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Statement that players know and also know that other players know (ad infinitum)
scientists grew an interest in the subject of epistemic logic in general – and of common knowledge in particular – starting in the 1980s.[1] There are numerous
Common_knowledge_(logic)
Framework for a family of logic languages
Common Logic (CL) is a framework for a family of logic languages, based on first-order logic, intended to facilitate the exchange and transmission of knowledge
Common_Logic
Statement widely known to be true
Common knowledge is knowledge that is publicly known by everyone or nearly everyone, usually with reference to the community in which the knowledge is
Common_knowledge
Topics referred to by the same term
knowledge (logic), a logical concept Common Knowledge (game show), an American television game show hosted by Joey Fatone Common Knowledge?, a 2014 book
Common knowledge (disambiguation)
Common_knowledge_(disambiguation)
Israeli mathematician and computer scientist
teaching logic across the curriculum. He is an expert in model checking, constraint satisfaction and database theory, common knowledge (logic), and theoretical
Moshe_Vardi
Field of artificial intelligence
knowledge. Related knowledge representation formalisms mainly include vocabularies, thesaurus, semantic networks, axiom systems, frames, rules, logic
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
Family of formal knowledge representation
Description logics (DL) are a family of formal knowledge representation languages. Many DLs are more expressive than propositional logic but less expressive
Description_logic
Mutual knowledge is a fundamental concept about information in game theory, (epistemic) logic, and epistemology. An event is mutual knowledge if all agents
Mutual_knowledge_(logic)
Information repository with multiple applications
highlight inconsistencies. The term knowledge base was coined to distinguish this form of knowledge store from the more common and widely used term database
Knowledge_base
Type of logic regarding reasoning about beliefs
Philosophy portal Belief revision Common knowledge (logic) Epistemic modal logic George Boolos Jaakko Hintikka Modal logic Raymond Smullyan Smullyan, Raymond
Doxastic_logic
Formal language used to construct ontologies
first-order logic or on description logic. Common Logic - and its dialects CycL DOGMA (Developing Ontology-Grounded Methods and Applications) F-Logic (Frame
Ontology_language
Intelligent Design and Manufacturing. CRC Press. pp. 248–. ISBN 978-1-4822-8925-1. Knowledge Interchange Format page at the Stanford AI Lab Common Logic v t e
Knowledge_Interchange_Format
1980s policy of the Soviet Union promoting openness and freedom of information
"Restructuring") Uskoreniye (Gorbachev's "Acceleration") Common knowledge (logic) Mutual knowledge Pluralistic ignorance "Гласность" . Brockhaus and Efron
Glasnost
Facts assumed to be known to all humans
The first AI program to address common sense knowledge was Advice Taker in 1959 by John McCarthy. Commonsense knowledge can underpin a commonsense reasoning
Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)
Commonsense_knowledge_(artificial_intelligence)
Type of modal logic
Epistemic modal logic is a subfield of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge. While epistemology has a long philosophical tradition
Epistemic_modal_logic
US college admission after parental donation
decisions. Annual reports across the Ivies and beyond support the common knowledge logic that only alumni and their parents generally give back to universities
Development_case
Methods in artificial intelligence research
logic, to handle time; epistemic logic, to reason about agent knowledge; modal logic, to handle possibility and necessity; and probabilistic logics to
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
Philosophical study of knowledge
formal epistemology uses formal tools from logic. Social epistemology investigates the communal aspect of knowledge, and historical epistemology examines its
Epistemology
Conflict between safety and cooperation
together to improve good corporate governance. Common knowledge (logic) Discourse on Inequality Mutual knowledge Pluralistic ignorance Prisoner's dilemma Social
Stag_hunt
Type of software system
useful for practical applications and required specialised users with knowledge of logic to utilise. The first practical application of automated reasoning
Reasoning_system
Awareness of facts, or competency
modal logic – Type of modal logic Knowledge economy – Approach to generating value Knowledge falsification – Deliberate misrepresentation of knowledge Omniscience –
Knowledge
Formal logic whose entailment relation is not monotonic
monotonicity indicates that learning a new piece of knowledge cannot reduce the set of what is known. Monotonic logics cannot handle various reasoning tasks such
Non-monotonic_logic
Type of knowledge base
that offered fuzzy-logic based reasoning in a graphical context. In 2007, both DBpedia and Freebase were founded as graph-based knowledge repositories for
Knowledge_graph
A multimodal logic is a modal logic that has more than one primitive modal operator. They find substantial applications in theoretical computer science
Multimodal_logic
Component of artificial intelligence systems
