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Concept in epidemiology
The Table 2 Fallacy is a term coined by Daniel Westreich and Sander Greenland in 2013. It is a concept in causal inference.[citation needed] In scientific
Table_2_fallacy
Mistakenly drawing statistical inference from independent events
The gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the belief that an independent and equally
Gambler's_fallacy
Fallacy
The fallacy of division is an informal fallacy that occurs when one reasons that something true for a whole must also be true of all or some of its parts
Fallacy_of_division
Formal fallacy in statistical interpretation
An ecological fallacy (also ecological inference fallacy or population fallacy) is a formal fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data that occurs
Ecological_fallacy
Logic founded on unproven premises
question or assuming the conclusion (Latin: petitio principii) is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion
Begging_the_question
1972 scientific paper by Richard Lewontin
continuance." In a 2003 paper titled "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy", A. W. F. Edwards criticized Lewontin's conclusion that the practice of
The Apportionment of Human Diversity
The_Apportionment_of_Human_Diversity
Games played in gambling facilities
their requirements to experts in the gaming analysis field. Gambler's fallacy "UNLV Center for Gaming Research: Casino Mathematics". gaming.library.unlv
Casino_game
Logical paradox from vague predicates
The continuum fallacy (also known as the fallacy of the beard, line-drawing fallacy, or decision-point fallacy) is an informal fallacy related to the
Sorites_paradox
Cognitive bias
The hot hand (also known as the hot hand phenomenon or hot hand fallacy) is the putative tendency for an athlete to have streaks of success higher than
Hot_hand
Misinterpretation of statistical significance
size). Issues 1 and 2 can be illustrated by analogy to the Prosecutor's Fallacy in their shared underlying 2×2 contingency table format, where the user's
Misuse_of_p-values
Tendency to misinterpret statistical experiments involving conditional probabilities
Berkson's bias, collider bias, endogenous selection bias or Berkson's fallacy, is a result in conditional probability and statistics which is often found
Berkson's_paradox
Probability of an event occurring, given that another event has already occurred
various errors of reasoning, which is commonly seen through base rate fallacies. While conditional probabilities can provide extremely useful information
Conditional_probability
Introduction of a distracting topic
Diversional political strategy, often military in nature Whataboutism – Informal fallacy and propaganda strategy Ming vase strategy – Political strategy emphasising
Dead_cat_strategy
Type of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning
the premises). The table below shows the valid forms. Even some of these are sometimes considered to commit the existential fallacy, meaning they are invalid
Syllogism
Casino game of chance
the next bet to 2 units. If this is followed by a win, the next bet would be 1 unit. This betting system relies on the gambler's fallacy——that the player
Roulette
List of symbols used to express logical relations
symbols is commonly used to express logical representation. The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be
List_of_logic_symbols
Error in statistical reasoning with groups
Cherry picking – Fallacy of incomplete evidence Condorcet paradox – Self-contradiction of majority rule Ecological fallacy – Formal fallacy in statistical
Simpson's_paradox
Internet rage incitement technique
friend, was sitting alone on one side of Charlie Brown's Thanksgiving dinner table. Several unverified accounts by Twitter users, including one with zero followers
Rage-baiting
Method of deriving conclusions
expressions are equivalent and can be freely swapped. They contrast with formal fallacies—invalid argument forms involving logical errors. Logicians construct formal
Rule_of_inference
Source of error in statistics
subsampled and the treatment F-ratio in an analysis of variance (ANOVA) table is formed with respect to the residual mean square rather than with respect
Pseudoreplication
1967 film allegedly containing footage of Bigfoot
