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Distribution of internal forces in a body that balance a given set of external forces
A stress field is the distribution of internal forces in a body that balance a given set of external forces. Stress fields are widely used in fluid dynamics
Stress_field
Tensor describing energy momentum density in spacetime
Gravitational stress-energy tensor The stress–energy tensor, sometimes called the stress–energy–momentum tensor or the energy–momentum tensor, is a tensor field quantity
Stress–energy_tensor
Location in an object where stress is far greater than the surrounding region
non-dimensional stress concentration factor K t {\displaystyle K_{t}} , which is the ratio of the highest stress to the nominal far field stress. For a circular
Stress_concentration
Physical quantity that expresses internal forces in a continuous material
In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that describes forces present during deformation. For example, an object being pulled apart, such
Stress_(mechanics)
blunting before propagation of the crack can occur. Consequently, the stress field close to the crack tip is significantly different from the traditional
Fracture_of_soft_materials
Organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition or a stimulus
Stress, whether physiological, biological or psychological, is an organism's response to a stressor, such as an environmental condition or change in life
Stress_(biology)
Field-equations in general relativity
momentum and stress within that spacetime (expressed by the stress–energy tensor). Analogously to the way that electromagnetic fields are related to
Einstein_field_equations
Mathematical analysis of stresses in solids
Stress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and
Stress–strain_analysis
Science of the description and interpretation of deformation in the Earth's crust
understand the stress field that resulted in the observed strain and geometries. This understanding of the dynamics of the stress field can be linked to
Structural_geology
Transformation of a body from a reference configuration to a current configuration
deformation field results from a stress field due to applied forces or because of some changes in the conditions of the body. The relation between stress and
Deformation_(physics)
Phenomenon in crystallization
faults, with a variant selection governed by the local stress state. Variation of the stress field close to twins inferred from HR-EBSD experimental and
Crystal_twinning
Change in optical properties of a material due to stress
important application of the photoelasticity experiments is to study the stress field around bi-material notches. Bi-material notches exist in many engineering
Photoelasticity
Mental disorder associated with trauma
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that develops from experiencing a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, domestic violence
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Post-traumatic_stress_disorder
Set of problems in continuum mechanics
Eshelby started with a thought experiment on the possible stress, strain, and displacement fields in a linear elastic body containing an inclusion. In particular
Eshelby's_inclusion
Study of dynamics of the Earth
flow in response to a stress field. This deformation may be brittle, elastic, or plastic, depending on the magnitude of the stress and the material's physical
Geodynamics
Quantity in fracture mechanics; predicts stress intensity near a crack's tip
In fracture mechanics, the stress intensity factor (K) is used to predict the stress state ("stress intensity") near the tip of a crack or notch caused
Stress_intensity_factor
Model of volcanic activities on Earth
lithospheric stress field. The global distribution of volcanic activity at a given time reflects the contemporaneous lithospheric stress field, and changes
Plate_theory_(volcanism)
Feeling of strain and pressure
psychology, stress is a feeling of emotional strain and pressure. Stress is a form of psychological and mental discomfort. Small amounts of stress may be beneficial
Psychological_stress
Techniques and therapies to manage stress
Stress management includes a range of methods that can help individuals cope with stress and improve overall well-being, although results can vary depending
Stress_management
American geophysicist and seismologist
creating a global map for stress fields. From 1986 to 1992, Zoback chaired the International Lithosphere Program's World Stress Map project, an open-access
Mary_Lou_Zoback
Something that causes stress to an organism
A stressor is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event seen as causing stress to an organism. Psychologically
Stressor
Heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials
whether the lattice is under compression or tension, the associated stress field interacts with dislocations leading to decreased dislocation motion either
Precipitation_hardening
Concept in materials science
slightly, there will be an associated residual stress field surrounding the interstitial. This stress field can be relaxed by the interstitial atom diffusing
Cottrell_atmosphere
Theory in soil mechanics
theory, also known as maximum-normal stress theory, developed in 1857 by William John Macquorn Rankine, is a stress field solution that predicts active and
Rankine's_theory
Deformation mechanism in crystallines
