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Persian Satrap of Lydia and Ionia (445–395 BC)
under Tissaphernes was free to engage the rest of Cyrus's forces. Cyrus in the centre threw himself upon Artaxerxes, but was slain. Tissaphernes claimed
Tissaphernes
Athenian general and statesman (c. 450–404 BC)
envoys to negotiate with Tissaphernes and Alcibiades. At this point, Alcibiades's scheme encountered a great obstacle. Tissaphernes would not make an agreement
Alcibiades
War between Athens and Sparta (431–404 BC)
Persian reconquest of most of Ionia. Tissaphernes also helped fund the Peloponnesian fleet. However, Tissaphernes was unwilling to take action and tried
Peloponnesian_War
Carian rebel leader (executed 412 BC)
ordered a Persian nobleman named Tissaphernes to stop Amorges, and did so by forming an alliance with Sparta. Tissaphernes created a treaty with Sparta which
Amorges
King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 423 to 405/4 BC
mercenaries on his behalf while Darius sent Tissaphernes, a younger son of Hydarnes, to combat the rebellion. Tissaphernes immediately sent a letter to Lycon,
Darius_II
Spartan domination of parts of Greece (404–371 BC)
Artaxerxes, and supported the Greek cities of Asia, which fought against Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria. Thibron was sent out as harmost in 400
Spartan_hegemony
Achaemenid prince, satrap of Lydia from 408 to 401 BC
under Tissaphernes was free to engage the rest of Cyrus's forces; Cyrus in the centre threw himself upon Artaxerxes but was slain. Tissaphernes claimed
Cyrus_the_Younger
401 BC battle between Cyrus the Younger and Artaxerxes II
their services to Tissaphernes, a leading satrap of Artaxerxes, but he refused them, and they refused to surrender to him. Tissaphernes was left with a
Battle_of_Cunaxa
5th-century BC mercenary force
services to Tissaphernes, a leading satrap of Artaxerxes, but he demanded their complete surrender, which they refused. This presented Tissaphernes with a
Ten_Thousand
Persian Achaemenid general (fl. 401–394 BC)
Ariaeus would help betray the Greeks. Tissaphernes met with Ariaeus and persuaded him to join him, and Tissaphernes and Ariaeus led the Greeks to believe
Ariaeus
Greek philosopher, historian, and soldier (c.430–355/354 BC)
Cyrus the Younger and participate in Cyrus's military campaign against Tissaphernes, the Persian satrap of Ionia. Xenophon describes his life in 401 BC and
Xenophon
4th-century BC work by Xenophon on the expedition of the Ten Thousand
to Tissaphernes that the Hellenes only followed Cyrus's orders when they were attacking the king's authority. The Hellenes wait for Tissaphernes to return
Anabasis_(Xenophon)
King of the Achaemenid Empire from 405/4 to 359/8 BC
satrap of Lydia, Greater Phrygia, and Cappadocia. He also succeeded Tissaphernes as the commander-in-chief of the Persian force stationed at Castolus
Artaxerxes_II
Spartan victory against the Achaemenid Empire
between Spartan forces led by Agesilaus II and Persian troops commanded by Tissaphernes near the city of Sardis, the administrative center of Persian Asia Minor
Battle_of_Sardis_(395_BC)
Greek mercenary general (c. 436–401 BC)
with Tissaphernes (one of the Persian generals at the battle). Eventually Socrates and several other Greek generals were betrayed by Tissaphernes and Ariaeus
Socrates_of_Achaea
Ancient Iranian empire, 550–330 BC
of Tissaphernes, gave support first to Athens, then to Sparta, but in 407 BC, Darius' son Cyrus the Younger was appointed to replace Tissaphernes and
Achaemenid_Empire
Tissaphernes Archaeological Research Group is a research group focused on the archaeology of Iran. The group, which is based in Tehran, Iran, was established
Tissaphernes Archaeological Research Group
Tissaphernes_Archaeological_Research_Group
Late 5th early 4th century BC Spartan commander
local Greeks, he transported his army back to Asia. Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes, the Satrap of Ionia and Lydia recruited a large army of 20,000 infantry
Dercylidas
Calendar year
result, he flees to the court of the Persian satrap Tissaphernes. Alcibiades advises Tissaphernes to withdraw his support from Sparta while conspiring
