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Material that can form magnetic vortices
superconductivity, a type-II superconductor is a superconductor that exhibits an intermediate phase of mixed ordinary and superconducting properties at intermediate
Type-II_superconductor
Type of superconductor with a single critical magnetic field
penetration depth λ to the superconducting coherence length ξ determines whether a superconductor is type-I or type-II. Type-I superconductors are those with 0
Type-I_superconductor
Superconductivity theory
Ginzburg–Landau theory to explain experiments on superconducting alloys and thin films. He found that in a type-II superconductor in a high magnetic field, the field
Ginzburg–Landau_theory
Phenomenon related to superconductivity
superconductor must be a type-II superconductor because type-I superconductors cannot be penetrated by magnetic fields. Some type-I superconductors can
Flux_pinning
Vortex of supercurrent within a type-II superconductor
supercurrent in a type-II superconductor, used by Soviet physicist Alexei Abrikosov to explain magnetic behavior of type-II superconductors in 1957. Abrikosov
Abrikosov_vortex
Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero
hydride (LaH 10) becomes a superconductor at 250 K under a pressure of 170 gigapascals. In 2020, a room-temperature superconductor (critical temperature 288 K)
High-temperature superconductivity
High-temperature_superconductivity
Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance
of the magnetic field in the interior of the superconductor during its transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect
Superconductivity
Materials that display superconductivity as described by BCS theory or its extensions
superconductors: Most compound and alloy superconductors are type-II materials. The most commonly used conventional superconductor in applications is a niobium-titanium
Conventional_superconductor
Multicomponent superconductors characterized by two or more coherence lengths
single-component superconductors, where there is only one coherence length ξ {\displaystyle \xi } and the superconductor is necessarily either type 1 ( ξ > λ
Type-1.5_superconductor
Superconducting alloy of niobium and titanium
alloy of niobium and titanium, used industrially as a type II superconductor wire for superconducting magnets, normally as Nb-Ti fibres in an aluminium or
Niobium–titanium
Different types of superconductors
superconductor Type-II superconductor Type-1.5 superconductor Heavy fermion superconductor Organic superconductor Unconventional superconductor Alekseevskiy, N
Superconductor_classification
Measure of a civilization's evolution
consumption. A Type II civilization (stellar) can directly consume a star's energy, such as through the use of a Dyson sphere. A Type III civilization
Kardashev_scale
Limiting magnetic field strength for superconductivity
maximum at absolute zero. For a type-I superconductor the discontinuity in heat capacity seen at the superconducting transition is generally related to
Critical_field
Vortex of supercurrent in a film of type-II superconductor
superconductivity, a Pearl vortex is a vortex of supercurrent in a thin film of type-II superconductor, first described in 1964 by Judea Pearl. A Pearl vortex is similar
Pearl_vortex
Quantized flux circulation of some physical quantity
flux through the superconductor. A superconductor that is capable of supporting vortex lattices is called a type-II superconductor, vortex-quantization
Quantum_vortex
Superconducting intermetallic compound
intermetallic compound of niobium (Nb) and tin (Sn), used industrially as a type-II superconductor. This intermetallic compound has a simple structure: A3B. It is
Niobium–tin
Process to magnetize superconductors
for magnetising superconductors to fields in excess of 15 teslas.[citation needed] The method can be applied to any type II superconductor and exploits a
Flux_pumping
Characteristic length in a superconductor
Ginzburg–Landau parameter. Type-I superconductors are those with 0 < κ < 1 / 2 {\displaystyle 0<\kappa <1/{\sqrt {2}}} , and type-II superconductors are those with
Superconducting coherence length
Superconducting_coherence_length
Potential arising from loop effects
= 1 / 2 {\displaystyle \kappa =1/{\sqrt {2}}} where type-I goes over into type-II superconductor. The prediction was confirmed in 2002 by Monte Carlo
Coleman–Weinberg_potential
