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Thermodynamic process that is reversible and adiabatic
An isentropic process is an idealized thermodynamic process that is both adiabatic and reversible.[excessive citations] In thermodynamics, adiabatic processes
Isentropic_process
Thermodynamic process
= 1 {\displaystyle n=1} for an isothermal process, n = γ {\displaystyle n=\gamma } for an isentropic process. Where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the ratio
Polytropic_process
Fluid flow through a narrow opening with no change in entropy
mechanics, isentropic nozzle flow describes the movement of a fluid through a narrow opening without an increase in entropy (an isentropic process). Whenever
Isentropic_nozzle_flow
Thermodynamic cycle for spark ignition piston engines
quasi-parallel and isentropic processes (frictionless, adiabatic reversible). Left and right sides of the loop: a pair of parallel isochoric processes (constant
Otto_cycle
Thermodynamic process in which no mass or heat is exchanged with surroundings
the system will rise. Such a process is called an isentropic process and is said to be "reversible". Ideally, if the process were reversed the energy could
Adiabatic_process
Thermodynamic cycle
by isentropic compression and expansion, and isobaric heat addition and rejection, though practical engines have adiabatic rather than isentropic steps
Brayton_cycle
Machine to increase pressure of gas by reducing its volume
flow process can be calculated. dH = VdP +TdS Isentropic dS is zero. dH = VdP Non flow isentropic processes like some positive displacement compressors
Compressor
Ratio of static enthalpy change within a turbomachine to that of the whole stage
in the rotor: R = Isentropic enthalpy change in rotor Isentropic enthalpy change in stage {\displaystyle R={\frac {\text{Isentropic enthalpy change in
Degree_of_reaction
Mathematical model which approximates the behavior of real gases
P 0 + γ ln V V 0 = ln P V γ P 0 V 0 γ ⟹ P V γ = const. for isentropic process . {\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta S}{Nk{\hat {c}}_{V}}}=\ln {\frac {P}{P_{0}}}+\gamma
Ideal_gas
Equation of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas
the properties at state 1 using the equations listed. ^ a. In an isentropic process, system entropy (S) is constant. Under these conditions, p1V1γ = p2V2γ
Ideal_gas_law
Type of turbine for high-pressure gas
high-pressure gas, the expansion is approximated by an isentropic process (i.e., a constant-entropy process), and the low-pressure exhaust gas from the turbine
Turboexpander
Thermodynamic process with no change in enthalpy
{\displaystyle dh=0=nc_{p}\,dT} . Adiabatic process Joule–Thomson effect Ideal gas laws Isentropic process G. J. Van Wylen and R. E. Sonntag (1985), Fundamentals
Isenthalpic_process
Lowest theoretical temperature
Although absolute zero can be approached, it cannot be reached. Some isentropic processes, such as adiabatic expansion, can lower the system's temperature
Absolute_zero
Physics of heat, work, and temperature
are: Adiabatic process: occurs without loss or gain of energy by heat Isenthalpic process: occurs at a constant enthalpy Isentropic process: a reversible
Thermodynamics
Machine that uses steam to rotate a shaft
turbine. An ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic process, or constant entropy process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine
Steam_turbine
Graph relating temperature and entropy during a thermodynamic process or cycle
of their T–s diagram. An isentropic process is depicted as a vertical line on a T–s diagram, whereas an isothermal process is a horizontal line. Carnot
Temperature–entropy_diagram
Method for matching variable production with demand
near-reversible isothermal process or an isentropic process is desired. In an isothermal compression process, the gas in the system is kept at a constant
Compressed-air_energy_storage
System that converts heat or thermal energy to mechanical work
system during adiabatic process) isentropic (reversible adiabatic process, no heat is added or removed during isentropic process) Energy portal Carnot heat
Heat_engine
Engine combustion process
follows four distinct processes: 1→2 : isentropic compression of the fluid (blue) 2→3 : constant pressure heating (red) 3→4 : isentropic expansion (yellow)
Diesel_cycle