412_BC
Strategy in politics and sociology
Persian statesman Tissaphernes, to weaken both Athens and Sparta for his own Persian's benefit. Alcibiades, suggested to Tissaphernes that 'The cheapest
Divide_and_conquer
Achaemenid satrap of Lydia from c. 440 to 415 BCE
Greek mercenaries under the generalship of Lycon for his campaigns. Tissaphernes, who was sent by the King to suppress the revolt of Pissuthnes, managed
Pissuthnes
5th-century BC Spartan navarch
questioned Tissaphernes, a Persian satrap who was present under the Spartan-Persian alliance. The Spartan commissioners angering Tissaphernes so greatly
Astyochus
5th century BC history book by Thucydides
ordered to kill Alcibiades, who flees from Sparta to Tissaphernes. 8.45 Alcibiades advises Tissaphernes to let Athens and Sparta wear each other out. 8.46
History of the Peloponnesian War
History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War
Province of the Achaemenid Empire (546-334 BC)
BC) Pissuthnes (before c. 440–415 BC) Tissaphernes (c. 415–408 BC) Cyrus the Younger (c. 408–401 BC) Tissaphernes (c. 400–395 BC) Tiribazus (born c. 395
Lydia_(satrapy)
411 BCE naval engagement between Athens and Sparta, part of the Peloponnesian War
Shortly after the battle, the satrap Tissaphernes arrived from Ionia. Alcibiades, who had served as Tissaphernes' assistant for a time and wished to demonstrate
Battle_of_Abydos
Thessalian mercenary general (c.423–c.400 BC)
accompanied by Meno, his "guest-friend," met privately with Tissaphernes. Ctesias tells us that Tissaphernes here began to plot with Meno to betray the Greeks.
Meno_(general)
Calendar year
and Tissaphernes and inflicts a major defeat on Tissaphernes at Sardis. Agesilaus agrees to a three months' truce with the Persians under Tissaphernes, the
396_BC
Academic journal
neighbours. This journal is published in English, Persian, and Arabic by Tissaphernes Archaeological Research Group. Sinus Persicus is an open access journal
Sinus_Persicus_(journal)
after 480) Pissuthnes (before 440 - 415) Tissaphernes (c. 415 - 408) Cyrus the Younger (408 - 401) Tissaphernes (400 - 395) Tithraustes (born 395) Tiribazus
List_of_satraps_of_Lydia
Academic journal
5 March 2026. This journal is published in English, and Persian, by Tissaphernes Archaeological Research Group. "Google Scholar". scholar.google.com.
Persian_World_(journal)
Spartan general (died 391 BC)
(emancipated helots) and 4,000 other Peleponesians, to aid the Ionians against Tissaphernes, who wished to bring them into subjection. In addition to this force
Thibron_(harmost)
Small, flat and usually round piece of material used as money
Empire satraps and dynasts in Asia Minor developed the usage of portraiture from c. 420 BC. Portrait of the satrap of Lydia, Tissaphernes (c. 445–395 BC).
Coin
Calendar year
the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. The Persian satrap Tissaphernes' enemy Parysatis, mother of Cyrus, succeeds in persuading Persian King
395_BC
Satrap of Caria from 340 to 334 BC
Hecatomnids) created when they succeeded the assassinated Persian Satrap Tissaphernes in the Carian satrapy. Lycia was also ruled by the Carian dynasts since
Pixodarus
'The Four Hundred' oligarchy replaces the democratic government
Athens bringing the support of Tissaphernes with him. The Athenians did not know that Alcibiades' relationship with Tissaphernes was precarious, for each man
Athenian_coup_of_411_BC
Academic journal on ancient Iran
between Persia and its neighbours. This journal is published in English by Tissaphernes Archaeological Research Group. The journal is edited by Shahin Aryamanesh
Persica_Antiqua
sent to co-operate with the Lacedaemonians and their allies. He joined Tissaphernes at Ephesus just in time to take part in the defeat of the Athenians under
Heracleides_(409_BC)
Satrap of Caria
ruler of Mylasa. It is likely that Hecatomnus had been a supporter of Tissaphernes and might have been employed by him in the subordinate office of hyparch
Hecatomnus
Persian Queen, wife of Darius II, mother of Artaxerxes II
When Cyrus was defeated in the Battle of Cunaxa, she blamed the satrap Tissaphernes for his death, and thus had him assassinated not long after. According
