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File types in Unix-based operating systems
standard Unix file types are regular, directory, symbolic link, FIFO special, block special, character special, and socket as defined by POSIX. These types are
Unix_file_types
Topics referred to by the same term
OSTypes Uniform type identifier Unix file types Windows file types For a list of filename extensions, see list of file formats list of filename extensions
File_types
Shell command for reporting file type information
file is a shell command for reporting the type of data contained in a file. It is commonly supported in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. As the command
File_(command)
Interface to device driver that appears in filesystem
In Unix-like operating systems, a device file, device node, or special file is an interface to a device driver that appears in a file system as if it were
Device_file
System resource identifier in operating systems
In Unix and Unix-like computer operating systems, a file descriptor (FD, less frequently fildes) is a process-unique identifier (handle) for a file or
File_descriptor
Technology for controlling access to file system items
with multiple variants implemented in file systems and one codified by POSIX. Since POSIX defines both the older Unix-based technology as well as ACLs, the
File-system_permissions
Directory structure used by a Unix-like operating system
In Unix and operating systems inspired by it, the file system is considered a central component of the operating system. It was also one of the first
Unix_filesystem
Shell command for finding files
-type type Selects files that are a specific Unix file type: b: block device (buffered) c: character device (unbuffered) d: directory f: regular file l:
Find_(Unix)
Date and time representation system widely used in computing
1970, the Unix epoch. For example, at midnight on 1 January 2010, Unix time was 1262304000. Unix time originated as the system time of Unix operating
Unix_time
of Unix and Unix-like shells nor other versions of POSIX. As is typical in the context of a POSIX system, the term file refers to an item of a file system
List_of_POSIX_commands
Shell command for writing an input file or stream to standard output
of a file or input stream to standard output. The name is an abbreviation of catenate, a variant form of concatenate. Originally developed for Unix, it
Cat_(Unix)
Unix command
nm is a Unix command used to dump the symbol table and their attributes from a binary executable file (including libraries, compiled object modules, shared-object
Nm_(Unix)
Command to print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input
In computing, tty is a command in Unix and Unix-like operating systems to print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. tty stands for
Tty_(Unix)
Unix archiver command
or at least the header file ar.h. The first format appeared in the first edition of Unix and was used through Version 6 Unix. It had a magic number of
Ar_(Unix)
Shell command for extracting printable text from a binary file
an object file. For other types of files, it selects strings from the whole file. The command is available in Unix, Plan 9, Inferno, and Unix-like systems
Strings_(Unix)
Communications endpoint for exchanging data between processes
running on the same Unix or Unix-like operating system. The term Unix domain socket refers to the domain argument value AF_UNIX passed to the system
Unix_domain_socket
Unix philosophy
"Everything is a file" is an approach to interface design in Unix derivatives. While this turn of phrase does not as such figure as a Unix design principle
Everything_is_a_file
File holding settings for a computer program
files stored in /etc, while user applications often use a "dotfile" – a file or directory in the home directory prefixed with a period, which in Unix
Configuration_file
File format and file archiver program
The command was introduced to Unix in January 1979, replacing the tp program (which in turn replaced "tap"). The file structure was standardized in POSIX
Tar_(computing)
Network protocol that provides file management over any reliable data stream
interrupted transfers, directory listings, and remote file removal. There is also support for all UNIX file types, including symbolic links. SFTP attempts to be
SSH_File_Transfer_Protocol
Program on Unix and Unix-like systems
program on Unix and Unix-like operating systems used to display the beginning of a text file or piped data. The command syntax is: head [options] ⟨file_name⟩
Head_(Unix)
Computer resource for recording data on a storage device
computer systems include a file system, some systems use multiple. Unix-like systems typically allow for using multiple file systems. On some Windows systems
Computer_file
Abstract layer on top of a more concrete file system
OS/macOS and Unix filesystems, so that applications can access files on local file systems of those types without having to know what type of file system they
Virtual_file_system
Shell command for deleting files
can bring the file back if its storage was not reused. Originally, developed for Unix, today it is also available on Unix-like and non Unix-like systems
Rm_(Unix)
Filename suffix indicating file type