Macroscopic processes showing quantum behavior
Second sound SQUID Superconductivity Topological defect Type-I superconductor Type-II superconductor These Nobel prizes were: 1996 - for the discovery of
Macroscopic_quantum_phenomena
pinning force) type-II superconductor in more general field cooled (FC) case, i.e. when the superconductor goes into its superconducting state under the
Frozen_mirror_image_method
Topics referred to by the same term
error Type II lattice Type II string theory Type-II superconductor Type II supernova Type 2 sequence Activin type 2 receptors Atelosteogenesis, type II Belgian
Type_2
Chemical compound
from 'clean' samples. The highest superconducting transition temperature Tc is 39 K. MgB2 is a type-II superconductor, i.e. increasing magnetic field gradually
Magnesium_diboride
Theoretical model for magnetic behaviour of some superconductors
irreversible magnetization behavior (hysteresis) of hard Type-II superconductors. Hard superconductors often exhibit hysteresis in magnetization measurements
Bean's_critical_state_model
Soviet–American theoretical physicist (1928–2017)
magnetic flux can penetrate a class of superconductors. This class of materials are called type-II superconductors. The accompanying arrangement of magnetic
Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)
Superconductor with infinite pinning force
An ideally hard superconductor is a type II superconductor material with an infinite pinning force. In the external magnetic field it behaves like an ideal
Ideally_hard_superconductor
Quantum of electromagnetic flux
magnetic flux quantum for details. In the context of long Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor Josephson tunnel junctions, a fluxon (a.k.a. Josephson
Fluxon
Topics referred to by the same term
despite the Lorentz force acting on them inside a current-carrying Type II superconductor Percutaneous pinning, a technique used by orthopedic surgeons for
Pinning
Material which exhibits superconductivity above 0 °C
that is a superconductor at room temperature and atmospheric pressure? More unsolved problems in physics A room-temperature superconductor is a hypothetical
Room-temperature superconductor
Room-temperature_superconductor
Soviet experimental physicist (1901–1937)
notation Hc1 and Hc2 to refer to the two critical magnetic fields in a type-II superconductor was first used by Shubnikov. From 1932 to 1936, antiferromagnetism
Lev_Shubnikov
Superconducting materials where the atoms are linked by covalent bonds
(Si:B) and SiC:B have quickly followed. Similar to diamond, Si:B is type-II superconductor, but it has much smaller values of Tc = 0.4 K and Bc = 0.4 T. Superconductivity
Covalent_superconductor
superconductivity and it provides predictions of upper critical field (Hc2) in type-II superconductors. The theory predicts the upper critical field (Hc2) at 0 K from
Werthamer–Helfand–Hohenberg theory
Werthamer–Helfand–Hohenberg_theory
Chemical element with atomic number 41 (Nb)
niobium–titanium alloys are used as a type II superconductor wire for superconducting magnets. These superconducting magnets are used in magnetic resonance
Niobium
Technique used to attain a high quality factor in resonant cavities
surface resistance in a superconductor that is orders of magnitude greater than the BCS resistance, rendering the superconductor too lossy for practical
Superconducting radio frequency
Superconducting_radio_frequency
Electromagnet made from coils of superconducting wire
is lost. These filaments need to be this small because in this type of superconductor the current only flows in a surface layer whose thickness is limited
Superconducting_magnet
Chemical compound
preparation of organic superconductor/insulator/high-Tc superconductor trilayer structures, and the fabrication of metal/insulator/superconductor tunnel junctions
Yttrium_barium_copper_oxide
Lowest possible energy of a quantum system or field
gravitational effects in superconductors. One finding they derived is the source of gravitomagnetic flux in a type II superconductor material is due to spin
Zero-point_energy
= 1 / 2 {\displaystyle \kappa =1/{\sqrt {2}}} where type-I goes over into type-II superconductor. The prediction was confirmed in 2002 by Monte Carlo
Tricritical_point
Quantized unit of magnetic flux
path in a superconductor) or a hole in a bulk superconductor, the magnetic flux threading such a hole/loop is quantized. The (superconducting) magnetic