Parysatis
Region in Turkey
from his brother, King Artaxerxes II but he failed. Artaxerxes tasked Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria, with retaking the Ionian cities, and
Ionia
Ancient city in Ionia
Spartan Dercylidas, faced troops of Achaemenid Empire led by the satraps Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus II, who had crossed the river Maeander. At the meeting
Achilleion_(Ionia)
4th-century BC Spartan king, Eurypontid dynasty
Artaxerxes, and supported the Greek cities of Asia, which fought against Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria. In 397 Lysander engineered a large expedition
Agesilaus_II
Ancient city of Phrygia
Colossae was the site of the execution of the rebellious Persian satrap Tissaphernes, who was lured there and slain by an agent of the party of Cyrus the
Colossae
5th-century BC Spartan admiral
Mindarus first took command of the fleet at Miletus, where the satrap Tissaphernes had promised the Spartans they would be joined by the sizeable Phoenician
Mindarus
Town of the ancient Ionia
between them and the troops of Achaemenid Empire led by the satraps Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus II. The next day in the place they had agreed to, they
Leucophrys
Ancient type of rustic footwear
retreat back to Greece after the execution of their leaders by the satrap Tissaphernes. By the time of the Roman Empire, use was generally restricted to the
Carbatina
Historical fiction novel
historian and soldier who leads the ten thousand Greeks following Cunaxa Tissaphernes - Persian Satrap of Artaxerxes II who uncovers Cryrus' plans for rebellion
The_Falcon_of_Sparta
He sent his brother, Cyrus the younger, to relieve Tissaphernes of his command of Lydia. Tissaphernes was pushed aside to the governorship of Caria. Exposed
History_of_Sparta
Calendar year
method in Europe for naming years. Cyrus the Younger uses a quarrel with Tissaphernes over the Ionian cities as a pretext for gathering a large army and also
401_BC
Greek mercenary (died 401 BC)
ill-fated generals whom Clearchus of Sparta persuaded to accompany him to Tissaphernes. He was seized with the rest, and taken to the king of Persia, and afterwards
Proxenus_of_Boeotia
Late 5th-century BC Persian nobleman
several children through his principal consort. His offspring included Tissaphernes, Terituchmes, Stateira, Rhoxane, and two further daughters. Schmitt 2004
Hydarnes_(father_of_Stateira)
Decade
in chief of the Achaemenian forces in Asia Minor in place of Tissaphernes. Tissaphernes' influence is limited to the satrapy of Caria. Darius II also
400s_BC_(decade)
5th century BCE Spartan general, initial commander of the ten thousand
banquet by the satrap of Lydia and Ionia and general for Artaxerxes, Tissaphernes, but he and his party were arrested and sent to the royal court at Babylon
Clearchus_of_Sparta
Ancient city in Turkey
known for its paradisoi as well as orchards and hunting parks built by Tissaphernes and Cyrus the Younger Burials of this period include enormous tumuli
Sardis
Athenian politician and general (c. 524–459 BC)
cities of Asia, and they may have been expelled by the Achaemenid satrap Tissaphernes sometime between 412 and 399 BC. In effect, from 414 BC, Darius II had
Themistocles
Old Iranian language
(genuine) Old Persian *Ciçafarnā (besides the Median form *Ciθrafarnah) = Tissaphernes suggests /t͡s/ as the pronunciation of ç (compare [1] and Kloekhorst
Old_Persian
Ancient Greek city in Anatolia
Thibron, who was planning an expedition against the Persian satraps Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, at this location in March 399 BC. At this time Pergamon
Pergamon
Calendar year
(Memnon—'the Mindful'). Darius II's younger son, Cyrus, is accused by Tissaphernes, the satrap of Caria, of plotting his brother Artaxerxes II's murder
404_BC
Ancient Greek city in İzmir Province, Turkey
Coinage of Phokaia, Ionia, c. 478–387 BC. Possible portrait of Satrap Tissaphernes, with satrapal headress
Phocaea
Achaemenid satrap (c. 440 BC-370 BC)
headdress, while the obverse portrays Herakles Satrap of Lydia Preceded by Tissaphernes Succeeded by Autophradates Personal details Born c. 440 BC Died c. 370