Passage of a system from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic equilibrium
energy from the system. An isentropic process is customarily defined as an idealized quasi-static reversible adiabatic process, of transfer of energy as
Thermodynamic_process
Lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere
parcel; atmospheric compression and expansion are measured as an isentropic process ( d S = 0 {\displaystyle dS=0} ) wherein there occurs no change in
Troposphere
Resistance of a material to uniform pressure
distinctions are especially relevant for gases. For an ideal gas, an isentropic process has: P V γ = constant ⇒ P ∝ ( 1 V ) γ ∝ ρ γ , {\displaystyle PV^{\gamma
Bulk_modulus
Theoretical engine
two adiabatic processes involved to show an isentropic process property for the ratio of the changing volumes of two isothermal processes are equal. Most
Carnot_heat_engine
as the BZT fluids exhibit Γ < 0 {\displaystyle \Gamma <0} . In an isentropic process, the sound speed increases with pressure when Γ > 1 {\displaystyle
Landau_derivative
Thermodynamic process
thermodynamics, a quasi-static process, also known as a quasi-equilibrium process (from Latin quasi, meaning ‘as if’), is a thermodynamic process that happens slowly
Quasistatic_process
Thermodynamic cycle that includes the basic Stirling engine
heat-rejection processes is the Stirling cycle, which is an altered version of the Carnot cycle in which the two isentropic processes featured in the
Stirling_cycle
Thermodynamic quantity
sometimes also known as the isentropic expansion factor and is denoted by γ (gamma) for an ideal gas or κ (kappa), the isentropic exponent for a real gas
Heat_capacity_ratio
Chart describing internal energy of thermodynamic systems
isenthalpic process. A vertical line in the h–s chart represents an isentropic process. The process 3–4 in a Rankine cycle is isentropic when the steam
Enthalpy–entropy_chart
Process that cannot be undone or reversed
In thermodynamics, an irreversible process is a process impossible to reverse or undo. All complex natural processes are irreversible, although a phase
Irreversible_process
Thermodynamic process in which temperature remains constant
An isothermal process is a type of thermodynamic process in which the temperature T of a system remains constant: ΔT = 0. This typically occurs when a
Isothermal_process
Linked cyclic series of thermodynamic processes
removed from the system, as the work done by the system is zero. Isentropic : The process is one of constant entropy ( S = c o n s t a n t {\displaystyle
Thermodynamic_cycle
Fluid flow through a constant-area duct with friction
flow Mass injection flow Isentropic process Isothermal flow Gas dynamics Compressible flow Choked flow Enthalpy Entropy Isentropic nozzle flow Shapiro, A
Fanno_flow
Sum of the static and dynamic pressure
-1}{2}}M^{2}\right)^{\frac {\gamma }{\gamma -1}}\,} or, assuming an isentropic process, the stagnation pressure can be calculated from the ratio of stagnation
Stagnation_pressure
Law of physics
Suppose that the temperature of a substance can be reduced in an isentropic process by changing the parameter X from X2 to X1. One can think of a multistage
Third_law_of_thermodynamics
Fluid flow temperature in aviation
Outside air temperature Mach number Speed of sound Adiabatic process Isentropic process Specific enthalpy In-Flight Temperature Measurements Measurement
Total_air_temperature
Idealized thermodynamic cycle used in engines
heat addition; 2–3: Isentropic expansion; 3–1: Constant pressure (isobaric) heat rejection. The expansion process is isentropic and hence involves no
Lenoir_cycle
Closed thermodynamic cycle involving fluid
heat injection process in the cycle. Along adiabatic and isentropic processes, such as those theoretically associated with pumping processes in transcritical
Transcritical_cycle
Phenomenon in fluid dynamics
the static pressure, temperature and density decrease. Since the process is isentropic, the stagnation properties (e.g. the total pressure and total temperature)
Prandtl–Meyer_expansion_fan
Sub-class of turbomachinery
(loss). Assuming dry air, and the ideal-gas equation of state and an isentropic process, there is enough information to define the pressure ratio and efficiency
Centrifugal_compressor
Thermodynamic process of a closed system in which volume remains constant