representations when storing complex knowledge. A simple example of modus ponens often used in introductory logic books is "If you are human then you are
Inference_engine
Programming paradigm based on formal logic
Logic programming is a programming, database, and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic. A logic program is a set of sentences in logical
Logic_programming
Artificial intelligence project
ontology and knowledge base that spans the basic concepts and rules about how the world works. Hoping to capture common sense knowledge, Cyc focuses on
Cyc
1989–1990 process disestablishing East Germany
portal East Germany portal Germany portal Civil unrest Common knowledge (logic) Mutual knowledge Pluralistic ignorance Real socialism Stag hunt "Tear down
Peaceful_Revolution
Two types of knowledge, justification, or argument
known a priori. Fields of knowledge where a priori justification is predominant are, for example, mathematics and formal logic; by contrast, most of the
A_priori_and_a_posteriori
Study of general and fundamental questions
branches of philosophy are epistemology, ethics, logic, and metaphysics. Epistemology studies what knowledge is and how to acquire it. Ethics investigates
Philosophy
Type of formal logic
tool for understanding concepts such as knowledge, obligation, and causation. For instance, in epistemic modal logic, the formula ◻ P {\displaystyle \Box
Modal_logic
Type of non-monotonic logic
Default logic is a non-monotonic logic proposed by Raymond Reiter to formalize reasoning with default assumptions. Default logic can express facts like
Default_logic
Dynamic epistemic logic (DEL) is a logical framework dealing with knowledge and information change. Typically, DEL focuses on situations involving multiple
Dynamic_epistemic_logic
System including an indeterminate value
three-valued logic (also trinary logic, trivalent, ternary, or trilean, sometimes abbreviated 3VL) is any of several many-valued logic systems in which
Three-valued_logic
The most powerful form of knowledge representation is first-order logic. However, it is not possible to implement knowledge representation that provides
Deductive_classifier
Semantic distinction in philosophy
are unmarried" and our knowledge of mathematics (and logic) are in the basic sense the same: all proceeded from our knowledge of the meanings of terms
Analytic–synthetic distinction
Analytic–synthetic_distinction
Specialist knowledge within a specific field
domains is called domain-independent knowledge, for example logic and mathematics. Operations on domain knowledge are performed by metaknowledge. Artificial
Domain_knowledge
Artificial intelligence project
AnalogySpace that can infer new knowledge using dimensionality reduction. The knowledge collected by Open Mind Common Sense has enabled research projects
Open_Mind_Common_Sense
Type of formal logic
Paraconsistent logic is a type of non-classical logic that allows for the coexistence of contradictory statements without leading to a logical explosion
Paraconsistent_logic
Branch of artificial intelligence aiming to create AI systems with "common sense"
Some definitions and characterizations of common sense from different authors include: "Commonsense knowledge includes the basic facts about events (including
Commonsense_reasoning
British philosopher (born 1955)
interests are in philosophical logic, philosophy of language, epistemology and metaphysics. He is the former Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford
Timothy_Williamson
Learning logic programs from data
known background knowledge and a set of examples represented as a logical database of facts, an ILP system will derive a hypothesised logic program which
Inductive_logic_programming
Method of deriving conclusions
of deriving conclusions from premises. They are integral parts of formal logic, serving as the logical structure of valid arguments. If an argument with
Rule_of_inference
Logic puzzle
that his hat is the opposite of his fellow players'. Epistemic logic Common knowledge (logic) Stuhlmüller, A.; Goodman, N.D. (June 2014). "Reasoning about
Induction_puzzles
Knowledge, beliefs and assumptions
comprehending language to be more efficient. Cognition Communication Common knowledge (logic) Media richness theory Situation awareness Clark, Herbert H.; Brennan
Grounding_in_communication
Fundamental concepts in philosophy
according to the broader requirement that they are based on reason and knowledge. Logic and rationality have each been taken as fundamental concepts in philosophy
Logic_and_rationality
Computer system emulating human expert
such as fuzzy logic, and combination of probabilities. Ontology classification. With the addition of object classes to the knowledge base, a new type
Expert_system
Subfield of mathematics
Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory
Mathematical_logic
Application of logical methods to philosophical problems
Understood in a narrow sense, philosophical logic is the area of logic that studies the application of logical methods to philosophical problems, often
Philosophical_logic
Methods for developing expert systems
Knowledge engineering and management: the CommonKADS methodology (1st ed.), Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-19300-9 Data & Knowledge Engineering
Knowledge_engineering
System for reasoning about vagueness
