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Feminist theory
Self-objectification is viewing oneself as an object for use instead of as a person. Self-objectification is a result of objectification, and is commonly
Self-objectification
Treating a person primarily as a sexual object
Sexual objectification is the act of treating a person solely as an object of sexual desire (a sex object). Objectification more broadly means treating
Sexual_objectification
Treating persons as objects
desire, is a subset of objectification, as is self-objectification, the objectification of one's self. In Marxism, the objectification of social relationships
Objectification
American psychology professor
Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating and math performance. Journal of Personality and
Barbara_Fredrickson
Compulsive inspection of one's body measurements
and BID, it focuses on reducing negative self-evaluation, body checking behaviour and self-objectification. Acceptance and commitment therapy. Pilot
Body_checking
Social media platform owned by Meta
2019). "Picture Perfect: The Relationship between Selfie Behaviors, Self-Objectification, and Depressive Symptoms". Sex Roles. 81 (11): 704–712. doi:10
Awareness and perception of others
objectifying gaze. Objectification theory and the objectifying gaze also enables a state or trait of self objectification. Self objectification occurs when one
Gaze
Approach that counters Freud's view
sexual objectification experiences, self-objectification, and body shame. Several studies have also highlighted how heightened self-objectification can impact
Feminine_psychology
Concept in feminist theory
that the male gaze can negatively affect the self-esteem of a woman and induce feelings of self-objectification that consequently lead to increased occurrences
Male_gaze
Use of sex appeal in advertising
criticized for reinforcing gender stereotypes, contributing to the sexual objectification of women and men, and its potential psychological and social effects
Sex_in_advertising
Homosexual woman or girl
Ramsey, Laura R.; Hurt, Molly M. (2008). "Predictors and Effects of Self-Objectification in Lesbians". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 32 (2): 181–187. doi:10
Lesbian
these attributes. Fetishization can take the form of sexualization and objectification. It can manifest in several ways such as stereotypes, asking intrusive
Fetishization_of_LGBTQ_people
Internet meme and youth slang
is often seen as a form of internalized misogyny, often involving self-objectification. This behavior is likely rooted in competition between women and
Pickme_girl
Prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender
through self-objectification as it was found in comparable studies of women. The authors conclude that the current measures of objectification were designed
Sexism
English musician (born 1986)
relationships, self-criticism, sex, mental health, misogyny, objectification, female empowerment and feminism. Her lyrics are unusual in that they are self-critical
Self_Esteem_(musician)
Behavioral effect in virtual worlds
sexualized aspects of their avatar's appearance, which led to greater self-objectification. Support for this conclusion comes from a similar study in which
Proteus_effect
Overview of and topical guide to self
Self-righteousness Self-serving Self-victimization Selfism Sexual self-objectification Stress Suicide Personal life 1. Infancy 2. Childhood 3. Adolescence
Outline_of_self
Gender-based prejudice or discrimination related to video games
and increased body-related thinking which can lead to increased self-objectification. When players immerse themselves into the games they are playing
Sexism_and_video_games
Suffix used for aesthetics
organic food; 'coquette' aesthetics emphasise submissive charm and self-objectification in a hyper-feminine manner, revealing but chaste." The popularity
-core
Socially constructed norms
researchers suggest Instagram usage was positively correlated with women's self-objectification. This same study also considered the effect of Instagram on the internalization
Feminine_beauty_ideal
Movement advocating accepting oneself and one's body
relationship between appearance-contingent self-worth and self-esteem: The roles of self-objectification and appearance anxiety". Body Image. 23: 176–182
Body_positivity
Romanian philosopher, aphorist and essayist (1911–1995)
his way to his own destruction through self-objectification, impeccable production and reproduction, excess of self-analysis and transparency, and artificial
Emil_Cioran
Television series
directed. She commented that a theme of the series is "self-empowerment versus self-objectification". First reported by Vocativ, at least four of the sex
Hot_Girls_Wanted:_Turned_On
Fricker, Jessica; Pasek, Leigh (April 2007). "Indecent Exposure: Self-objectification and Young Women's Attitudes Toward Breastfeeding". Sex Roles. 56
Breastfeeding_in_public
Substances applied to the body to change appearance or fragrance
"Behind the makeup: The effects of cosmetics on women's self‐objectification, and their objectification by others". European Journal of Social Psychology.