loop has a stress field that opposes the applied stress in the neighbourhood of the source. When enough loops have been generated, the stress at the source
Slip_bands_in_metals
Hollow electrical insulator
strength of the field and reduces the electrical stresses in the insulating material. A bushing must be designed to withstand the electrical field strength produced
Bushing_(electrical)
Study of the deformation of solids that touch each other
mechanics is between stresses acting perpendicular to the contacting bodies' surfaces (known as normal stress) and frictional stresses acting tangentially
Contact_mechanics
the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor is the contribution to the stress–energy tensor due to the electromagnetic field. The stress–energy tensor describes
Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor
Electromagnetic_stress–energy_tensor
Geologic discontinuity feature, often a joint or fault
investigates the stress field near the crack tip and bases fracture criteria on stress field parameters. One important contribution of LEFM is the stress intensity
Fracture_(geology)
is an iterative method in finite element methods. It gives continuous stress field. It is named after Gilles Loubignac, who published the method in 1977
Loubignac_iteration
Mathematical model of how solid objects deform
a mathematical model of how solid objects deform and become internally stressed by prescribed loading conditions. It is a simplification of the more general
Linear_elasticity
The shear stress exerted by the wind on the surface of large bodies of water
In physical oceanography and fluid dynamics, the wind stress is the shear stress exerted by the wind on the surface of large bodies of water – such as
Wind_stress
Method of strengthening materials by changing grain size
the large atomic mismatch between different grains creates a repulsive stress field to oppose continued dislocation motion. As more dislocations propagate
Grain_boundary_strengthening
Type of alloying which improves strength of pure metals
plastic deformation more difficult by impeding dislocation motion through stress fields. In contrast, alloying beyond the solubility limit can form a second
Solid_solution_strengthening
Physiological or psychological condition
Chronic stress is the physiological or psychological response induced by a long-term internal or external stressor. The stressor, either physically present
Chronic_stress
principle that past tectonic stress should have left traces in the rocks. Such relationships have been discovered from field studies for years: qualitative
Paleostress_inversion
to find both a stress field that balances the external forces and a velocity field or flow pattern that corresponds to those stresses. If the upper and
Plastic_limit_theorems
Mental disorder associated with trauma
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD, CPTSD, or cPTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder generally occurring in response to complex traumas:
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder
interact with each other by generating stress fields in the material. The interaction between the stress fields of dislocations can impede dislocation
Strengthening mechanisms of materials
Strengthening_mechanisms_of_materials
Glass object created by dripping molten glass into cold water
tail is cut – a single crack is accelerated in the tensile residual stress field in the center of the tail and bifurcates after it reaches a critical
Prince_Rupert's_drop
Multiple earthquakes with nearly identical waveforms originating from the same location
identical seismic waveforms, as they come from the same rupture zone and stress field, whereas aftershocks, being peripheral to the main rupture, typically
Doublet_earthquake
Tensions related to work
Occupational stress is chronic psychological stress related to one's job. Occupational stress can be managed by understanding what the stressful conditions
Occupational_stress
Component of mechanical stress without shear
hydrostatic stress, also known as isotropic stress or volumetric stress, is a component of stress which contains uniaxial stresses, but not shear stresses. A specialized
Hydrostatic_stress
Aspect of general relativity
{\displaystyle T_{\mu \nu }} is the stress–energy tensor. The Einstein field equations relate the Einstein tensor to the stress–energy tensor, which represents
Solutions of the Einstein field equations
Solutions_of_the_Einstein_field_equations
Representation of mechanical stress at every point within a deformed 3D object
the Cauchy stress tensor (symbol σ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}} , named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy), also called true stress tensor or simply
Cauchy_stress_tensor
used in geology (specifically in the fields of structural geology and tectonics) to indicate mechanical stress that has affected rock formations in the
Paleostress
Equations describing elastic stresses
hole of radius a with stress σ, the resulting stress field is (the angle is with respect to the direction of application of the stress): σ r r = σ 2 ( 1 −
Kirsch_equations
Ethiopian American geneticist
tolerance in sorghum using desiccants to simulate post-anthesis drought stress. Field Crops Research. 198(2016): 312-321. Gobena, D., M. Shimels, P. Rich
Gebisa_Ejeta
Non-reversible deformation of a solid material in response to applied forces
the work hardening rate becomes high as considerable stress is required to overcome the stress field interactions of dislocations migrating on non-parallel
