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RNA family
RNA-OUT is a non-coding RNA that is antisense to the RNA-IN non-coding RNA. Transposition of insertion sequence IS10 is regulated by an anti-sense RNA
RNA-OUT
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
functions as an RNA regulator through its interaction with MTREX. In particular, it regulates RNA degradation, and the transport of RNA out of the nucleus
NRDE2
Family of large biological molecules
transfer RNA (tRNA), microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA)
RNA
Hypothetical stage in the early evolutionary history of life on Earth
The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution
RNA_world
Biomolecule
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded non-coding RNA molecules, typically
Small_interfering_RNA
RNA component of the ribosome, essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms
acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein
Ribosomal_RNA
RNA that is read by the ribosome to produce a protein
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in
Messenger_RNA
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or RNA replicase is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template. Specifically, it catalyzes
RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from DNA during Transcription
In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that
RNA_polymerase
Subclass of viruses
RNA virus is a virus characterized by a ribonucleic acid (RNA) based genome. The genome can be single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or double-stranded (dsRNA)
RNA_virus
Conversion of a gene's sequence into a mature gene product or products
also some non-coding RNAs (e.g., snRNAs, snoRNAs or long non-coding RNAs). RNA polymerase III transcribes 5S rRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and some small
Gene_expression
Small non-coding ribonucleic acid molecule
the mRNA. miRNAs resemble the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, except miRNAs derive from regions of RNA transcripts
MicroRNA
RNA that facilitates the addition of amino acids to a new protein
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), formerly referred to as soluble ribonucleic acid (sRNA), is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides
Transfer_RNA
Class of ribonucleic acid that is not translated into proteins
RNAs (rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, scaRNAs and the long ncRNAs such as Xist, HOTAIR, and MALAT1
Non-coding_RNA
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
RNA for the purpose of gene expression. Some segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins, called messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transcription_(biology)
Type of RNA found in cells
acid (or circRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA which, unlike linear RNA, forms a covalently closed continuous loop. In circular RNA, the 3' and 5'
Circular_RNA
Reaction that cleaves the RNA molecule
RNA hydrolysis is a reaction in which a phosphodiester bond in the sugar-phosphate backbone of RNA is broken, cleaving the RNA molecule. RNA is susceptible
RNA_hydrolysis
An RNA helicase is an enzyme that unwinds RNA. The unwinding is powered by the helicase's hydrolysis of ATP. RNA helicases are involved holistically in
RNA_helicase
Non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides
ncRNAs from small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs)
Long_non-coding_RNA
mRNA strand out of the nucleus. As RNA Polymerase II is transcribing DNA into RNA, SR proteins attach to newly made pre-mRNA to prevent the pre-mRNA from
SR_protein
Type of virus according to Baltimore classification
template by the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to transcribe a positive-strand RNA functioning as messenger RNA (mRNA) for the host cell's ribosomes
Double-stranded_RNA_viruses
Numerous key discoveries in biology have emerged from studies of RNA (ribonucleic acid), including seminal work in the fields of biochemistry, genetics
History_of_RNA_biology
Explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system
information within a biological system. It is often stated as "DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein", although this is not its original meaning. It was first
Central dogma of molecular biology
Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology
Medications based on ribonucleic acids
interfering RNA (siRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA) to prevent mRNA translation and/or degrade mRNA. Small activating RNA (saRNA) represents a novel class of RNA therapeutics
RNA_therapeutics
Biological process of gene regulation
ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules, microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), are central to components to the RNAi pathway. Once mRNA is degraded,
RNA_interference
Class of RNA molecules
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is a class of small RNA molecules that are found within the splicing speckles and Cajal bodies of the cell nucleus in eukaryotic