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth value of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1. It is employed to handle the concept
Fuzzy_logic
Epistemology, proof, reliable means of knowledge in Indian philosophies
Dharmakīrti, of logic (rtags rigs) and epistemology (blo rigs). Buddhism accepts only two pramana (tshad ma) as valid means to knowledge: Pratyaksha (mngon
Pramana
declarative knowledge into a network designed to efficiently support on-line deductive query processing. The Loom system implements a logic-based pattern
LOOM_(ontology)
Ancient philosophy
certain from the probable, and so forth. To the Stoics, logic was a wide field of knowledge which included the study of language, grammar, rhetoric and
Stoicism
Type of logical system
first-order logic (FOL), also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, or quantificational logic, is a type of formal system. First-order logic uses quantified
First-order_logic
Capacity for consciously making sense of things
extrapolate from one's existing knowledge to generate new knowledge, and involves the use of one's intellect. The field of logic is the study of how humans
Reason
Australian game show
test and the questions are not based on general knowledge, like many shows, but on "logic and common sense". The top prize achievable is $100,000. Tom
The 1% Club (Australian game show)
The_1%_Club_(Australian_game_show)
Epistemological philosophy advanced by Karl Popper
to put in perspective the distinctive role of deductive logic in the development of knowledge, especially in science, in the context of a less rigorous
Critical_rationalism
Question of whether inductive reasoning leads to definitive knowledge
deductive and inductive logic as one between general to specific reasoning and specific to general reasoning. This is a common misperception about the
Problem_of_induction
Artificial intelligence data structure
problem Deductive classifier Description logic First-order logic Knowledge base Knowledge-based system Knowledge graph Ontology language Predicate Semantic
Frame (artificial intelligence)
Frame_(artificial_intelligence)
Process of drawing correct inferences
role in expanding knowledge. The main discipline studying logical reasoning is called logic. It is divided into formal and informal logic, which study formal
Logical_reasoning
Branch of logic
Propositional logic is a branch of classical logic. It is also called statement logic, sentential calculus, propositional calculus, sentential logic, or sometimes
Propositional_logic
Concept in epistemology
believe. Epistemologists often identify justification as a component of knowledge distinguishing it from mere true opinion. They study the reasons why someone
Justification_(epistemology)
Programming paradigm based on modeling the logic of a computation
formal logic, and computations as deductions in that logical theory. Declarative programming at times simplifies the writing of parallel programs. Common declarative
Declarative_programming
Subfield of artificial intelligence
neural network from an AND-OR proof tree generated from knowledge base rules and terms, and Logic Tensor Networks (LTNs). Neural[Symbolic] embeds symbolic
Neuro-symbolic_AI
Field in computer-aided design
powerful a knowledge-representation formalism one designs, the closer the formalism will come to the expressive power of first order logic. As Levesque
Knowledge-based_engineering
Sufficient evidence/argument for truth
those axioms and from other previously established theorems. The subject of logic, in particular proof theory, formalizes and studies the notion of formal
Proof_(truth)
Approach to handling inferred information
Reason maintenance is a knowledge representation approach to efficient handling of inferred information that is explicitly stored. Reason maintenance
Reason_maintenance
Process of changing beliefs to take into account a new piece of information
Discursive dilemma Epistemic closure Inquiry Knowledge representation Neurath's boat Non-monotonic logic Philosophy of science Reason maintenance Reasoning
Belief_revision
Description of aspects of ontology
generative grammar and formal logic. In these disciplines, axioms include only statements asserted as a priori knowledge. As used here, "axioms" also include
Ontology_components
Type of artificial intelligence approach
architectural model, where a common knowledge base, the "blackboard", is iteratively updated by a diverse group of specialist knowledge sources, starting with
Blackboard_system
English philosopher (1910–1989)
exposition of major theses of logical positivism in Language, Truth, and Logic (1936). The work's dismissal of metaphysics, and endorsement of emotivism
A._J._Ayer
Empiricist philosophical theory
that all genuine knowledge is either true by definition or positive—the latter meaning a posteriori facts derived by reason and logic from sensory experience
Positivism
Programmable digital computer used to control machinery
A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is an industrial computer that has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing
Programmable_logic_controller
Leibnizian universal language concept
project is not a matter of logic but rather one of knowledge representation, a field largely unexploited in today's logic-oriented epistemology and philosophy
Characteristica_universalis
Subdiscipline of artificial intelligence