Tiribazus
Region within the Achaemenid Empire
(513–492 BC) Artaphernes II (492–after 480 BC) 2nd Achaemenid period: Tissaphernes (413–395 BC) Tiribazus Autophradates (c. 365 BC) Spithridates (died before
Ionia_(satrapy)
Empire Satrapy of Lydia Greek mercenaries Victory Revolt suppressed, Tissaphernes becomes the new satrap Amyrtaeus' Revolt (411–398 BC) Persian Empire
List of wars involving Iran (before 1979)
List_of_wars_involving_Iran_(before_1979)
Ruler of the cities of Pergamon, Teuthrania and Halisarna (c. 400 BC)
Thibron, who was fighting against the Achaemenid Satrap of Lydia and Ionia Tissaphernes. Xenophon, Hellenika 3.1.6 Roller, Duane W. (2018). Cleopatra's Daughter:
Prokles_(Pergamon)
5th-century BC governor of Magnesia on the Maeander
cities of Asia, and they may have been expelled by the Achaemenid satrap Tissaphernes sometime between 412 and 399 BC. In effect, from 414 BC, Darius II had
Archeptolis
4th-century BC rulers of Caria and surrounding areas
Caria had been governed as part of Lydia, by the satrap Tissaphernes based in Sardis. Tissaphernes was executed by Tithraustes on the orders of Artaxerxes
Hecatomnids
Greek city in ancient Caria
taken by the Spartans, who captured Amorges and delivered him up to Tissaphernes. The town itself was plundered on that occasion. It became part of the
Iasos
Early 4th century BC Persian satrap of Sardis
known of the man or his activities. He was sent out from Susa to replace Tissaphernes in 395 BC, and, after arresting his predecessor, executed him. To remove
Tithraustes
Persian satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia from 413 to 374 BC
Thucydides described this situation, faced by both satraps Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes: The king (Darius II) had lately called upon him for the tribute from
Pharnabazus_II
Naval battle during the Second Peloponnesian War (411 BC)
After the revolt of the critical city of Miletus, the Persian satrap Tissaphernes concluded an alliance against Athens with Sparta. The Spartans remained
Battle_of_Cynossema
Type of Thracian light infantry
they were serving as part of the mercenary force of Cyrus the Younger. Tissaphernes had not fled at the first charge (by the Greek troops), but had instead
Peltast
Ancient Greek war (395–387 BC)
the Persians in Lydia, advancing as far inland as Sardis. The satrap Tissaphernes was executed for his failure to contain Agesilaus, and his replacement
Corinthian_War
of the four ill-fated generals who accompanied Clearchus of Sparta to Tissaphernes. Pythagoras the Spartan 401 BC First Persian Empire Spartan admiral hired
List_of_mercenaries
Decade
and Tissaphernes and inflicts a major defeat on Tissaphernes at Sardis. Agesilaus agrees to a three months' truce with the Persians under Tissaphernes, the
390s_BC
Late 5th-century BC Athenian general
fought against Milesians supported by soldiers provided by Chalcideus and Tissaphernes. After this battle, Onomacles and his two allies prepared to besiege
Onomacles
Battle of Sardis King Agesilaus II of Sparta defeats Persia, under satrap Tissaphernes of Lydia. 394 BC Battle of Nemea Spartans defeat the Thebans, Athenians
List_of_battles_before_301
Late 5th-century BC Spartan general
arrest of Clearchus and the other generals, through the treachery of Tissaphernes, Cheirisophus took an active part in encouraging the troops and in otherwise
Cheirisophus_(general)
Calendar year
in chief of the Achaemenian forces in Asia Minor in place of Tissaphernes. Tissaphernes' influence is limited to the satrapy of Caria. Darius II also
408_BC
5th/4th-century BCE Athenian statesman and general
deteriorated, and she began raiding the satrapies of Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes in Anatolia. By 397 BC, Pharnabazus had persuaded the Persian king Artaxerxes
Conon
Decade
result, he flees to the court of the Persian satrap Tissaphernes. Alcibiades advises Tissaphernes to withdraw his support from Sparta while conspiring
410s_BC
Calendar year
era became prevalent there. Artaxerxes II, king of Persia, appoints Tissaphernes to take over all the districts in Asia Minor over which Artaxerxes II's