Small_nuclear_RNA
DNA sequences with no known biological function
Additionally, non-protein coding regions such as genes for ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA, regulatory sequences, origins of replication, centromeres, telomeres
Junk_DNA
Gene silencing by means of RNA
as microRNAs. RNA silencing may also be defined as sequence-specific regulation of gene expression triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). RNA silencing
RNA_silencing
Process in molecular biology
RNA splicing is a process in molecular biology where a newly-made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript is transformed into a mature messenger
RNA_splicing
Algorithm used in gene expression studies
The RNA integrity number (RIN) is an algorithm for assigning integrity values to RNA measurements. The integrity of RNA is a major concern for gene expression
RNA_integrity_number
Italian biochemist
to study RNA transport and RNA metabolism. Together with Elisa Izaurralde, she helped characterize proteins important for exporting mRNA out of the nucleus
Elena_Conti
Dutch biotechnology company
(CEO) Daniel A. de Boer. It specializes in the development of RNA therapeutics using its RNA editing platform technology called Axiomer. ProQR was founded
ProQR
RNA produced by transcription
ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs. The primary
Primary_transcript
This list of RNA structure prediction software is a compilation of software tools and web portals used for nucleic acid structure prediction. The single
List of RNA structure prediction software
List_of_RNA_structure_prediction_software
RNA family
Transfer-messenger RNA (abbreviated tmRNA, also known as 10Sa RNA and by its genetic name SsrA) is a bacterial RNA molecule with dual tRNA-like and messenger RNA-like
Transfer-messenger_RNA
Multiprotein complex
levels. Using single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragments, such as microRNA (miRNA), or double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA), the complex functions as
RNA-induced_silencing_complex
competing endogenous RNAs (abbreviated ceRNAs) regulate other RNA transcripts by competing for shared microRNAs (miRNAs). Models for ceRNA regulation describe
Competing_endogenous_RNA
Multi-protein complex
that couples mRNA transcription and nuclear export. The TREX complex travels across transcribed genes with RNA polymerase II. TREX binds mRNA and recruits
TREX_complex
One of the two major RNA components of the ribosome
ribosome. The LSU rRNA acts as a ribozyme, catalyzing peptide bond formation. LSU rRNA sequences are widely used for working out evolutionary relationships
LSU_rRNA
Class of small RNA molecules
nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNA molecules in the nucleolus that primarily guide chemical modifications of other RNAs, mainly
Small_nucleolar_RNA
cells, the primary purpose of XPO5 is to export pre-microRNA (also known as pre-miRNA) out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, for further processing
XPO5
Largest class of small non-coding RNA molecules in animals
Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) is the largest class of small non-coding RNA molecules expressed in animal cells. piRNAs form RNA-protein complexes through
Piwi-interacting_RNA
Molecular process
well as stability of RNAs, and has been linked with human diseases. RNA editing has been observed in some tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, or miRNA molecules of eukaryotes
RNA_editing
(Meiosis) William K. Baker c-16m May 1, 1968 Genetics: Functions of DNA and RNA William K. Baker c-13m May 7, 1968 Genetics: Human Heredity William K. Baker
List_of_Coronet_Films_films
Type of RNA molecules
(ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that have the ability to catalyze specific biochemical reactions, including RNA splicing in gene expression
Ribozyme
complex. RNA-OUT August JT, Eoyang L, De Fernandez MT, et al. (1970). "Phage-specific and host proteins in the replication of bacteriophage RNA". Fed. Proc
Hfq_protein
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
encodes a protein (if it is an mRNA) or forms a 'structural' RNA, such as a transfer RNA (tRNA) or ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule. Each region of the DNA
Gene
Class of enzymes
T7 RNA Polymerase is an RNA polymerase from the T7 bacteriophage that catalyzes the formation of RNA from DNA in the 5'→ 3' direction. T7 polymerase is
T7_RNA_polymerase
Kingdom of viruses
(RNA), including genes which encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The RdRp is used to transcribe the viral RNA genome into messenger RNA (mRNA)
Orthornavirae
Enzyme that cleaves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into short dsRNA fragments
double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and pre-microRNA (pre-miRNA) into short double-stranded RNA fragments called small interfering RNA and microRNA, respectively
Dicer
American biochemist
length of RNA, around 150 nucleotides long, associated with protein, that is involved in splicing introns out of newly transcribed RNA (pre-mRNA), a component
Joan_A._Steitz