length and format of the extension, while others, such as Unix file systems, the VFAT file system, and NTFS, treat filename extensions as part of the
Filename_extension
Family of computer operating systems
Unix (/ˈjuːnɪks/ , YOO-niks; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multi-user computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T
Unix
Shell command for reporting available file system space
The Single Unix Specification (SUS) specifies that space is reported in blocks of 512 bytes, and that at a minimum, it reports the file system names
Df_(Unix)
Mechanism for inter-process communication using message passing
In Unix-like computer operating systems, a pipeline is a mechanism for inter-process communication using message passing. A pipeline is a set of processes
Pipeline_(Unix)
Script written for an operating system shell
interpreter to use to execute the file. The shebang must be the first line of the file, and start with "#!". In Unix-like operating systems, the characters
Shell_script
Input/output functionality in the C programming language
part of the Unix operating system in Version 7. The I/O functionality of C is fairly low-level by modern standards; C abstracts all file operations into
C_file_input/output
Terminal pager
a terminal pager program on Unix, Windows, and Unix-like systems used to view (but not change) the contents of a text file one screen at a time. It is
Less_(Unix)
Symbol "#!", used in computing
file with a shebang is used as if it were an executable in a Unix-like operating system, the program loader mechanism parses the rest of the file's initial
Shebang_(Unix)
Software build automation tool
logic and often fewer build files. Make is widely used in part due to its early inclusion in Unix, starting with PWB/UNIX 1.0, which featured a variety
Make_(software)
Shell command for copying and converting file data
writing and converting file data. Originally developed for Unix, it has been implemented on many other environments including Unix-like operating systems
Dd_(Unix)
Shell command that copies file
This preserves the file's inode instead of creating a new file with default permissions. The command was part of Version 1 Unix, and is specified by
Cp_(Unix)
Shell command for changing access permissions of a file
flags collectively. The command originated in AT&T Unix version 1 and was exclusive to Unix and Unix-like operating systems until it was ported to other
Chmod
Programming command in Unix
The Unix command fuser is used to show which processes are using a specified computer file, file system, or Unix socket. For example, to check process
Fuser_(Unix)
Operating system
architecture. HP-UX was the first Unix to offer access-control lists for file access permissions as an alternative to the standard Unix permissions system.[citation
HP-UX
Shell command for listing files
for listing files – including special files such as directories. Originally developed for Unix and later codified by POSIX and Single UNIX Specification
Ls
Computer filing system
segregate files into groups. This may be implemented by associating the file name with an index in a table of contents or an inode in a Unix-like file system
File_system
Unix file format
In the Unix operating system, shar (from "shell archive") is an archive format created with the Unix shar utility. A shar file is a type of self-extracting
Shar_(file_format)
Shell command for reporting file system storage use
page on the topic of: Commands du: estimate file space usage – Shell and Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Version 5 from The Open Group
Du_(Unix)
File manager
gentoo is a free file manager for Linux and other Unix-like computer systems created by Emil Brink. Using the two-pane concept, it is reminiscent of Total
Gentoo_(file_manager)
Shell command for scheduling periodic jobs
generally available on Unix-like operating systems. The actions of cron are driven by a crontab (cron table) file. The crontab files are stored where the
Cron
Shell command for moving files
On Unix implementations derived from AT&T Unix, cp, ln and mv are implemented as a single program with hard-linked binaries. Multics provided a file move/rename
Mv_(Unix)
Early commercial UNIX operating system
UNIX System V (pronounced: "System Five") is one of the first commercial versions of the Unix operating system. It was originally developed by AT&T and
UNIX_System_V
Software documentation on Unix systems
short for manual page, is a form of software documentation found on Unix and Unix-like operating systems. Topics covered include programs, system libraries
Man_page
Data structure in a Unix file system
(index node) is a data structure in a Unix-style file system that describes a file-system object such as a file or a directory. Each inode stores the
Inode
Computer file containing plain text
character, because file systems on those operating systems keep track of the file size in bytes. Some operating systems, such as Multics, Unix-like systems
Text_file
Value identifying a user account in Unix and Unix-like operating systems
a user can access. The password file maps textual user names to UIDs. UIDs are stored in the inodes of the Unix file system, running processes, tar archives
User_identifier