relational structure. Typically, the knowledge representation formalisms developed in SRL use (a subset of) first-order logic to describe relational properties
Statistical relational learning
Statistical_relational_learning
Programming paradigm
Probabilistic logic programming is a programming paradigm that combines logic programming with probabilities. Most approaches to probabilistic logic programming
Probabilistic logic programming
Probabilistic_logic_programming
Material supporting an assertion
private mental state. In phenomenology, evidence is limited to intuitive knowledge, often associated with the controversial assumption that it provides indubitable
Evidence
Issue in artificial intelligence and categorical algebra
using first-order logic to express facts about a robot in the world. Representing the state of a robot with traditional first-order logic requires the use
Frame_problem
Concept in computer science
John McCarthy in his 1959 paper "Programs with Common Sense". It was probably the first proposal to use logic to represent information in a computer and not
Advice_taker
Interpretation of sensory information
The following process connects a person's concepts and expectations (or knowledge) with restorative and selective mechanisms, such as attention, that influence
Perception
Precisely specified semantic version of a statement
language and reasoning, which he called philosophical logic. Russell wrote: "Some kind of knowledge of logical forms, though with most people it is not
Logical_form
Mathematical model for deduction or proof systems
arithmetic. Early logic systems includes Indian logic of Pāṇini, syllogistic logic of Aristotle, propositional logic of Stoicism, and Chinese logic of Gongsun
Formal_system
Bearer of truth values
metaphysics, or logic. It contrasts with epistemic modality, which concerns what may or must be the case relative to someone's knowledge or evidence, as
Proposition
Standard form of a boolean function
philosophical logic — a cluster concept. The disjunctive normal form and its counterpart, the conjunctive normal form, are the most common standardized
Disjunctive_normal_form
The history of logic as a subject has been characterised by many disputes over what the topic deals with, and the main article 'Logic' has as a result
Conceptions_of_logic
Statement that is taken to be true
truths that are not tautologies in the strict sense. In propositional logic, it is common to take as logical axioms all formulae of the following forms, where
Axiom
The history of logic deals with the study of the development of the science of valid inference (logic). Formal logics developed in ancient times in India
History_of_logic
Indian-American philosopher (born 1949)
Modal Logic and Truth (1978). Journal of Philosophical Logic 7 (1):441–472. The Logic of Common Nouns: An Investigation in Quantified Modal Logic (1980)
Anil_Gupta_(philosopher)
School of thought in philosophy of mathematics
is an extension of logic, some or all of mathematics is reducible to logic, or some or all of mathematics may be modelled in logic. Bertrand Russell and
Logicism
String used to identify a name of a web or internet resource
standard by either organization, it has become the basis for the above common understanding and has informed many standards since then. For URIs relating
Uniform_Resource_Identifier
Declarative logic programming language
Datalog is a declarative logic programming language. While it is syntactically a subset of Prolog, Datalog generally uses a bottom-up rather than top-down
Datalog
Method of logical reasoning
to have a common property, and the conclusion claims that all individuals of the same population have that property. Schaum's Outlines, Logic, pp. 243–35
Inductive_reasoning
Applications of logic under uncertainty
Probabilistic logic (also probability logic and probabilistic reasoning) involves the use of probability and logic to deal with uncertain situations. Probabilistic
Probabilistic_logic
Basic level of knowledge and judgement shared by nearly all people
Common sense (from Latin sensus communis) is "knowledge, judgement, and taste which is more or less universal and which is held more or less without reflection
Common_sense
Statement supporting a conclusion
Overview of the Social Production of Knowledge. Springer. ISBN 978-3-658-39140-9. Kuusela, Oskari (2019). Wittgenstein on Logic as the Method of Philosophy: Re-examining
Premise
Type of informal fallacy
Argumentation scheme – Type of argument Argumentation theory – Academic field of logic and rhetoric Bait-and-switch – Form of fraud Straw man – Form of incorrect
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Subset of a natural language
an existing formal language, such as first-order logic. Thus, those languages can be used as knowledge representation languages, and writing of those languages
Controlled_natural_language
German philosopher (1770–1831)
texts of Hegel's Logic. The first, The Science of Logic (1812, 1813, 1816; Book I revised 1831), is sometimes also called the "Greater Logic." The second
Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel
Language for reasoning and representing events
introduced by Robert Kowalski and Marek Sergot in 1986, was formulated as a logic program and developed for representing narratives and database updates.
Event_calculus
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