an isochoric process, also called a constant-volume process, an isovolumetric process, or an isometric process, is a thermodynamic process during which
Isochoric_process
External combustion engine using air as the working fluid
(no heat is added or removed from the working fluid) isentropic process, reversible adiabatic process (no heat is added or removed from the working fluid
Hot_air_engine
Model of fluid flow through a frictionless constant-area duct with heat transfer
and Fanno models at these points. Fanno flow Mass injection flow Isentropic process Isothermal flow Gas dynamics Compressible flow Choked flow Enthalpy
Rayleigh_flow
Type of thermodynamic cycle
heat-rejection processes is the Ericsson cycle. The Ericsson cycle is an altered version of the Carnot cycle in which the two isentropic processes featured
Ericsson_cycle
Nonlinear partial differential equation
is the polytropic exponent (equal to the heat capacity ratio for isentropic processes). Assuming constant porosity, permeability, and dynamic viscosity
Porous_medium_equation
Model of fluid flow
also has applicability as upper boundary to Fanno flow. Fanno flow Isentropic process Rayleigh flow Shapiro, A.H., The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible
Isothermal_flow
Study of heat-to-work transformations and their reverse
heat capacities, the assumption of isentropic processes (in which entropy is a constant), and moist adiabatic processes (during which no energy is transferred
Atmospheric_thermodynamics
Thermodynamic process in which pressure remains constant
In thermodynamics, an isobaric process is a type of thermodynamic process in which the pressure of the system stays constant: ΔP = 0. The heat transferred
Isobaric_process
Model that is used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems
turbine would be isentropic: i.e., the pump and turbine would generate no entropy and would hence maximize the net work output. Processes 1–2 and 3–4 would
Rankine_cycle
d S = δ Q T {\displaystyle dS={\frac {\delta Q}{T}}} , for reversible processes only Below are useful results from the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
Table of thermodynamic equations
Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
The theoretical specific entropy and enthalpy after this ideal, isentropic process are given by s 2 , r e v {\displaystyle s_{2,rev}} and h 2 , r e v
Gouy–Stodola_theorem
Thermodynamic cycle for combustion engines
of heat at constant volume. Process 3-4: Addition of heat at constant pressure. Process 4-5: Isentropic expansion. Process 5-1: Rejection of heat at constant
Mixed/dual_cycle
is the decrease of the Mach number in isentropic expansions occurring in the supersonic regime, namely processes in which the fluid density decreases.
Non ideal compressible fluid dynamics
Non_ideal_compressible_fluid_dynamics
Phenomenon of non-ideal fluids changing temperature
If the expansion process is reversible, meaning that the gas is in thermodynamic equilibrium at all times, it is called an isentropic expansion. In this
Joule–Thomson_effect
Process whose direction can be reversed
In thermodynamics, a reversible process is a process, involving a system and its surroundings, whose direction can be reversed by infinitesimal changes
Reversible process (thermodynamics)
Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)
Technique to remove component substances from a gaseous mixture
deep pressure drop to about 30% of feed pressure. This is a near isentropic process and the corresponding temperature reduction leads to condensation
Supersonic_gas_separation
Meteorological technique for determining air motion above the planetary boundary layer
e. non-heat-exchanging) process above the planetary boundary layer. The change of state of air parcels following isentropic surfaces does not involve
Isentropic_analysis
Dimensionless number in fluid mechanics
elasticity, (SI units: Pa) For isentropic processes, the Cauchy number may be expressed in terms of Mach number. The isentropic bulk modulus K s = γ p {\displaystyle
Cauchy_number
Thermodynamic quantity
path of a process through the equilibrium state space of a thermodynamic system is termed a process function, or, alternatively, a process quantity, or
Process_function
Law of thermodynamics establishing the conservation of energy
ISBN 1-86094-347-0, pp. 89–110. Kestin, J. (1961). "On intersecting isentropics". Am. J. Phys. 29 (5): 329–331. Bibcode:1961AmJPh..29..329K. doi:10.1119/1
