of Valuation in Federal Bankruptcy Exemption Process" in 2011. Carlson, David Gray (2007). A Commentary to Hegel's Science of Logic. doi:10.1057/9780230598904
David_G._Carlson
US-based software and services company
Forbes wrote that the valuation made Palantir "among Silicon Valley's most valuable private technology companies". Palantir's valuation rose to $15 billion
Palantir
Chinese artificial intelligence company
for a $300 million funding round, which would bring DeepSeek to a total valuation of $10 billion.[needs update] In July 2026, Bloomberg and the Financial
DeepSeek
Swiss cybersecurity and data protection technology company
Sachs, reaching a valuation of over $1 billion. A 2021 funding round of $250 million led by CVC Capital Partners increased its valuation to over $2.5 billion
Acronis
Shares distributed by a company to its current shareholders
shares that shareholders already own. The process follows the mathematical logic of a capital increase from company funds (German: Kapitalerhöhung aus
Bonus_share
campus of Dartmouth College in 1956. At the workshop, the first AI program, Logic Theorist, was presented by future Turing Awardee Allen Newell and future
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
American business data company
In January 2016, CoreLogic announced it was paying $65M to acquire total ownership of RELS, LLC, a provider of property valuation and appraisal services
Cotality
AI-dependent computer programming
"vibe coding", The Economist suggested the term "vibe valuation" to describe the very large valuations of AI startups by venture capital firms that ignore
Vibe_coding
American application development software company
round led by accounts managed by BlackRock, Inc., bringing the company's valuation to more than $2 billion. In May 2021, Chicago's Department of Housing
Unqork
Varying application boundaries
encyclopedias. Sometimes it was defined in encyclopedia articles on fuzzy logic, or it was simply equated with a mathematical “fuzzy set”. A fuzzy concept
Fuzzy_concept
Economic theory
not through conspiracy, but through the uncoordinated logic of the system itself. Re-valuation refers to the economic mechanism by which value is assigned
Surplus_economics
Canadian e-commerce company
Partners, FirstMark Capital, and Felicis Ventures at a $20 million pre-money valuation. At that time, the company had an annualized transaction value of $132
Shopify
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