height at 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) to 7 feet (2.1 m), and later raised his estimate to about 7 feet 6 inches (2.29 m). Some later analysts, anthropologist
Patterson–Gimlin_film
American phone and television psychic (1962–2016)
Smoking Gun. March 14, 2002. Retrieved August 4, 2015. Parvaz, Dorothy (March 2, 2002). "Miss Cleo left a trail of deception in Seattle". Seattle Post-Intelligencer
Miss_Cleo
Gambler's fallacy, the tendency to think that future probabilities are altered by past events, when in reality they are unchanged. The fallacy arises from
List_of_cognitive_biases
U.S. Army investigations of psychic phenomena
ISBN 1-57392-798-8. "I'm where I am right now at 77 years old...", January 2, 2025 Shawn Ryan Show, Episode #154 transcript Archived January 3, 2025, at
Stargate Project (U.S. Army unit)
Stargate_Project_(U.S._Army_unit)
Concept that defines the experience of notably positive, negative, or improbable events
hoc" logical fallacy: that because two events are connected sequentially, they are connected causally as well. In general, this fallacy is that: A luck-attracting
Luck
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
construction (inductive arguments, for example). (See also: Formal fallacy and Informal fallacy). An argument is sound when the argument is valid and argument's
Argument
Probability distribution
been calculated by this method; see confidence interval and prosecutor's fallacy. Nowadays, statistical software, such as the R programming language, and
Student's_t-distribution
System of belief inspired by Allan Kardec
too simple or even naïve. René Guénon's influential book The Spiritist Fallacy criticized both the more general concepts of Spiritualism, which he considered
Kardecist_spiritism
American writer and public speaker
claims about non-rational states make a mistake he calls the pre/trans fallacy. According to Wilber, the non-rational stages of consciousness (what Wilber
Ken_Wilber
required of former high-ranking military officers. Also seated at the head table are Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein and members of Putin's
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections
American remote viewing pioneer (1933–2013)
Vol 9, No 2 / winter 1984–85, p 165 "New ASPR Search on Out-of-the Body Experiences", Karlis Osis, ASPR Newsletter, No. 14-Summer 1972 p. 2. "Chapter
Ingo_Swann
Israeli-British illusionist and self-proclaimed psychic (born 1946)
a key "by concentration" as he pretended, Geller bent the key against a table when he thought no one was looking. Harris, Ben. "Confronting Uri Geller"
Uri_Geller
Casino in Monte Carlo, Monaco
Baccarat Video poker Slot machines The most famous example of the gambler's fallacy occurred in a game of roulette at the Casino de Monte-Carlo in the summer
Monte_Carlo_Casino
American actor (1976–2020)
best things you missed at the 'Black Panther' party (Usher dancing on the tables!)". USA Today. Retrieved March 6, 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated
Chadwick_Boseman
American psychic medium (born 1969)
ISBN 0-425-16908-1. "Interview With John Edward". Larry King Live. October 2, 2003. CNN. Archived from the original on February 23, 2007. Retrieved January
John_Edward
Method of statistical inference
Reasoning. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-3-662-48638-2. Clayton, Aubrey (August 2021). Bernoulli's Fallacy: Statistical Illogic and the Crisis of Modern Science
Bayesian_inference
Mathematical use of "for all" and "there exists"
(using dot notation for multiplication): 1 · 2 = 1 + 1, and 2 · 2 = 2 + 2, and 3 · 2 = 3 + 3, ..., and 100 · 2 = 100 + 100, and ..., etc. This has the appearance
Quantifier_(logic)
Haunted doll and fictional character
(2013) and additionally makes brief appearances in his sequel The Conjuring 2 (2016) and Michael Chaves' The Curse of La Llorona (2019), The Conjuring:
Annabelle_(doll)
Study of correct reasoning
of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation theory. Informal logic examines
Logic
1977 book by Jay Anson
The Warrens' visit to the house was depicted in the 2016 film The Conjuring 2. George Lutz registered the phrase The Amityville Horror as a trademark in
The_Amityville_Horror
Statistical interpretation with many tests
Related concepts Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Texas sharpshooter fallacy Model selection Look-elsewhere effect Data dredging Birthday problem Miller