First_law_of_thermodynamics
Branch of fluid mechanics
heat transfer), Steady vs. Unsteady Flow, Flow is isentropic (i.e. a reversible adiabatic process), Ideal gas law (i.e. P = ρRT) As the speed of a flow
Compressible_flow
Thermodynamic cycle
consists of: 1–2 Isentropic, or reversible, adiabatic compression 2–3 Isochoric heating (Qp) 3–4 Isobaric heating (Qp') 4–5 Isentropic expansion 5–6 Isochoric
Atkinson_cycle
Observational basis of thermodynamics
thermodynamic equilibrium. The laws also use various parameters for thermodynamic processes, such as thermodynamic work and heat, and establish relationships between
Laws_of_thermodynamics
Air that has been condensed into a liquid
Claude's process, which combines cooling by Joule–Thomson effect, isentropic expansion and regenerative cooling. In manufacturing processes, the liquid
Liquid_air
Thermodynamic cycle
combustion. Hence, the ideal Humphrey cycle consists of 4 processes: Reversible, adiabatic (isentropic) compression of the incoming gas. During this step incoming
Humphrey_cycle
Parameter used to calculate the volume change of a fluid or solid in response to pressure
magnitude of the compressibility depends strongly on whether the process is isentropic or isothermal. Accordingly, isothermal compressibility is defined:
Compressibility
Type of energy transfer
modes of transfer in order to ensure a strict logical distinction. In the process of transfer, heat is not necessarily conserved, but can be generated (though
Heat
Chemical process in the liquefaction of gas
The Hampson–Linde cycle is a process for the liquefaction of gases, especially for air separation. William Hampson and Carl von Linde independently filed
Hampson–Linde_cycle
liquid. Air can also be liquefied by Claude's process, in which the gas is allowed to expand isentropically twice in two chambers. While expanding, the
Liquefaction_of_gases
Markovich Khalatnikov Isaak Pomeranchuk Isabella Karle Isenthalpic process Isentropic process Ishfaq Ahmad Ishrat Hussain Usmani Isidor Isaac Rabi Isidor Sauers
Index_of_physics_articles_(I)
Machine to pressurize air
data sheets, the higher the isentropic efficiency is, the better the energy saving is. The better air compressor isentropic efficiency has reached 95%
Air_compressor
Change in temperature due to a magnetic field
physicists as adiabatic demagnetization. In that part of the refrigeration process, a decrease in the strength of an externally applied magnetic field allows
Magnetocaloric_effect
Physical law for entropy and heat
and provides necessary criteria for spontaneous processes. For example, the first law allows the process of a cup falling off a table and breaking on the
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Type of turbine
accompanied by an energy transformation process occurs in the rotor. A reference velocity (c0) known as the isentropic velocity, spouting velocity or stage
Radial_turbine
Variation on the Rankine thermodynamic cycle
engine's theoretical model, the expansion is isentropic and the evaporation and condensation processes are isobaric. In any real cycle, the presence
Organic_Rankine_cycle
Diagram showing the thermodynamic states of a material
this process due to the free floating piston being allowed to rise making the process an isobaric process or constant pressure process. This Process Path
Thermodynamic_diagrams
Technologies to store thermal energy
to store energy as a temperature difference between two heat stores. Isentropic systems involve two insulated containers filled, for example, with crushed
Thermal_energy_storage
Concept in computer science
computing (see adiabatic process). Although in practice no nonstationary physical process can be exactly physically reversible or isentropic, there is no known
Reversible_computing
Simplified approach for understanding fluid motions in a rotating system
ζ θ {\displaystyle \zeta _{\theta }} is the relative vorticity on an isentropic surface—a surface of constant potential temperature, and Δ = − δ p / g
Potential_vorticity
Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium
systems can be passive and active according to internal processes. According to internal processes, passive systems and active systems are distinguished:
Thermodynamic_system
Pressurized gas or liquid in a heat engine