Standard file format for executables, object code, shared libraries, and core dumps
accepted among different vendors of Unix systems. In 1999, it was chosen as the standard binary file format for Unix and Unix-like systems on x86 processors
Executable and Linkable Format
Executable_and_Linkable_Format
Command-line utility
Unix, Plan 9, and Unix-like operating systems that evaluates conditional expressions. test was turned into a shell builtin command in 1981 with UNIX System
Test_(Unix)
System configuration file for disk partitions
(after file systems table) is a system file commonly found in the directory /etc on Unix and Unix-like computer systems. The /etc/fstab file is used
Fstab
File system structure for locating files
keeping with Unix philosophy, Unix systems treat directories as a type of file. Caveats include not being able to write to a directory file except indirectly
Directory_(computing)
Memory map - POSIX-compliant system call
POSIX-compliant Unix system call that maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It implements demand paging because file contents
Mmap
Shell command for removing non-essential information from executable code files
compressing an executable file List of POSIX commands strings (Unix) – Shell command for extracting printable text from a binary file Symbol table – Data structure
Strip_(Unix)
Computer program for sharing resources
Remote File Sharing (RFS) is a Unix operating system component for sharing resources, such as files, devices, and file system directories, across a network
Remote_File_Sharing
Method of inter-process communication
Unix file types "mkfifo, mkfifoat - make a FIFO special file". IEEE Std 1003.1-2017. The Open Group. "mknod, mknodat - make directory, special file,
Named_pipe
Unix command to print a random message
logout files to display them at logon and logout, respectively. It is also used to generate text input for certain XScreenSaver modes. Most Unix systems
Fortune_(Unix)
Unix operating system
UnixWare is a Unix operating system. It was originally released by Univel, a jointly owned venture of AT&T's Unix System Laboratories (USL) and Novell
UnixWare
Unix command utility
command in Unix, Plan 9, Inferno, and operating systems that are Unix-like. The program reads either standard input or a list of computer files and generates
Wc_(Unix)
Text that identifies an item in a computer file system
from pathlib import Path with (Path("path") / "to" / "file.txt").open() as open_file: ... Most Unix-like systems use a similar syntax. POSIX allows treating
Path_(computing)
Unix operating system
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), also known as Berkeley Unix, is a discontinued Unix operating system developed and distributed by the Computer Systems
Berkeley Software Distribution
Berkeley_Software_Distribution
Computer software bug occurring in 2038
derive, but there are well-known data structures that have the Unix time problem: File systems that use 32 bits to represent times in inodes, such as
Year_2038_problem
Identifier for file formats
type with a program. In UNIX-type systems, the mime.types file is usually located at /etc/mime.types and/or $HOME/.mime.types and the format is simply
Media_type
Computing command
lsof is a command meaning "list open files", which is used in many Unix-like systems to report a list of all open files and the processes that opened them
Lsof
Inter-process communication API
communication path. The Berkeley sockets API represents it as a file descriptor in the Unix philosophy that provides a common interface for input and output
Berkeley_sockets
1979 minicomputer operating system
Version 7 Unix, also called Seventh Edition Unix, Version 7 or just V7, was an important early release of the Unix operating system. V7, released in 1979
Version_7_Unix
Computer program that runs as a background process
etymologies List of Unix daemons Service wrapper Software bot User space Web service Windows service Eric S. Raymond. "daemon". The Jargon File. Retrieved 2008-10-22
Daemon_(computing)
Standard Unix utility
tail is a program available on Unix, Unix-like systems, FreeDOS and MSX-DOS used to display the tail end of a text file or piped data. The version of tail
Tail_(Unix)
Shell command for creating a link file
symbolic link to an existing file will fail to resolve if the file is moved. Per the Single Unix Specification, the ln command is specified in the Shell and
Ln_(Unix)
Computer operating system architecture
A Unix architecture is a computer operating system system architecture that embodies the Unix philosophy. It may adhere to standards such as the Single
Unix_architecture
Tool to change passwords on Unix-like OSes
passwd is a command on Unix, Plan 9, Inferno, and most Unix-like operating systems used to change a user's password. The password entered by the user is
Passwd
System tool for checking the consistency of a file system
The system utility fsck (file system check) is a tool for checking the consistency of a file system in Unix and Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux
Fsck
System call to examine the status of file descriptors of open input/output channels
application programming interface (API) in Unix-like and POSIX-compliant operating systems for examining the status of file descriptors of open input/output channels