Plasticity_(physics)
Inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action of heat
the stress fields around the particles lead to nucleation and extension of microcracks, which can also improve toughness of the material. These stress fields
Ceramic
Linear crystallographic defect or irregularity
The movement of dislocations allows atoms to slide over each other at low stress levels and is known as glide or slip. The crystalline order is restored
Dislocation
Psychological theory
The diathesis–stress model, also known as the vulnerability–stress model, is a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder, or its trajectory
Diathesis–stress_model
traumatic stress. Each year, the society recognizes the achievements of its members and others dedicated to the field of traumatic stress studies, including
International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies
International_Society_for_Traumatic_Stress_Studies
Geological process relating to earthquakes
allows for the calculation of Coulomb stress changes on a fault plane to be independent of the regional stress field but instead depends on the fault geometry
Coulomb_stress_transfer
Fault caused by stretching of the Earth's crust
fault. Extensional faults are generally planar. If the stress field is oriented with the maximum stress perpendicular to the Earth's surface, extensional faults
Extensional_fault
Study of the physical processes that underlie tectonic deformation
deformation. This includes measurement or calculation of the stress- and strain fields on Earth’s surface and the rheologies of the crust, mantle, lithosphere
Tectonophysics
2008 earthquake epicentred in Market Rasen, Lincolnshire
earthquake is compatible with a local NW–SE stress field; a product of the E–W and N–S regional stress fields. Only a minority of earthquakes in the UK
2008_Market_Rasen_earthquake
Geologic region of Iberia and north Africa
Fernández-Ibañez, F.; Soto, J.I.; Zoback, M.D.; Morales, J. (2007). "Present-day stress field in the Gibraltar Arc (western Mediterranean)". Journal of Geophysical
Gibraltar_Arc
Biaxial strength testing method
the opposite face using a fourth ball. This setup produces a biaxial stress field that more closely simulates real-world multiaxial loading conditions
Ball-on-three-balls_test
Property of solid materials under mechanical stress
subject to persistent mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength
Creep_(deformation)
Electric charge generated in certain solids due to mechanical stress
such as bone, DNA, and various proteins—in response to applied mechanical stress. The piezoelectric effect results from the linear electromechanical interaction
Piezoelectricity
Stress characteristics of materials
the crystal lattice, creating internal stress fields. These fields, in turn, interact with the applied stress, leading to a phenomenon known as work hardening
Bauschinger_effect
Electromagnetic stress
electromagnetism, the Maxwell stress tensor (named after James Clerk Maxwell) is the stress tensor of an electromagnetic field. In tensor index notation it
Maxwell_stress_tensor
across the slip plane of the dislocation. An edge dislocation produces a stress field which is compressive above the slip plane and tensile below. In Al-Mg
Dynamic_strain_aging
Study of propagation of cracks in materials
characterize the material's resistance to fracture. Theoretically, the stress ahead of a sharp crack tip becomes infinite and cannot be used to describe
Fracture_mechanics
Component of shear stress necessary to initiate slip in a crystal
resolved shear stress (CRSS) is the shear stress that is necessary to initiate slip on a particular slip system in a grain. Resolved shear stress (RSS) is the
Critical resolved shear stress
Critical_resolved_shear_stress
Soviet engineer and mathematician
the stress field around the crack tip and by parameters that describe the resistance of the material to crack growth. Thus, the analysis of stress near
Gury_Kolosov
Concept in fracture mechanics
calculating the stress field resulting from the loading, calculating the strain energy in the material resulting from the stress field, calculating the
Energy release rate (fracture mechanics)
Energy_release_rate_(fracture_mechanics)
Behavioral disorder due to war trauma
Combat stress reaction (CSR) or combat neurosis is acute behavioral disorganization as a direct result of the trauma of war. Also known as "combat fatigue"
Combat_stress_reaction
Equations describing elastic deformation
second-rank tensor field that is at least twice differentiable, and is known as the Beltrami stress tensor. Its components are known as Beltrami stress functions
Stress_functions
Study of the flow of matter, primarily in a fluid state
characterization of flow or deformation originating from a simple shear stress field is called shear rheometry (or shear rheology). The study of extensional
Rheology
Beneficial stress
The term eustress means "beneficial stress"—either psychological, physical (e.g., exercise), or biochemical/radiological (hormesis). The word was introduced
Eustress
Seafloor barrier restricting water movement between basins
the late Miocene and early Pliocene, a north–south-dominated tectonic stress field created pull-apart basins under a transtensional regime, thereby forming
Aquatic_sill
analysis states that, if there exists a statically admissible stress field — that is, a stress field satisfying the equilibrium equations in strong form, namely
