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Non-parametric statistic on information transfer
Transfer entropy is a non-parametric statistic measuring the amount of directed (time-asymmetric) transfer of information between two random processes
Transfer_entropy
Property of a thermodynamic system
Entropy is a thermodynamic state variable that quantifies the probabilistic distribution of accessible microstates in a system. The term and the concept
Entropy
Physical law for entropy and heat
equilibrium, and its total entropy, S {\displaystyle S} , increases. In a reversible or quasi-static, idealized process of transfer of energy as heat to a
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
related to transfer entropy, which is a truncated version of Marko's directed transinformation T 21 {\displaystyle T_{21}} . The transfer entropy at time
Directed_information
Scientific study of digital information
theory is entropy. In Shannon's formulation, entropy is equal to the lack of information about an event. In the above coin flip example, the entropy in the
Information_theory
information, transfer entropy, generalised synchronisation, the continuity measure, synchronization likelihood, and phase synchronization. Transfer entropy has
Brain_connectivity_estimators
informational. An entropy network is composed of entropy containers which are often called nodes, elements, features, or regions and entropy transfer occurs between
Entropy_network
Thermodynamic entropy is measured as a change in entropy ( Δ S {\displaystyle \Delta S} ) to a system containing a sub-system which undergoes heat transfer to its
Introduction_to_entropy
Subject of study in ergodic theory
crucial role in the construction of the measure-theoretic entropy of a dynamical system. The entropy of a partition Q {\displaystyle {\mathcal {Q}}} is defined
Measure-preserving dynamical system
Measure-preserving_dynamical_system
Observational basis of thermodynamics
define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Laws_of_thermodynamics
Field in statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect
performing information-theoretic causal discovery (i.e., transfer entropy, conditional transfer entropy, etc.)[5]. Examples of using the library in MATLAB,
Exploratory_causal_analysis
Influence of thermodynamics on evolution
Research concerning the relationship between the thermodynamic quantity entropy and both the origin and evolution of life began around the turn of the
Entropy_and_life
Physical lower limit to energy consumption of computation
S2CID 126715753. Prokopenko, Mikhail; Lizier, Joseph T. (2014), "Transfer entropy and transient limits of computation", Scientific Reports, 4 (1): 5394
Landauer's_principle
Type of energy transfer
valid for a fictive transfer in which there is no production of entropy, that is to say, in which there is no uncompensated entropy. If, in contrast, the
Heat
Use of the second law of thermodynamics to distinguish past from future
Entropy is one of the few quantities in the physical sciences that requires a particular direction for time, sometimes called an arrow of time. As one
Entropy_as_an_arrow_of_time
Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium
state variables to include non-zero fluxes, which describe transfers of mass or energy or entropy between a system and its surroundings. The conceptual basis
Thermodynamic_system
Graph relating temperature and entropy during a thermodynamic process or cycle
thermodynamics, a temperature–entropy (T–s) diagram is a thermodynamic diagram used to visualize changes to temperature (T ) and specific entropy (s) during a thermodynamic
Temperature–entropy_diagram
Algorithm in quantum information theory
Algorithmic cooling is an algorithmic method for transferring heat (or entropy) from some qubits to others or outside the system and into the environment
Algorithmic_cooling
Interpretation of entropy as the change in arrangement of a system's particles
In thermodynamics, entropy is often associated with the amount of order or disorder in a thermodynamic system. This stems from Rudolf Clausius' 1862 assertion
Entropy_(order_and_disorder)
Physical quantity of hot and cold
disorder or entropy. As temperature governs the transfer of heat between two systems and the universe tends to progress toward a maximum of entropy, it is
Temperature
Irreversible transformation of energy into forms less capable of doing work
and the absorption of light. Entropy production General equation of heat transfer Flood control Principle of maximum entropy Two-dimensional gas Escudier
Dissipation
Branch of statistics
Probabilistic argumentation Probabilistic logic Regression analysis Transfer entropy Pearl, Judea (1 January 2009). "Causal inference in statistics: An
Causal_inference
Measure of disorder within thermodynamic systems
In classical thermodynamics, entropy (from Greek τρoπή (tropḗ) 'transformation') is a property of a thermodynamic system that expresses the direction
Entropy (classical thermodynamics)
Entropy_(classical_thermodynamics)
Increase in the total entropy of a compound system after mixing
In thermodynamics, the entropy of mixing is the increase in the total entropy when several initially separate systems of different composition, each in
Entropy_of_mixing
Energy dissipation and entropy production extremal principles are ideas developed within non-equilibrium thermodynamics that attempt to predict the likely
Extremal principles in non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Extremal_principles_in_non-equilibrium_thermodynamics