Multiple_comparisons_problem
Divination game
boards, players have to keep hold of a glass while it moves around the table—so it's not difficult to imagine that people might be pushing it around
Charlie_Charlie_challenge
Allegedly unexplained human incineration
the point of complete destruction on 28 March 1970. Plastic flowers on a table in the centre of the room had been reduced to liquid and a television with
Spontaneous_human_combustion
American reality show personality
and Their Nearly Decade-Long Relationship". People magazine. Retrieved July 2, 2025. Farber, Lindsay (May 24, 2017). "30 Things You Should Know About Tyler
Tyler_Henry
Marker used in SQL databases to indicate a value does not exist
while dealing with Nulls. The following simple example demonstrates this fallacy: SELECT * FROM t WHERE i = NULL; The example query above logically always
Null_(SQL)
Perception of a patch of shadow as a living, humanoid figure
March 2013. Extreme Ghost Stories. ITV. 2006. Episodes 1 and 2. Klee, Miles (November 2, 2022). "How the 'Hat Man' Went From Benadryl Joke to TikTok Horror
Shadow_person
2025 US federal law
Robby Soave argued in The Hill that the releases had led to association fallacy among the general public. Soave praised Massie's "sincere effort to arrive
Epstein Files Transparency Act
Epstein_Files_Transparency_Act
2008 film by Christopher Nolan
The joker playing card scene in Batman Begins was intended to convey the fallacy of Batman's belief his war on crime would be temporary. Goyer and Nolan
The_Dark_Knight
American politician (born 1963)
2017. Retrieved July 3, 2020. "Rand Paul: 'Fallacy' to think tariffs will help country". The Hill. April 2, 2025. Retrieved April 9, 2025. Boehm, Eric
Rand_Paul
American actor (born 1966)
Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection claiming more than $2.3 million in debt. Court papers showed he owed $1.2 million on two mortgages on a New York property
Stephen_Baldwin
Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible
entendre Equivocation Essentially contested concept Fallacy Formal fallacy Golden hammer Informal fallacy Pleonasm Semantics Uncertainty Volatility, uncertainty
Ambiguity
Behavioral Science. Vol. 2. Wiley. p. 617. ISBN 0-471-24097-4. e. Oppenheimer, D.M., & Monin, B. (2009). The retrospective gambler's fallacy: Unlikely events
List of common misconceptions about science, technology, and mathematics
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_science,_technology,_and_mathematics
American paranormal investigators and authors
partially adapted and portrayed in the opening sequence of The Conjuring 2 (2016). According to Benjamin Radford, the story was "refuted by eyewitnesses
Ed_and_Lorraine_Warren
Wine box claimed to be haunted
keep it relevant and interesting". The Possession (2012) A Haunted House 2 (2014) Ezra (2017) Dybbuk Box: The Story of Chris Chambers (2019) Dybbuk (2021)
Dybbuk_box
Creature of Arkansas folklore
creature covered in long dark hair. It was estimated to be about 7 feet (2 m) tall with a weight of 250–300 pounds (110–140 kg).[citation needed] Later
Fouke_Monster
Statistical phenomenon
average out, and the average fraction of heads will tend to 1/2. By contrast, the gambler's fallacy incorrectly assumes that the coin is now "due" for a run
Regression_toward_the_mean
Warm-blooded animals with wings and feathers
ISBN 0-938027-62-X. Dean, W. R. J.; Siegfried, W. ROY; MacDonald, I. A. W. (1990). "The Fallacy, Fact, and Fate of Guiding Behavior in the Greater Honeyguide". Conservation
Bird
Country in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
Editorial América/Televisa, Mexico, 1995, pp. 548–552 (Demografía/Biometría table). "1990 CIA World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
Soviet_Union
Mythical creature in Scottish folklore
first attracted a great deal of attention about a creature was published on 2 May 1933 in The Inverness Courier, about a large "beast" or "whale-like fish"
Loch_Ness_Monster
Fake mummified body of a half-monkey half-fish
Chinese liang (兩), or Japanese ryō (両). It is verified 1 ryō was exchange for 2 Dutch Guldens. "Feejee Mermaid". Peabody Museum. 2019. Archived from the original
Fiji_mermaid
hominem A fallacy in argumentation that targets the person making an argument rather than the argument itself. ad ignorantium A logical fallacy where a
Glossary_of_logic