Limit_analysis
Locations in a crystalline material where lattice slippage is halted
brought together, the dislocation is pushed away from the already present stress field. The introduction of atom1 into a crystal of atom2 creates a pinning
Pinning_points
Rise of land masses after glacial period
global sea levels, horizontal crustal motion, gravity field, Earth's rotation, crustal stress, and earthquakes. Studies of glacial rebound give us information
Post-glacial_rebound
Features of the moon of Jupiter
stress is equal to E/(1-V)× ΔR/R. This stress is more than enough to cause faulting on Io. Thermal stress: thermal stress is another possible stress source
Mountains_of_Io
Field of study
anxiety and stress–related disorders is the field studying the relationship between epigenetic modifications of genes and anxiety and stress-related disorders
Epigenetics of anxiety and stress–related disorders
Epigenetics_of_anxiety_and_stress–related_disorders
deformation is more influenced by local distortion rather than the global stress field observed in elastic strain. However, 2D materials have a greater range
Strain_engineering
Algebraic object with geometric applications
the stress within an object may vary from one location to another. A family of tensors, that vary across space in this way, is a tensor field. In some
Tensor
Long, narrow crack opening on a planetary surface
different rates of speed. The force builds until their associated shear stress is sufficient to break the ice along the faces. The breakage often forms
Fissure
American physiologist
theoretician in the field of stress research, where he was one of the field's most prominent voices speaking out against the reigning model of stress promoted by
John_Wayne_Mason
Calculation of strain energy release rate
Rosengren subsequently showed that J characterizes the singular stress and strain fields at the tip of a crack in nonlinear (power law hardening) elastic-plastic
J-integral
Volcano in Iceland
Einarsson 2021, Fig. 1., 6.1. Local stress field of the Hofsjökull central volcano vs. the regional stress field. Hjartardóttir & Einarsson 2021, Fig
Hofsjökull_volcanic_system
subjected to an initial static stress field. This is a non-linear effect of the constitutive relation between mechanical stress and finite strain in a material
Acoustoelastic_effect
Form of shear stress
Shear velocity, also called friction velocity, is a form by which a shear stress may be re-written in units of velocity. It is useful as a method in fluid
Shear_velocity
Active seismic zone in South Carolina
far-field plate boundary interactions and movement associated with the North American plate. The North American plate is constantly under stress from
Charleston_seismic_zone
Apparatus used for high pressure and high temperature deformation experiments
advancing just one anvil pair, a deviatoric stress is created thus altering the previously cubic stress field to one that is tetragonal. The induced flow
D-DIA
Volcanic hotspot in the Pacific Ocean
reorganisations of plate boundaries and consequent changes in the lithospheric stress field. Arago hotspot Rarotonga hotspot Neall, V.E.; Trewick, S.A. (2008). "The
Marquesas_hotspot
ancient zones of weakness that are being reactivated in the present-day stress field. In this model, pre-existing faults that were formed during ancient geological
Seismicity of the New York City area
Seismicity_of_the_New_York_City_area
rifting which eventually caused the formation of the basin. The tensile stress field was in the NE-SW direction. Many normal faults developed during this
Taixinan_Basin
Ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material
with local stress fields. Dislocations allow shear at lower stress than that needed for a perfect crystal structure. The local stress fields result in
Crystal_structure
Prenatal stress, also known as prenatal maternal stress, occurs when an expectant mother is exposed to psychosocial or physical stress. This can be brought
Prenatal_stress
Repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks
sense and may violate the rule of being perpendicular to the regional stress field, due to local influences. This is a megascopic version of what may occur
Foliation_(geology)
Category of mental disorders
Stress-related disorders constitute a category of mental disorders. They are maladaptive, biological and psychological responses to short- or long-term
Stress-related_disorders
Stress on organisms caused by nonliving factors
Abiotic stress is the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment. The non-living variable must influence the
Abiotic_stress
American endocrinologist (born 1957)
Sapolsky's research has focused on neuroendocrinology, particularly relating to stress. He is also a research associate with the National Museums of Kenya. Sapolsky
Robert_Sapolsky
Yielding mechanism in polymers
Crazes typically initiate when applied tensile stress causes microvoids to nucleate at points of high stress concentration within the polymer, such as those
Crazing
Sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock
leads to changes in the stress field and tensile strength of the fractured rock and causes a drop in stress magnitude. If a stress increases again, a new
Vein_(geology)
Concrete with rebar
achieved by means of bond (anchorage) and is idealized as a continuous stress field that develops in the vicinity of the steel-concrete interface. The reasons
Reinforced_concrete
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