Select_(Unix)
Utility to find files on Unix systems
locate is a Unix utility which serves to find files on filesystems. It searches through a prebuilt database of files generated by the updatedb command
Locate_(Unix)
Topics referred to by the same term
of values used for computations. File type TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. Type (Unix), a command in POSIX shells that gives
Type
File format and file compression program
a file format and a file compression program. The program uses the Deflate algorithm to compress and decompress a single file using the gzip file format
Gzip
File comparison command
if the files match, 1 if the files differ or 2 if comparison fails (i.e. inaccessible or missing argument). The command is available on Unix-like systems
Cmp_(Unix)
Computer mechanism
implemented separately from fcntl. Although some types of locks can be configured to be mandatory, file locks under Unix are by default advisory. This means that
File_locking
Standard protocol for transferring files over TCP/IP networks
(stream-oriented). Files are viewed as an arbitrary sequence of bytes, characters or words. This is the usual file structure on Unix systems and other
File_Transfer_Protocol
Any file that contains a reference to another file or directory
the Windows shell, special folders, and shortcut files (see § Alternatives for details). In a Unix-like OS, the ln shell command can create either a
Symbolic_link
Character used to substitute for any other character(s) in a string
non-recursive varieties. When specifying file names (or paths) in CP/M, Atari DOS, MS-DOS, Windows, and Unix-like operating systems, the asterisk character
Wildcard_character
The history of Unix dates back to the mid-1960s, when the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bell Labs, and General Electric were jointly developing
History_of_Unix
Unix system call for querying file metadata
stat() is a Unix system call that queries the file system for metadata about a file (including special files such as directories). The metadata contains
Stat_(system_call)
POSIX C header
the header file that provides access to the POSIX operating system API. It is defined by the POSIX.1 standard, the base of the Single Unix Specification
Unistd.h
File creation and timestamp updating shell command
modification timestamp of an existing file to be current – which on a Unix-based file system includes special files such as directories. If the input path
Touch_(command)
program on Unix and Unix-like operating systems used to back up file systems. It operates on blocks, below filesystem abstractions such as files and directories
Dump_(Unix)
Structure of information stored on a computer
for file type and use any statistical and data mining techniques to identify file types. There are several types of ways to structure data in a file. The
File_format
Directory entry (in a directory-based file system) that associates a name with a file
interpretation of the ".." file (parent directory) consistent, operating systems do not generally allow hard links to directories. UNIX System V allowed them
Hard_link
Text string used to uniquely identify a computer file
filenames. Unix-like file systems allow a file to have more than one name; in traditional Unix-style file systems, the names are hard links to the file's inode
Filename
Application form for viewing computer file contents
augmented reality and virtual reality elements. Less (Unix) gedit (Unix) Most (Unix) pg (Unix) More (command) vi notepad Microsoft Word Viewer Microsoft
File_viewer
UNIX text-processing utility program
is a utility on Unix, Plan 9, and Unix-like operating systems most commonly used to split a computer file into two or more smaller files. The split command
Split_(Unix)
Executable file format
Object File Format (COFF) is a format for executable, object code, and shared library computer files used on Unix systems. It was introduced in Unix System
COFF
Unix command to mount a filesystem
systems. Before a user can access a file on a Unix-like machine, the file system on the device which contains the file needs to be mounted with the mount
Mount_(Unix)
Suite of computer programs and protocols
UUCP (Unix-to-Unix Copy) is a suite of computer programs and protocols allowing remote execution of commands and transfer of files, email and netnews between
UUCP
Unix octal dump utility
common GNU Unix-like utilities. The od command has also been ported to the IBM i operating system. Normally a dump of an executable file is very long
Od_(Unix)
Shell command to limit file permissions for new files
or sets the mask value that limits the file permissions for newly created files in many Unix and Unix-like file systems. A system call with the same name
Umask
Patterns used in computer programming
into the 7th edition of the Unix shell in 1978. The Unix shell's -f option to disable globbing — i.e. revert to literal "file" mode — appeared in the same
Glob_(programming)
Unix command to securely delete files and devices
shred is a command on Unix-like operating systems that can be used to securely delete files and devices so that it is extremely difficult to recover them
Shred_(Unix)
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