Magnetic_flux_quantum
Suspension of objects by magnetic force
initially forms; thus superconducting levitation can be considered a particular instance of diamagnetic levitation. In a type-II superconductor, the levitation
Magnetic_levitation
German physicist
He is best known for working on the Abrikosov vortex lattice in type-II superconductors, particularly with the ideal lattice, its nonlocal elastic response
Ernst_Helmut_Brandt
Family of high-temperature superconductors
superconductor which did not contain a rare-earth element. It is a cuprate superconductor, an important category of high-temperature superconductors sharing
Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide
Bismuth_strontium_calcium_copper_oxide
Lowest energy state in quantum chromodynamics
a type II superconductor, electric charges condense into Cooper pairs. As a result, magnetic flux is squeezed into tubes. In the dual superconductor picture
QCD_vacuum
Chemical element with atomic number 43 (Tc)
is removed. Pure, metallic, single-crystal technetium becomes a type-II superconductor at temperatures below 7.46 K (−265.69 °C; −446.24 °F). Below this
Technetium
1989 film by Robert Zemeckis
(902 ft). A different type is the MagBoard, developed by researchers at the Paris Diderot University. It uses a large superconductor plate on the bottom
Back_to_the_Future_Part_II
carried by superconducting current. In 1937, Lev Shubnikov discovered a new type of superconductors (later called type-II superconductors), that presented
History_of_superconductivity
metals, Fawcett is credited with discovering the Hall effect in type-II superconductors. While he used many different experimental techniques over his
Eric_Fawcett
Quantum vortex of superconducting currents
nature of the barrier. In Superconductor-Normal Metal-Superconductor (SNS) Josephson junctions there exist measurable superconducting correlations induced
Josephson_vortex
Thermoelectric effect
phase of type-II superconductors due to vortex motion. High-temperature superconductors exhibit the Nernst effect both in the superconducting and in the
Nernst_effect
Russian physicist (1916–2009)
of the superconductor. To do this, they derived a complex set of equations that would allow them to describe the behavior of the superconductor. These
Vitaly_Ginzburg
Perpetual electric current, not requiring an external power source
by bound currents. In superconductors, charge can flow without any resistance. It is possible to make pieces of superconductor with a large built-in persistent
Persistent_current
British physicist (1934–2016)
properties of type II superconductors using extensions of BCS theory, as well as nonequilibrium phenomena in current-carrying superconducting systems. In
Richard_Watts-Tobin
Physical process of transition between basic states of matter
S2CID 1568288. For a Type-I superconductor, the phase transition is second-order at zero external field;[citation needed] for a Type-II superconductor, the phase
Phase_transition
Proposed superconducting material
as a potential superconductor in 1999, and in July 2023 published preprints claiming that it acted as a room-temperature superconductor at temperatures
LK-99
British academic
through bottlenecks in a two-dimensional model for flux pinning in type-II superconductors". Physical Review Letters. 60 (16): 1676–1679. Bibcode:1988PhRvL
Andy_Brass
Superconducting circuit element
electrodynamics and in superconducting qubits. The superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) tunnel junction, also called a superconducting tunnel junction
Josephson_junction
computer-designed superconductor". KurzweilAI. Retrieved 2013-10-11. Inushima, T. (2006). "Electronic structure of superconducting InN". Science and Technology
List_of_superconductors
Phenomena that occur when a superconductor is in contact with a non-superconductor
describe phenomena that occur when a superconductor (S) is placed in contact with a "normal" (N) non-superconductor. Typically the critical temperature
Proximity effect (superconductivity)
Proximity_effect_(superconductivity)
Chemical compound
becomes a superconductor; this property is widely used in precise detectors for infrared light and is being investigated for superconducting resonators
Niobium_nitride
Electrodynamics of spin 0 particles
}\ .} These vortices are similar to the vortices appearing in type-II superconductors. This analogy was used by Nielsen and Olesen in obtaining their