dry and isentropic refer to the quality of vapour after the working fluid undergoes an isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expansion process from saturated
Working_fluid_selection
Physical quantity
constantly take in and release energy. The Earth's climate and ecosystems processes are driven primarily by radiant energy from the Sun. The total energy
Energy
Heat required to raise the temperature of a given unit of mass of a substance
to heat capacity at constant volume. It is sometimes also known as the isentropic expansion factor. In theory, the specific heat capacity of a substance
Specific_heat_capacity
Thermodynamic potential
Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a thermodynamic process in which temperature is
Helmholtz_free_energy
Principle relating to fluid dynamics
is only applicable for isentropic flows: when the effects of irreversible processes (like turbulence) and non-adiabatic processes (e.g. thermal radiation)
Bernoulli's_principle
Property of a thermodynamic system
concentrated. A consequence of the second law of thermodynamics is that certain processes are irreversible. The thermodynamic concept was referred to by Scottish
Entropy
Propagating disturbance
a gas in a supersonic flow can be compressed. Some other methods are isentropic compressions, including Prandtl–Meyer compressions. The method of compression
Shock_wave
Concept in thermodynamics
more common. Since potential temperature is conserved under adiabatic or isentropic air motions, in steady, adiabatic flow lines or surfaces of constant potential
Potential_temperature
NOx reduction technique used in gasoline and diesel engines
Adding exhaust gas therefore reduces pressure and temperature during the isentropic compression in the cylinder, thereby lowering the adiabatic flame temperature
Exhaust_gas_recirculation
Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
because of decompression melting in the underlying Earth's mantle. The isentropic upwelling solid mantle material exceeds the solidus temperature and melts
Mid-ocean_ridge
Physical property of matter
as the definition of the isobaric heat capacity. A system undergoing a process at constant volume implies that no expansion work is done, so the heat
Heat_capacity
Thermodynamics experiment
change of state. For example, a steam turbine is not isentropic, as friction, choke and shock processes produce entropy. A typical experiment, consists of
Rüchardt_experiment
Speed of sound wave through elastic medium
} where K s {\displaystyle K_{s}} is a coefficient of stiffness, the isentropic bulk modulus (or the modulus of bulk elasticity for gases); ρ {\displaystyle
Speed_of_sound
Type of energy transfer
Thermodynamic work is one of the principal kinds of process by which a thermodynamic system can interact with and transfer energy to its surroundings
Work_(thermodynamics)
Type of propelling nozzle
The gas flow is isentropic; i.e., at constant entropy, as the result of the assumption of non-viscous fluid, and adiabatic process. The gas flow rate
Rocket_engine_nozzle
Waves created by the redirection of supersonic flow along a curved surface
In fluid dynamics, isentropic expansion waves are created when a supersonic flow is redirected along a curved surface. These waves are studied to obtain
Isentropic_expansion_waves
Concept in general relativity and quantum field theory
Equilibrium Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Isothermal flow Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free
Black_hole_thermodynamics
Idealized thermodynamic cycle
temperature is constant (isothermal process). Heat transfer from point 4 to 1 and point 2 to 3 are equal to zero (adiabatic process). A Carnot cycle plotted on
Carnot_cycle
State function whose change relates to the system's maximal work output
work that the system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden
Thermodynamic_free_energy
Refrigeration process
low-pressure saturated vapor. From point 1 to point 2, the vapor is isentropically compressed (compressed at constant entropy) and exits the compressor
Vapor-compression refrigeration
Vapor-compression_refrigeration
Unsteady state combustion process
Pressure gain combustion (PGC) is the unsteady state process used in gas turbines in which gas expansion caused by heat release is constrained. First
Pressure_gain_combustion
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