Cosmetics
To make something sexual in character
nature of a behavior or person. Sexualization is linked to sexual objectification, treating a person solely as an object of sexual desire. According
Sexualization
Objections to media portrayal of women
and Saris–Baglama, self-objectification of women can lead to depression, noting that "the relationship between self-objectification and depression can
Exploitation of women in mass media
Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media
Swedish pornographic film director
has argued that no sexual acts, including temporary and consensual self-objectification, BDSM, risk-aware violence, or extreme fantasy, should be labeled
Erika_Lust
Impacts of social media
higher amounts of self-objectification behaviors on social media also experienced higher levels of body shame. Self-objectification behaviors result from
Social_media_and_identity
Branch of social psychology
identity in ways they usually cannot. This process, known as collective self-objectification, creates a strong sense of emotional positivity and fulfilment within
Crowd_psychology
Controversy in hip-hop
videos, or other components of rap music that endorse or legitimize the objectification, exploitation, or victimization of women. It includes innuendos, stereotyping
Misogyny_in_rap_music
Book by Ariel Levy
that permeates a raunch culture, leading them to participate in self-objectification quite willingly, falsely believing that it is a form of female empowerment
Female_Chauvinist_Pigs
Mental illness characterized by abnormal eating habits
looked at, it is called objectification, and women are affected most by this phenomenon. Objectification increases self-objectification, where women judge
Eating_disorder
Italian noblewoman (died 1283–1286)
was born; Francesca's self-association with the land implies a voluntary detachment from her personhood and a self-objectification.[citation needed] Francesca's
Francesca_da_Rimini
Altered perception of one's body image
Fear is associated with thoughts of getting fat. Congruent with the self-objectification theory, people with body image disturbance frequently experience
Body_image_disturbance
2019 studio album by Shirin David
material often delves on empowerment, hedonism, materialism and self-objectification. Upon release, Supersize received lukewarm reviews from music critics
Supersize_(album)
R. (2008). "Examining Objectification Theory: Lesbian and Heterosexual Women's Experiences with Sexual- and Self-Objectification". The Counseling Psychologist
Gendered_sexuality
dissatisfaction, especially in young girls. Regardless of gender, self-objectification when viewing ideal body images in media may lead to negative feelings
Gender_in_advertising
Harassment occurring in a public setting
Women who self-blame are likely to experience distressing symptoms in the form of body shame, body surveillance, and self-objectification. Not only does
Street_harassment
Concept in Karl Marx's theory of alienation
realness as self-discovery, manifestation of his nature, objectification and realization". Self-estrangement is when a person feels alienated from others
Self-estrangement
Psychological disorder
Her transformation could also be interpreted as a symbol for her self-objectification due to her idolization of her appearance and willing submission to
Boanthropy
Relationship between mass media and gender
sexualized video game characters and character personalization on women's self-objectification and body satisfaction". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
Media_and_gender
which adolescents are unclear about their sexual beliefs and values. Self-objectification and the internationalization of appearance ideals, greater body surveillance
Pornography consumption by adolescents
Pornography_consumption_by_adolescents
Concept in Catholic theology
"methodological attempt to step away from themselves through a process of self-objectification," and was popular in France following the Algerian War. Edgar Morin's
Examination_of_conscience
Memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life
1999). "Gender Differences in Memory Perspectives: Evidence for Self-Objectification in Women". Sex Roles. 41 (5/6): 459–467. doi:10.1023/A:1018831001880
Autobiographical_memory
in Video Games on Gender Stereotyping, Body Esteem, Self-Objectification, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy (Thesis). Downs, Edward; Smith, Stacy L. (2
Gender representation in video games
Gender_representation_in_video_games
2025 Indian film by Tarun Mansukhani
Retrieved 28 May 2025. "Internet Furious Over 'Objectification' Of Women In Housefull 5; Call Watching Movie 'Self Harm'". Mashable India. 8 June 2025. Retrieved
Housefull_5
Type of communication on physical appearance
to body image dissatisfaction, depression, low self-esteem, bulimia nervosa, and self-objectification. Just as Nichter and Vuckovic witnessed in their
Fat_talk
German philosopher (born 1975)
current research projects concern the art of second nature; self-knowledge and self-objectification; the sociality of the human life-form; the philosophy of
Thomas_Khurana
2012 American short music film by Anthony Mandler