Physical quantity
term on the right is the heat transferred into the system, expressed in terms of temperature T and entropy S (in which entropy increases and its change dS
Energy
Physics of heat, work, and temperature
deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these
Thermodynamics
Type of energy transfer
assessed in the surroundings as adiabatic, without heat transfer, such departures always entail entropy production. The definition of thermodynamic work is
Work_(thermodynamics)
Development of entropy in a thermodynamic system
Entropy production (or generation) is the amount of entropy which is produced during heat process to evaluate the efficiency of the process. Entropy is
Entropy_production
Linked cyclic series of thermodynamic processes
transfer is considered as heat removed from the system, as the work done by the system is zero. Isentropic : The process is one of constant entropy (
Thermodynamic_cycle
Statistical hypothesis test for forecasting
Criteria for measuring cause and effect Transfer entropy – Non-parametric statistic on information transfer Koch postulate – Four criteria showing a
Granger_causality
Process of changing energy
be shown that 1) free energy must be spent to generate entropy and therefore 2) energy transfer always decreases (or preserves) total free energy and increases
Energy_transformation
Area of applied mathematics
information transfer in stochastic biochemical networks using trajectory-level measures such as path mutual information and transfer entropy, providing
Chemical reaction network theory
Chemical_reaction_network_theory
Medical diagnostic method
Miyuki; Palaniswami, Marimuthu; Khandoker, Ahsan H. (August 2015). "Transfer entropy analysis of maternal and fetal heart rate coupling". 2015 37th Annual
Phonocardiogram
Process that cannot be undone or reversed
capable of returning to its initial state. Because entropy is a state function, the change in entropy of the system is the same whether the process is reversible
Irreversible_process
Divergence of political attitudes
Luu, Jonathan (2 October 2018). "Communicating with Algorithms: A Transfer Entropy Analysis of Emotions-based Escapes from Online Echo Chambers". Communication
Political_polarization
Thermodynamic process that is reversible and adiabatic
there is no transfer of energy as heat because the process is adiabatic; δQ = 0. In contrast, if the process is irreversible, entropy is produced within
Isentropic_process
Law of thermodynamics establishing the conservation of energy
s i {\displaystyle s_{i}} is the corresponding molar entropy. For fictive quasi-static transfers for which the chemical potentials in the connected surrounding
First_law_of_thermodynamics
Branch of thermodynamics
(2002). Wildt, R. (1972). "Thermodynamics of the gray atmosphere. IV. Entropy transfer and production". Astrophysical Journal. 174: 69–77. Bibcode:1972ApJ
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics
Reference. Retrieved 2024-08-02. "Rudolf Clausius | Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Entropy | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-08-02. "Étienne
Timeline of motor and engine technology
Timeline_of_motor_and_engine_technology
Thought experiment of 1867
chamber to warm up and the other to cool down. This would decrease the total entropy of the system, seemingly without applying any work, thereby violating the
Maxwell's_demon
Thermodynamic process in which no mass or heat is exchanged with surroundings
Naturally occurring adiabatic processes are irreversible (entropy is produced). The transfer of energy as work into an adiabatically isolated system can
Adiabatic_process
Theoretical engine
the magnitude of total entropy change ΔSC < 0 of the fluid in the process of expelling heat: where, during this process of transfer of heat to the cold reservoir
Carnot_heat_engine
Energy contained within a system
thermodynamic system is its entropy, as a function, S(U,V,{Nj}), of the same list of extensive variables of state, except that the entropy, S, is replaced in the
Internal_energy
Idealized thermodynamic cycle
process). Heat transfer from point 4 to 1 and point 2 to 3 are equal to zero (adiabatic process). A Carnot cycle plotted on a Temperature-entropy diagram (Figure
Carnot_cycle
Type of boiling
reached. Heat transfer and mass transfer during nucleate boiling has a significant effect on the heat transfer rate. This heat transfer process helps
Nucleate_boiling
Intellectual isolation through internet algorithms
Cho, J., Liu, B., & Luu, J. (2018). Communicating with Algorithms: A Transfer Entropy Analysis of Emotions-based Escapes from Online Echo Chambers. Communication
Filter_bubble
Measure of income inequality
The generalized entropy index has been proposed as a measure of income inequality in a population. It is derived from information theory as a measure
Generalized_entropy_index
Dimensionless number in fluid dynamics
is the entropy generation contributed by heat transfer S ˙ g e n , Δ p ′ {\displaystyle {\dot {S}}'_{\mathrm {gen} ,\,\Delta p}} is the entropy generation
Bejan_number
Reiteration of the second law of thermodynamics
drop to a minimum value at equilibrium, transferring its energy to the other system. To restate: The maximum entropy principle: For a closed system with fixed
Principle_of_minimum_energy
American-Israeli computer music researcher and composer
Assayag, G., (2023), "Switching Machine Improvisation Models by Latent Transfer Entropy Criteria", Physical Sciences Forum, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 49, 2023. Chen