400_BC
Work by Xenophon
Agesilaus deceived the Persian general Tissaphernes, attacking towards Phrygia instead of Caria, Tissaphernes’ home, in so doing collecting allies along
Agesilaus_(Xenophon)
5th-century BC Athenian magistrate and politician
gave Peisander and ten others discretionary power to negotiate with Tissaphernes (a Persian) and Alcibiades (an Athenian renegade). At his instigation
Peisander_(oligarch)
Academic journal
relations between Persia and its neighbours. The journal is published by the Tissaphernes Archaeological Research Group. The journal is abstracted and indexed
Ancient_Iranian_Studies
Kings of Armenia and later Sophene and Commagene
Daughter of Darius II Teritouchmes Satrap of Armenia († 410) Roxane († 410) Tissaphernes satrap of Sardes († 396) several princes and princesses executed in 410
Orontid_dynasty
Satrap of Caria from 377 BCE to 353 BCE
Hecatomnus, a native Carian who became the satrap of Caria shortly after Tissaphernes died, c. 395 – c. 392 BCE. Mausolus succeeded his father upon Hecatomnus'
Mausolus
Magistrate commanding the fleet in Sparta
410/409 Pasippidas Condemned for his dealings with the Persian satrap Tissaphernes. 409/408 Cratesippidas 408/407 Lysander 407/406 Callicratidas Died during
Navarch_(Sparta)
Ancient Greek city
paragraph before the manuscript breaks off mid-sentence, the Persian satrap Tissaphernes is protesting to the Peloponnesians for having supported the Antandrians
Antandrus
Historical fashion in Persia
(right) on a Greek vase - wearing a loose kurpāsa with a curved top Tissaphernes depicted with a kurpāsa, the deyhīm knotted at the front of the head
Persian_clothing
1675 play
Betterton as Alcibiades, Matthew Medbourne as Agis, Samuel Sandford as Tissaphernes, John Crosby as Patroclus, Henry Harris as Theramnes, Thomas Gillow as
Alcibiades_(play)
Achaemenid queen
commander Clearchus and his fellow generals, who had been taken prisoner by Tissaphernes, but Stateira had succeeded in persuading her husband to execute the
Stateira (wife of Artaxerxes II)
Stateira_(wife_of_Artaxerxes_II)
Calendar year
Ten proboulos (including Sophocles) are elected to help run Athens. Tissaphernes, the Persian satrap of Lydia and Caria, forms an alliance with Sparta
413_BC
Athenian statesman (died 404 BC)
acting as an assistant to the Persian satrap Tissaphernes. Claiming that he had great influence with Tissaphernes, Alcibiades promised to return to Athens
Theramenes
Work by Xenophon
Minor against the Persians (3.4). The satraps of Ionia, Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes, are prominent characters with shifting allegiances throughout the Hellenica
Hellenica
Athenian politician and general (died 411 BC)
machinations. Astyochus betrayed Phrynichus by passing on the communication to Tissaphernes (a Persian) and to Alcibiades. The latter complained to his Athenian
Phrynichus_(oligarch)
Iranian archaeologist, Islamic art scholar (1930–2021)
License. Farr- e Firouz (in Persian and English). Tehran, Iran: Ritch, Tissaphernes Archaeological Research Group, and Aryaramna Press. 2019. p. 826.
Firouz_Bagherzadeh
with Ismenias. Androcleides was bribed by Timocrates, the emissary of Tissaphernes, in 395, in order to induce the Thebans to make war upon the Spartans
Androcleides
5th-century BC Persian general and satrap
Pharnabazus II (fl. 413 BC - 373 BC), who is well known for his rivalry with Tissaphernes and wars against the Spartans. Pharnacid Dynasty "The Parthians and Chorasmians
Artabazos_I_of_Phrygia
Ancient city in north west Minor Asia
Adramyttium was considered a Greek city. Arsaces, a general subordinate to Tissaphernes, the satrap of Lydia and Caria, massacred a number of the Delian exiles
Adramyttium
1783 opera by Antonio Sacchini
Armide basse-taille (bass-baritone) Auguste-Athanase (Augustin) Chéron Tissapherne (Tissaferne), ruler of Cilicia, in love with Armide basse-taille Jean-Pierre
Renaud_(opera)
Ancient region, today in Turkey
the whole of their troubles at the hands of the king [of Persia] and Tissaphernes put together." They have been also mentioned as Gordi by Hecataeus of
Gordyene
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