was "peddling a fantasy of tender degradation and commercialized self-objectification as [a] road to freedom from personal demons" stating this 'fantasy'
Ride_(2012_film)
to create higher feelings of self-objectification as much as negative appearance-related comments. Self-objectification in girls at an early age was suggested
Media_and_teen_relationships
Human theory
respect and self-esteem. According to the study done by the Soor Center for Professional Therapy and Assessment, there is less objectification experienced
Skin_gap
Female model who appears in hip-hop videos and performances
Drill" came under particular criticism for its depiction and sexual objectification of women. While some pointed out that the women who appeared in Nelly's
Video_vixen
American stand-up comedian, writer and artist
both the comedy and fine art spheres) often consists of self-parody and self-objectification, and she has exhibited animated 3-D renderings of herself
Casey_Jane_Ellison
1989 work by Charles Taylor
our place in the world and the power of God depended on a rational objectification of the material world and a reflexive mental turn in which an individual
Sources_of_the_Self
American artist (born 1990)
painting and utilizing printmaking. Through her art, Self comments upon the normalization and objectification of the body with a romanticized perspective. The
Tschabalala_Self
Filipino social media personality (born 1993)
(lit. 'Horny When Drunk'); which was also criticised for its alleged objectification of women bordering towards fetishism and pornography. Fowler maintains
Toni_Fowler
Icelandic academic
into and been involved in research on menopause, menarche, women's self-objectification, their quality of life, and home births. The research of Herdís and
Herdís_Sveinsdóttir
American psychologist
Swimsuit Becomes Us All: Ethnicity, Gender, and Vulnerability to Self-Objectification". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 30 (10): 1322–1331
Mikki_Hebl
American philosopher
Columbia University Press, forthcoming. "Beauvoir on the Allure of Self-Objectification," (Re)découvrir l'oeuvre de Simone de Beauvoir: Du Deuxième Sexe
Nancy_Bauer_(philosopher)
American artist (b. 1947)
"the process of self-objectification was paradoxically experienced as positive, for it cleared a space which could be filled by her own self-determined visibility
Martha_Wilson
can also be a result of popular media's use of sexual objectification. Sexual objectification is reducing an individual's existence to that of a sexual
Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape
Concept in cognitive psychology
1999). "Gender Differences in Memory Perspectives: Evidence for Self-Objectification in Women". Sex Roles. 41 (5/6): 459–467. doi:10.1023/A:1018831001880
Sex_differences_in_memory
Music composition by Carl Nielsen
but the word is used more specifically here as an expression of self-objectification. In a major work for the mighty instrument that is called the organ
Commotio_(Nielsen)
Human identity and digital technology
Human Dignity (Article 1 of the Grundgesetz) as a prohibition of human objectification (in German: Objektformel; see for example n°33 of BVerfGE 27, 1 - Mikrozensus)
Digital_self-determination
2010 single by Sugababes
better tracks and noted that it practices "a craven form of extreme self-objectification". Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian noted that while the album was
Wear_My_Kiss
Fetishistic attraction to humanoid robots
or roleplaying is involved it can be thought of as a form of sexual objectification. By its enthusiasts, robot fetishism is more commonly referred to by
Robot_fetishism
Consensual use of humiliation in a sexual context
exhibitionism, in which others are aware of or witness the treatment. Erotic objectification, in which the submissive is used as human furniture. Embarrassment
Erotic_humiliation
Online subculture
hostile sexism, anti-feminism, sexual objectification and dehumanization of women, misogyny, misanthropy, self-pity and self-loathing, racism, a sense of entitlement
Incel
American feminist author (b. 1969)
intent on reclaiming their autonomy from others. What parents saw as self-objectification, daughters told Tanenbaum, was an attempt to assert control over
Leora_Tanenbaum
Behavior or process that undermines individuality of and in others
human. It can also portray others as less human, such as through the objectification of women or the demonization of migrants. Both forms are understood
Dehumanization
Group of bogus academic papers (2018)
identity) (2018). "An Ethnography of Breastaurant Masculinity: Themes of Objectification, Sexual Conquest, Male Control, and Masculine Toughness in a Sexually
Grievance_studies_affair
Australian cultural theorist (born 1965)
by) others," and used it as a basis for an extended discussion of self-objectification. Jones has also explored popular understandings of vaginas and vulvas
Meredith_Jones_(author)
Social psychology concept
information one has about the product, the less distant it is. Construals Objectification Dehumanization Not In My Backyard Trope, Yaacov; Liberman, Nira (2010)
Construal_level_theory
Concept within Tibetan Buddhism
commitment to the purity of all phenomena by criticizing the Madhyamaka objectification of the authentic relative truth." Norbu (2002), p. 56. van Schaik (2004)