Cellular process of protein synthesis
produced using RNA molecules as templates. The generated protein is a sequence of amino acids determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA. The nucleotides
Translation_(biology)
Three-stranded nucleic acid structure
mRNA with double-stranded DNA under conditions favoring the formation of a DNA-RNA hybrid; in this case, the intron regions (spliced out of the mRNA)
R-loop
A small conditional RNA (scRNA) is a small RNA molecule or complex (typically less than approximately 100 nt) engineered to interact and change conformation
Small_conditional_RNA
Pathogenic small single-stranded circular RNA
Viroids are small single-stranded, circular RNAs that are infectious pathogens. Unlike viruses, they have no protein coating. A 2023 metatranscriptomics
Viroid
Aspect of genetics
Chimeric RNA, sometimes referred to as a fusion transcript, is composed of exons from two or more different genes that have the potential to encode novel
Chimeric_RNA
Non-coding RNA
2000s, scientists found out the function of 6S RNA to be as a regulator of sigma 70-dependent gene transcription. All bacterial RNA polymerases have a subunit
6S_/_SsrS_RNA
Type of protein
RNA-binding proteins (often abbreviated as RBPs) are proteins that bind to the double or single stranded RNA in cells and participate in forming ribonucleoprotein
RNA-binding_protein
RNA family
U2 spliceosomal snRNAs are a species of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecules found in the major spliceosomal (Sm) machinery of virtually all eukaryotic
U2_spliceosomal_RNA
Specially altered nucleotide on the 5' end of pre-mRNA
some primary transcripts such as precursor messenger RNA. In eukaryotes, the main form is mRNA capping, a highly regulated process that uses 7-methylguanosine
Five-prime_cap
Biochemical changes to RNA
ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA). The most common and well-understood mRNA modification at
Epitranscriptome
used for cataloging microRNAs and their targets. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent an important class of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate gene expression
MicroRNA and microRNA target database
MicroRNA_and_microRNA_target_database
Theory that RNA plays an independent role in determining phenotype
RNA-based evolution is a theory that posits that RNA is not merely an intermediate between the Watson and Crick model of the DNA molecule and proteins
RNA-based_evolution
Species of virus
glues the encapsidated genome RNA, also known as nucleocapsid, with the outer membrane envelope. G protein spikes out of the membrane and acts as a major
Chandipura_virus
Type of non-coding RNA molecule
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) represent a class of relatively long non-coding RNA molecules (50–2000 nucleotides) transcribed from the DNA sequence of enhancer
Enhancer_RNA
RNA family
sbRNA (stem-bulge RNA) is a family of non-coding RNA first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans. It was identified during a full transcriptome screen of
SbRNA
Molecule that carries genetic information
reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids. Alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates
DNA
Process of introducing nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells
transfected cells may translate the RNA into the encoded protein. If the RNA is a regulatory RNA (such as a miRNA), the RNA may cause other changes in the
Transfection
Possible earliest ancestor of the LUCA ancestral cell
organism with a genetic code capable of performing biological translation of RNA molecules to protein formation through peptide synthesis. Its descendants
First universal common ancestor
First_universal_common_ancestor
RNA family
acts as an RNA thermometer, regulating the expression of cspA in response to temperature. By regulating temperature, cspA proteins carry out the vital
CspA_mRNA_5′_UTR
sequence microRNAs, also called miRNAs. miRNA-seq differs from other forms of RNA-seq in that input material is often enriched for small RNAs. miRNA-seq allows
MicroRNA_sequencing
Hypothetical stage of early life
period followed the hypothesized RNA world and ended with the formation of DNA and contemporary proteins. In the RNP world, RNA molecules began to synthesize
RNP_world
Temperature-dependent RNA structure
An RNA thermometer (or RNA thermosensor) is a temperature-sensitive non-coding RNA molecule which regulates gene expression. Its unique characteristic
RNA_thermometer
Gene editing method
engineered strands of RNA to recruit native ADAR enzymes to swap out different compounds in RNA. Developed by researchers at Peking University in 2019, the
LEAPER_gene_editing
2010 browser-based video game
University, that engages users to solve puzzles related to the folding of RNA molecules. The project is supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
EteRNA
Quantitative, genome-wide transcriptomic technique
robust and reliable transcriptome-wide read-outs of gene expression levels comparable to full-length RNA-seq methods. Sample barcoding and the reduced
3'_mRNA-seq