Shlomo_Dubnov
Specific microscopic configuration of a thermodynamic system
This form for entropy appears on Ludwig Boltzmann's gravestone in Vienna. The second law of thermodynamics describes how the entropy of an isolated system
Microstate (statistical mechanics)
Microstate_(statistical_mechanics)
Version of the second law of thermodynamics
reversible cyclic process, there is no generation of entropy in each of the infinitesimal heat transfer processes since there is practically no temperature
Clausius_theorem
Pair of values which express a thermodynamic system's internal energy
temperature differences drive changes in entropy, and their product is the energy transferred by heat transfer. The thermodynamic force is always an intensive
Conjugate variables (thermodynamics)
Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)
Entropy coding methods
Asymmetric numeral systems (ANS) is a family of entropy encoding methods introduced by Jarosław (Jarek) Duda from Jagiellonian University, used in data
Asymmetric_numeral_systems
Entropy production in Newtonian fluids
dynamics, the general equation of heat transfer is a nonlinear partial differential equation describing specific entropy production in a Newtonian fluid subject
General equation of heat transfer
General_equation_of_heat_transfer
Index to measure economic inequality
which is the maximum possible entropy of the data minus the observed entropy. It is a special case of the generalized entropy index. It can be viewed as
Theil_index
Maximum energy available for use
Renewable Energy 29 (2004) 179–195 Wright (2001). "On the entropy of radiative heat transfer in engineering thermodynamics". Int. J. Eng. Sci. 39 (15):
Exergy
Measure of energy in a thermodynamic system
transfer are considered, the second law of thermodynamics gives δQ = T dS, with T the absolute temperature and dS the infinitesimal change in entropy
Enthalpy
Passage of a system from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic equilibrium
adiabatic process, of transfer of energy as work. Otherwise, for a constant-entropy process, if work is done irreversibly, heat transfer is necessary, so that
Thermodynamic_process
German physicist (1858–1947)
thermodynamical formalism as Gibbs without realizing it. Clausius' ideas on entropy occupied a central role in his work. In April 1885, Planck was appointed
Max_Planck
Ways inequality is measured
the transfer axiom, it is not decomposable or subgroup consistent. As described in a section below, Theil-L is an income-distribution's dis-entropy per
Income_inequality_metrics
Chialvo, Dante R.; Villarreal, Mirta (2013-11-13). "Disruption of transfer entropy and inter-hemispheric brain functional connectivity in patients with
Jesús_M._Cortes
Type of thermodynamic potential
{\displaystyle H} is the enthalpy of the system S {\displaystyle S} is the entropy of the system T {\displaystyle T} is the temperature of the system V {\displaystyle
Gibbs_free_energy
Thermodynamic process
temperature. Nevertheless, the entropy change for each body can be calculated using the Clausius equality for reversible heat transfer. Constant pressure: Isobaric
Quasistatic_process
Application of information theory to thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
In physics, maximum entropy thermodynamics (colloquially, MaxEnt thermodynamics) views equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as inference
Maximum entropy thermodynamics
Maximum_entropy_thermodynamics
Relation between thermodynamic states
accessibility plays a crucial role in defining fundamental concepts such as entropy and understanding the limitations on state transformations in thermodynamic
Adiabatic_accessibility
Thermodynamic process in which temperature remains constant
especially convenient for calculating changes in entropy since, in this case, the formula for the entropy change, ΔS, is simply Δ S = Q rev T {\displaystyle
Isothermal_process
Device for measuring a physical quantity
change calorimeter, active Processes transferring energy from a non-thermal carrier to heat as a carrier do produce entropy (Example: mechanical/electrical
List_of_measuring_instruments
(downdraft) - Energy transfer - Energy transfer upconversion - Energy transformation - Energy value of coal - Enthalpy - Entropy - Equipartition theorem
Index_of_energy_articles
1981 novel by Vonda N. McIntyre
The Entropy Effect is a science fiction novel by American writer Vonda N. McIntyre, set in the fictional Star Trek Universe. Developed from a screenplay
The_Entropy_Effect
Quantity in information theory
of the random variable. The Shannon information is closely related to entropy, which is the expected value of the self-information of a random variable
Information_content
Study of the relations between thermodynamics and quantum mechanics
accounts for the entropy change before and after a change in the entire system. A dynamical viewpoint is based on local accounting for the entropy changes in
Quantum_thermodynamics
isolated system is a thermally open system, which allows the transfer of heat energy and entropy. Thermally open systems may vary, however, in the rate at
Thermally_isolated_system
Thermodynamic process
equation describes expansion and compression processes which include heat transfer. Some specific values of n correspond to particular cases: n = 0 {\displaystyle
Polytropic_process
Thermodynamic operation
S_{\text{system}}\right|} In many processes, the increase in entropy of the surroundings is accomplished via heat transfer from the system to the surroundings (i.e. an