Rigpa
explored in feminist theory include discrimination, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression, patriarchy, stereotyping, art history
Feminist_theory
American abolitionist, suffragist
being a white woman. Additionally, this poem makes mention of the self-objectification of white women's "fairness" as synonymous with their social value
Sarah_Louisa_Forten_Purvis
Non-normative sexual behavior
a range of sexual and sexualistic practices from playful to sexual objectification and certain paraphilias. In the 21st century the term "kink," along
Kink_(sexuality)
or thoughts to another person, is dehumanised perception, a type of objectification. Ben Franklin effect, where a person who has performed a favor for
List_of_cognitive_biases
2021 studio album by Self Esteem
aim at the objectification of women on new single 'How Can I Help You'". NME. Retrieved 22 March 2023. Qureshi, Arusa (20 October 2021). "Self Esteem shares
Prioritise_Pleasure
Sex act and pornography genre
characterising its primary purpose as the humiliation, degradation and objectification of women. Lisa Jean Moore and Juliana Weissbein view the use of ejaculation
Bukkake
Medical diagnostic method
(DSC) Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale (ISOS) Sexual Relationship Power Scale Sexual Satisfaction Scale (SSS) Sexual Self-Efficacy Scale-Erectile
Sexual_Compulsivity_Scale
Australian art critic, curator and art historian
only recently - under globalisation- shown signs of a comparable self-objectification leading (possibly) to a dialogic. Daniel Thomas, taking issue with
Mary_Eagle
British analytical philosopher and writer
published academic work on aesthetics, fiction, imagination, sexual objectification, and sexual orientation. Her opposition to transgender rights and gender
Kathleen_Stock
reinforced gender stereotypes and impacted youth’s self-perceptions. For example, the study Sexual Objectification in Music Videos: A Content Analysis Comparing
Sexuality_in_music_videos
Social theory developed by Karl Marx
or objectification) to describe the process of the Spirit (Geist) becoming aware of itself. For Hegel, alienation was identical to objectification, a
Marx's_theory_of_alienation
American documentary series
gender stereotypes, the effects of advertising on women's self-image, and the objectification of women's bodies. The two most recent updates, Killing Us
Killing_Us_Softly
Philosophical system of Giovanni Gentile
alienates itself in an external reality to return to itself. The moment of objectification, of the non-ego, is essential as it constitutes the very thought of
Actual_idealism
Transformers character
" They also criticized the objectification of Megan Fox's body in the films. Hirschberg, Lynn (11 November 2009). "The Self-Manufacture of Megan Fox".
Mikaela_Banes
Sociopolitical concept coined by bell hooks
all-inclusive gendering of woman. This gaze criticizes the doubling effect of objectification by "turning away [as] one way to protest, to reject negation". Judith
Oppositional_gaze
American writer (born 1978)
segment titled "Smart Women on 'Stupid Girls' – Guests discuss the objectification of women". Steffans discussed how she had suffered sexual abuse as
Karrine_Steffans
Discrimination against Black people and culture
strong dislike or dehumanisation of Black men; and the objectification (including sexual objectification) and dehumanisation of Black women. First defined
Anti-Black_racism
Generalized belief about people
with traditional norms of what femininity is; This in turn leads to objectification of their achievements. Although, with causes such as the #MeToo movement
Stereotype
Sexist behaviors by women towards themselves
found connections between sexual objectification as a result of internalized sexism and body shame, sexual objectification, and disordered eating. Internalized
Internalized_sexism
German historian and author
As the editors emphasize in their introduction, their goal was the "objectification of the discussion of National Socialist times.... The intention is
Rainer_Zitelmann
American actress (born 1969)
pregnant, Aniston penned an essay for The Huffington Post condemning the "objectification and scrutiny we put women through". She asserted: "We are complete
Jennifer_Aniston
American author (born 1958)
several papers from 1985 to 1991 including, “The Form of Duality: Objectification as Implicate Time (1985)”, “Some Fundamental Aspects of the Indicational
David_Deida
Objectification, degrading, shaming, or absence of women in athletics
various sporting environments that add, reinforce, or normalize the objectification, degrading, shaming, or absence of women in athletics. Misogyny can
Misogyny_in_sports
Type of censorship
these takedowns have argued that online adult content promotes sexual objectification, particularly of women, and risks harming children, particularly by
Financial_censorship
Practice in which a person's body is used as furniture
forniphilic gag is a type of gag that has the primary purpose of sexual objectification or erotic humiliation.[citation needed] Proper safety requires frequent
Human_furniture
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