Scalar_electrodynamics
quanta, Abrikosov vortices) by different kinds of the defects in a type II superconductor. Important quantities are the individual maximal pinning force,
Pinning_force
French physicist (born 1938)
theory or the study of the phase transition from a normal metal to a type II superconductor under magnetic field. He became interested in theories of gauging
Édouard_Brézin
Chemical compound
needed] β-FeSe is the simplest iron-based superconductor but with diverse properties. It starts to superconduct at 8 K at normal pressure but its critical
Iron(II)_selenide
Argentine mathematical physicist
dissertation, High frequency transport coefficients of a clean type II superconductor near the upper critical field, was supervised by Anthony Houghton
Hilda_Cerdeira
French mathematician (1949–2010)
Chapman–Rubinstein–Schatzman model. In physics, the model is used to describe type-II superconductors. Michelle Véra Schatzman was born in a secular Jewish family. Her
Michelle_Schatzman
Problem-solving method in electrostatics
calculating the magnetic field of a magnet that is close to a superconducting surface. The superconductor in so-called Meissner state is an ideal diamagnet into
Method_of_images
Topologically stable solution of a partial differential equation
Vortices in superfluids and pinned vortex tubes in type-II superconductors provide examples of circle-map type topological solitons in fluids. More abstract
Topological_defect
Theory of the strong nuclear interactions
and the behaviour of the usual magnetic field in the theory of type-II superconductors: there the magnetism is confined to the interior of the Abrikosov
Quantum_chromodynamics
American molecular biologist and physicist (1929–2019)
diffusion and its thermodynamic quenching in the field gradients of a Type-II superconductor. Physical Review Letters 31(19):1204–1207. 1975 With S. D. Kunz
Alfred_G._Redfield
British-American physicist
saturation point of iron. Alloys of this type, including niobium-titanium, are called Type II superconductors. When these alloys were properly fabricated
John_Kenneth_Hulm
Topics referred to by the same term
power plugs Type 1 electrical connector, used by electric vehicles Type I superconductor Type I string theory Type I transmembrane protein Type I, part of
Type_1
specifically the theoretical explanation of the properties of type-II superconductors. IFP serves as a base institute for the Moscow Institute of Physics
Institute for Physical Problems
Institute_for_Physical_Problems
Measure of a substance's ability to resist or conduct electric current
whereas in a superconductor, there is no voltage gradient and the current is instead related to the phase gradient of the superconducting order parameter
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity
French physicist (born 1963)
(2001-09-27). "A Bragg glass phase in the vortex lattice of a type II superconductor". Nature. 413 (6854): 404–406. arXiv:cond-mat/0110018. Bibcode:2001Natur
Thierry_Giamarchi
Swiss physicist (1933–2013)
States included a stint doing research on thermal conductivity of type-II superconductors and metals with Bernie Serin at Rutgers University in New Jersey
Heinrich_Rohrer
English professor of chemistry
PMID 32789371. Hall, S. R. (2006). "Biomimetic Synthesis of High-Tc, Type-II Superconductor Nanowires". Advanced Materials. 18 (4): 487–490. doi:10.1002/adma
Simon_Hall_(chemist)
Octahedral clusters: Synthetic
sulfur or selenium and Ax an atom such as Pb. These materials are type II superconductors with relatively high critical fields. Such materials are prepared
Octahedral_cluster
Taiwanese-American condensed matter physicist
bound states in the iron-based superconductor Fe(Te,Se). This work linked these states to unconventional superconducting properties and possible Majorana
Chin-Sen_Ting
Chinese physicist (born 1941)
Zhongxian profile: Superconductor breakthrough will speed up changes". CRI. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. "Superconductor fighter Zhao Zhongxian:
Zhao_Zhongxian
Type-1.5 superconductor Type-II superconductor Type-I superconductor Type 0 string theory Type II string theory Type II supernova Type I Cepheid Type
Index_of_physics_articles_(T)
"Visualizing the morphology of vortex lattice domains in a bulk type-II superconductor". Nature Communications. 6 8813. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8813R. doi:10