Interpretation of out-of-body experiences
the silver cord referring to the spine. James Hankins argues that 2 Corinthians 12:2, "I know a man in Christ who fourteen years ago was caught up to the
Astral_projection
Legendary creature in folklore of the Americas
running down its back. It is said to be approximately 3 to 4 feet (0.9 to 1.2 m) high, and stands and hops in a fashion similar to that of a kangaroo. This
Chupacabra
Mexican psychologist
A. (September 2001), Anthropology of Consciousness, 12 (2): 63–65, doi:10.1525/ac.2001.12.2.63{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link) Hood
Etzel_Cardeña
Claim of supernatural activity
radio documentaries, and dramatised in the 2016 horror film The Conjuring 2. In August 1977, single mother Penelope Hodgson called the Metropolitan Police
Enfield_poltergeist
Claimed form of extrasensory perception
(help) Jeffers, Stanley (May–June 2006). "The PEAR proposition: Fact or fallacy?". Skeptical Inquirer. 30 (3). Archived from the original on February 1
Clairvoyance
Document used as risk management tool, acting as a repository for all identified risks
often lead to ritualistic decision-making, illusion of control, and the fallacy of misplaced concreteness: mistaking the map for the territory. However
Risk_register
American purported psychic medium
Lessons From America's Top Psychic Medium. Gallery Books. ISBN 978-1-9821-4005-2. OCLC 1137737298. Fraser, Matt (2022). We Never Die: Secrets of the Afterlife
Matt_Fraser_(psychic)
Urban legend based on a region in North Atlantic
Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2 February 2013. "Accident description for 61-0319". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2 February 2013. The incidents cited
Bermuda_Triangle
Public holiday celebrated on 14 August
the services, and rule for another fifteen to twenty years, but:It is a fallacy to suppose that the solution lies in trying to maintain the status quo
Independence_Day_(Pakistan)
Alleged creature in Wexford County, Michigan
of MonsterQuest. In January 2014, the creature was featured in the season 2 episode "Great Lakes: Wolfman, Dogman, Wendigo" of Monsters and Mysteries
Michigan_Dogman
Concepts from statistical hypothesis testing
Precision and recall – Pattern-recognition performance metrics Prosecutor's fallacy – Logic error due to ignoring the base ratePages displaying short descriptions
Type_I_and_type_II_errors
Season of American television series
also appeared in the previous episode "Rapist Anonymous". In "Gambler's Fallacy", Donal Logue and Sherri Saum guest star as two club managers. Stefanie
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit season 15
Law_&_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_season_15
Creature said to inhabit swampland in South Carolina
was damaged by a creature he described as "green, wetlike, about 7 feet (2.1 m) tall and had three fingers, red eyes, skin like a lizard, snakelike scales"
Lizard_Man_of_Scape_Ore_Swamp
Belief in the connection of unrelated events
123 (2): 182–207. doi:10.1037/rev0000017. PMID 26479707. S2CID 14384232. Glucklich, Ariel (1997). The End of Magic. Oxford University Press. pp. 60-2. Webb
Magical_thinking
Cryptid in Louisiana folklore
described by alleged witnesses as a large, bipedal humanoid, about 7 feet (2 m) tall, covered with gray hair, having yellow or red eyes and accompanied
Honey_Island_Swamp_monster
British former doctor (born 1956)
in the medical school and published in The Lancet. On 2 January 2011, Deer provided two tables comparing the data on the twelve children, showing the
Andrew_Wakefield
Impossible object
1961, he was impressed but didn't like the irregularities of the stairs (2 × 15 + 2 × 9). Throughout the 1960s, Reutersvärd sent several letters to Escher
Penrose_stairs
and its recorded Indigenous population was an example of the ecological fallacy as the data could not be used to predict the vote of individual voters
2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum
2023_Australian_Indigenous_Voice_referendum
Fictional character created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
2020. Klinger III, p. 40—A Study in Scarlet Bennett, Bo. "Pseudo-Logical Fallacies". Logicallyfallacious.com. Logically Fallacious. Retrieved 31 July 2020
Sherlock_Holmes
view." The average rank as calculated by Siena from the data items in the table. This is usually within a few places of the average evaluation, but more