Computational prediction of nucleic acid structure
remains out of reach unless obvious sequence and functional similarity to a known class of nucleic acid molecules, such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or microRNA (miRNA)
Nucleic acid structure prediction
Nucleic_acid_structure_prediction
RNA-Seq is a technique that allows transcriptome studies (see also Transcriptomics technologies) based on next-generation sequencing technologies. This
List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools
List_of_RNA-Seq_bioinformatics_tools
Number of copies of a plasmid in a cell
plasmid-encoded RNA called RNA I. A single promoter initiates replication in ColE1: the RNA II promoter. The RNA II transcript forms a stable RNA-DNA hybrid
Plasmid_copy_number
archaeal DNA is copied into a newly synthesized strand of RNA using the sole Pol II-like RNA polymerase (RNAP). The process occurs in three main steps:
Archaeal_transcription
Small non-coding RNA
GlycoRNAs are small non-coding RNAs with sialylated glycans. Glycans mediate inter- and intramolecular interactions by adding polysaccharide chains onto
GlycoRNA
tracking RNA rose as its roles in complex cellular functions has grown to not only include mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA, but also RNAi, siRNA, snoRNA, and lncRNA, among
Spinach_aptamer
Biological mechanism for routing proteins
molecules into and out of the nucleus. While small molecules can pass through these pores without issue, larger molecules, like RNA and proteins destined
Protein_targeting
Life arising from non-living matter
sugars, amino acids for protein metabolism, and the nucleic acids DNA and RNA for heredity. A theory of abiogenesis must explain the origins and interactions
Abiogenesis
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
virions, consisting of (i) genetic material, i.e., long molecules of DNA or RNA that encode the structure of the proteins by which the virus acts; (ii) a
Virus
Macromolecular complex containing protein and RNA molecules
RNA and protein present in the cell nucleus during gene transcription and subsequent post-transcriptional modification of the newly synthesized RNA (pre-mRNA)
Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particle
Heterogeneous_ribonucleoprotein_particle
Uruguayan biochemist and molecular biologist
intracellular RNA transport and RNA metabolism". Together with Conti, she helped characterize proteins important for exporting mRNA out of the nucleus
Elisa_Izaurralde
Family of viruses
A retrovirus is a virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell.
Retrovirus
Macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins in cells
messenger RNA (mRNA). During translation, the ribosome decodes successive codons in an mRNA molecule and, with the aid of transfer RNA (tRNA), links amino
Ribosome
Very large molecule
are examples of macromolecules. Common macromolecules are biopolymers (RNA and DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates), polyolefins (polyethylene) and polyamides
Macromolecule
Gene editing method
system. By delivering the Cas9 nuclease complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, the cell's genome can be cut at a desired location, allowing
CRISPR_gene_editing
RNA family
an RNA motif that catalyzes reversible cleavage and ligation reactions at a specific site within an RNA molecule. It is one of several catalytic RNAs (ribozymes)
Hammerhead_ribozyme
Association of scientists deciphering the genetic code
The RNA Tie Club was an informal scientific club, meant partly to be humorous, of select scientists who were interested in how proteins were synthesised
RNA_Tie_Club
Molecular machine that removes intron RNA from the primary transcript
spliceosome is assembled from small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and numerous proteins. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecules bind to specific proteins to form
Spliceosome
Microbial protein found in Streptococcus pyogenes M1 GAS
two small RNAs—crRNA and tracrRNA—to form a four-component complex. In 2012, Doudna and Charpentier fused the RNAs into a single-guide RNA, enabling Cas9
Cas9
Human retrovirus, cause of AIDS
as single-stranded, positive-sense, enveloped RNA viruses. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral RNA genome is converted (reverse transcribed) into
HIV
RNA family
U12 minor spliceosomal RNA is formed from U12 small nuclear (snRNA), together with U4atac/U6atac, U5, and U11 snRNAs and associated proteins, forms a
U12_minor_spliceosomal_RNA
Mammalian protein found in humans
double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase enzyme family are encoded by the ADAR family genes. ADAR stands for adenosine deaminase acting on RNA. This article
ADAR
Part of a messenger RNA molecule
messenger RNA molecule that binds a small molecule, resulting in a change in production of the proteins encoded by the mRNA. Thus, an mRNA that contains
Riboswitch
Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins
order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The
Genetic_code
RNA OUT
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RNA OUT