Neutron_magnetic_imaging
Japanese condensed matter physicist
conductivity caused by superconducting fluctuations just above the critical temperature for a low-temperature superconductor. This predicted increase
Kazumi_Maki
American physicist (1943–2021)
test mass suspended above a rotating superconductor, but that their own experiments with a non-rotating superconductor failed to produce this gravitational
Ning_Li_(physicist)
Russian-American condensed matter physicist (born 1966)
molecules, or bacteria. Radzihovsky explored vortex glassy matter of type-II superconductors in magnetic field, charge density waves (CDW), Wigner, and colloidal
Leo_Radzihovsky
Class of intermetallic compounds
high, and remain superconductive in magnetic fields of tens of teslas (hundreds of kilogauss). This kind of superconductivity (Type-II superconductivity)
A15_phases
Research institute in Kharkiv, Ukraine
1931–1937. In 1935, Rjabinin, Schubnikow experimentally discovered the Type-II superconductors at the cryogenic laboratory at the institute. Institute of condensed
Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology
Kharkiv_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology
Town in Lancashire, England
University of Toronto, credited with discovering the Hall effect in type-II superconductors Born in Blackburn, Frederick Kempster was dubbed "The English Giant"
Blackburn
Experimental tokamak
Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), also known as HT-7U (Hefei Tokamak 7 Upgrade), is an experimental superconducting tokamak magnetic fusion
Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
Experimental_Advanced_Superconducting_Tokamak
American physicist (born 1951)
that describe thermally excited vortices with columnar pins in Type II superconductors, the effect of perforations, cuts and other defects on atomically
David_Robert_Nelson
Chinese particle accelerator
The Beijing Electron–Positron Collider II (BEPC II) is a Chinese electron–positron collider, a type of particle accelerator, located in Shijingshan District
Beijing Electron–Positron Collider II
Beijing_Electron–Positron_Collider_II
American theoretical physicist
fluctuations, quenched disorder, phase transitions, and transport in type-II superconductors". Physical Review B. 43 (1): 130–159. Bibcode:1991PhRvB..43..130F
David_A._Huse
Future class of US Navy nuclear ballistic missile submarines
May 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2015. Sonal Patel (1 March 2009). "Superconductor Motor for Navy Passes Full-Power Test :: POWER Magazine". Powermag.com
Columbia-class_submarine
British physicist (1930–2022)
somewhat analogous one of flux flow and dissipation processes in type II superconductors. All his work is distinguished by an exceptionally profound analytical
Joe_Vinen
National laboratory in New York, United States
for experiments, distributed by type of source as follows: 15 low-beta ID straights for undulators or superconducting wigglers 12 high-beta ID straights
National Synchrotron Light Source II
National_Synchrotron_Light_Source_II
Group of elements in the periodic table
becomes a superconductor at cryogenic temperatures. At atmospheric pressure, it has the highest critical temperature of the elemental superconductors at 9
Group_5_element
on 14 December 2015. cern (25 October 2011). "The discovery of type II superconductors". CERN Courier. Retrieved 27 March 2025. Ćurić, Mladjen; Spiridonov
Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions
Timeline_of_states_of_matter_and_phase_transitions
Russian physicist
supervisor was Lev P. Gor’kov; his dissertation was on vortices in Type II superconductors. He remained at the Landau Institute as a researcher and in 1984
Nikolai_Kopnin
Japanese particle physics experiment
36°9′28″N 140°4′30″E / 36.15778°N 140.07500°E / 36.15778; 140.07500 The Belle II experiment is a particle physics experiment designed to study the properties
Belle_II_experiment
Chemical element with atomic number 64 (Gd)
April 2016). "Melt-growth bulk superconductors and application to an axial-gap-type rotating machine". Superconductor Science and Technology. 29 (4) 044005
Gadolinium
Type of particle accelerator
separated by gaps without field. Superconducting cyclotron "Superconducting" in the cyclotron context refers to the type of magnet used to bend the particle
Cyclotron
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