Spontaneous_process
Measure of algorithmic complexity
complexity, program-size complexity, descriptive complexity, or algorithmic entropy. It is named after Andrey Kolmogorov, who first published on the subject
Kolmogorov_complexity
Conflict between known physical principles (time symmetry and entropy)
of Boltzmann, which employed kinetic theory to explain the increase of entropy in an ideal gas from a non-equilibrium state, when the molecules of the
Loschmidt's_paradox
Operator encoding information about iterated map
mechanics, including the irreversibility of time and the increase of entropy. The transfer operator of the Bernoulli map b ( x ) = 2 x − ⌊ 2 x ⌋ {\displaystyle
Transfer_operator
Physics phenomenon
the von Neumann entropy of either particle is log(2), which can be shown to be the maximum entropy for 2 × 2 mixed states. Entropy provides one tool
Quantum_entanglement
1993 play by Tom Stoppard
and entropy. Fleming describes these two principles. "Entropy is the measure of the randomness or disorder of a system. The law of increase of entropy states
Arcadia_(play)
Mathematical concept
In mathematics, the Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator is the transfer operator of the Gauss map that takes a positive number to the fractional part of its
Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing_operator
Thermodynamic theorem
nearly-ideal gas of molecules. As this quantity H was meant to represent the entropy of thermodynamics, the H-theorem was an early demonstration of the power
H-theorem
Properties independent of system size, and proportional to system size
Examples of extensive properties include: amount of substance, n enthalpy, H entropy, S Gibbs energy, G heat capacity, Cp Helmholtz energy, A or F internal
Intensive and extensive properties
Intensive_and_extensive_properties
Machine learning method to transfer knowledge from a large model to a smaller one
set called the transfer set which could correspond to the original training set or consist of new, possibly unlabeled data. A cross-entropy loss function
Knowledge_distillation
Romanian-American professor
Porous Media, Heat Transfer, Thermal Design and Optimization and Entropy Generation Minimization. In 1995 while reviewing entropy generation minimization
Adrian_Bejan
Association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute
depends on a competition between lattice energy and solvation, including entropy effects related to changes in the solvent structure. By an IUPAC definition
Solvation
Subfield of mechanical engineering specializing in movement of heat energy
that the entropy of a pure crystalline structure at absolute zero is zero. This law provides a reference point to calculate the absolute entropy of substances
Thermal_engineering
Speed that exceeds five times the speed of sound (Mach 5 and above)
numbers. As Mach numbers increase, the entropy change across the shock also increases, which results in a strong entropy gradient and highly vortical flow
Hypersonic_speed
Branch of physics
Heat transfer physics describes the kinetics of energy storage, transport, and energy transformation by principal energy carriers: phonons (lattice vibration
Heat_transfer_physics
Maximum attainable efficiency of any heat engine
helps establish the Clausius theorem, which implies that the change in entropy S {\displaystyle S} is unique for all reversible processes: Δ S = ∫ a b
Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)
Carnot's_theorem_(thermodynamics)
Change of state of matter from a gas phase into a liquid phase
Lienhard V., John H. (2015). "Entropy Generation of Desalination Powered by Variable Temperature Waste Heat". Entropy. 17 (11): 7530–7566. Bibcode:2015Entrp
Condensation
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for an ideal gas, and the implications of the Entropy quantity. The distribution is valid for atoms or molecules constituting
Table of thermodynamic equations
Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Individual living life form
homogeneity and autonomy an immune response, separating self from foreign "anti-entropy", the ability to maintain order, a concept first proposed by Erwin Schrödinger;
Organism
Barrier permeable to heat but not matter
Planck, an incoherent monochromatic beam of light transfers entropy and has a temperature. For a transfer to qualify as work, it must be reversible in the
Diathermal_wall
Subset of irreversible thermodynamics
exergy destruction occurring as heat is transferred irreversibly. It is also called finite-time thermodynamics, entropy generation minimization, or thermodynamic
Endoreversible_thermodynamics
Type of data structure
Cassandra and Riak implement a Dynamo-inspired process called anti-entropy. In anti-entropy, replicas exchange Merkle trees to identify parts of their replicated
Merkle_tree
Physical law for definition of temperature
provides an independent definition of temperature without reference to entropy, which is defined in the second law. The law was established by Ralph H
Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics
Statistics and machine learning technique
used to produce a stronger ensemble than very deliberate algorithms (like entropy-reducing decision trees). Using a variety of strong learning algorithms
Ensemble_learning
thermodynamic process. It led to the concept of entropy, whose meaning is indicated below. The word entropy ("transformational energy") was coined by Clausius
Carnot_engine_explanation
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