Historical rankings of presidents of the United States
Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States
Alleged North American creature
described by alleged witnesses as being between 6 feet (1.8 m) and 7 feet (2.1 m) tall, with a humanoid style body, covered in fur or hair, and with a
Beast_of_Bray_Road
Mathematical fallacy
) 2 = 5 2 = 25 {\displaystyle (1+4)^{2}=5^{2}=25} , but 1 2 + 4 2 = 17 {\displaystyle 1^{2}+4^{2}=17} . x 2 + y 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}
Freshman's_dream
2007 studio album by Kanye West
is a song of self-examination, in which West attempts to confront his fallacies by surveying the consequences of his outspokenness ruminating over various
Graduation_(album)
Vehicle propelled by ejection of gases
from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-27. Scott Manley. The Pendulum Rocket Fallacy (YouTube). Archived from the original on 2021-10-30. Retrieved 2020-10-02
Rocket
Person who investigates crimes by using purported psychic abilities
Inquirer. 34 (2). Committee for Skeptical Inquiry: 32–33. "Episode #017". Desert Air. 4 December 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved
Psychic_detective
Urban legend
"Here's the actual story behind the 'black-eyed ghost children'". Daily Edge. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2019-03-11. Lockley, Mike (Sep 28, 2014). "Black Eyed
Black-eyed_children
2024 single by Travis Scott featuring Playboi Carti
song "I've been focused on the future, never on right now" "exposes the fallacy" of Utopia, adding "By going back to the sound of his early work, Scott
Fein_(song)
Pseudoscientific concept
2008-06-02. Jeffers, Stanley (May–June 2006). "The PEAR proposition: Fact or fallacy?". Skeptical Inquirer. 30 (3). Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived
Remote_viewing
Lotteries in the United States Numbers game Online gambling Gambler's fallacy "History of Gambling in the United States". Gambling in California. California
History of gambling in the United States
History_of_gambling_in_the_United_States
Retrieved April 2, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. "National Nielsen Viewership (April 23–29, 2001)". The Los Angeles Times. May 2, 2001. Retrieved April 2, 2023 –
List of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episodes (seasons 1–19)
List_of_Law_&_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_episodes_(seasons_1–19)
Branch of logic
biconditional, and negation. Some sources include other connectives, as in the table below. Unlike first-order logic, propositional logic does not deal with
Propositional_logic
Apparent lack of pattern or predictability in events
include drawing names out of a hat or using a random digit chart (a large table of random digits). In information science, irrelevant or meaningless data
Randomness
and skeptics classify cryptozoology as a pseudoscience." Shermer, Michael (2 May 2003). "Show Me the Body". Scientific American. Retrieved 8 January 2025
List_of_cryptids
Cryptid legend from West Virginia
Cockrell described a large figure, estimated at roughly 7 to 9 feet (2.1 to 2.7 m) tall, with a smooth, "seal-like" appearance and no obvious head. Contemporary
Grafton_monster
Series of references where the last object references the first
library!" A circular reference is not to be confused with the logical fallacy of a circular argument. Although a circular reference will often be unhelpful
Circular_reference
Mythological human with acquired ability to transform into a wolflike creature
Mela (1998). "2.14". Description of the world. De chorographia.English. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472107735. Pausanias. "8.2". Description
Werewolf
American psychic medium
ViacomCBS. Retrieved May 30, 2020.[permanent dead link] Sarner, Lauren (June 2, 2020). "Celebrity medium Thomas John dishes on new CBS show and naysayers"
Thomas_John_(medium)
1994 book by Dannion Brinkley
and that his wife saved his life. Saved by the Light (film) Tulfo, Ramon (2 November 2019). "We never die". The Manila Times. Retrieved 31 December 2021
Saved_by_the_Light
years. On June 29, 1990 Leo Beauregard was found stabbed at his kitchen table in North Palm Beach Florida. In 1992, on the TV show 48 hours, Renier appeared
Noreen_Renier
TABLE 2-FALLACY
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TABLE 2-FALLACY