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Ancestor of the Polynesian languages
Proto-Polynesian (abbreviated PPn) is the reconstructed proto-language from which all modern Polynesian languages descend. It is a descendant of the Proto-Oceanic
Proto-Polynesian_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is by far the largest branch (by current speakers)
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages
reconstructions have also been made, and include Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian. In the last three decades, linguists Malcolm
Proto-Austronesian_language
Language family
rise to Proto-Polynesian, the linguistic ancestor of all modern Polynesian languages. After that period of shared development, the Proto-Polynesian society
Polynesian_languages
Reconstructed ancestor of the Oceanic languages
bind up the canoe.' Proto-Polynesian language Proto-Austronesian language Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language Proto-Philippine language Pawley, Andrew (2007)
Proto-Oceanic_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Philippine languages
in Proto-Philippine from the Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Proto-Austronesian language Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language Proto-Oceanic language Proto-Polynesian
Proto-Philippine_language
Major subgroup of the Austronesian language family
Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are
Malayo-Polynesian_languages
Proto-Arandic Proto-Thura-Yura Proto-Trans–New Guinea (list) Proto-Austronesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Proto-Malayic Proto-Philippine Proto-Oceanic Proto-Central
List_of_proto-languages
Proposed subgroup of the Austronesian language family
Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (CEMP) languages form a proposed branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages consisting of over 700 languages (Blust 1993). The
Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages
Central–Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages
Indigenous religion
outliers. Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as Proto-Polynesian – probably spoken in the Tonga and Samoa area around 1000
Polynesian_mythology
Reconstructed ancestor of the Malayic languages
Proto-Malayic is a reconstructed proto-language of the Malayic languages, which are nowadays widespread throughout Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei in Maritime
Proto-Malayic_language
Paraphyletic grouping of Austronesian languages
Western Malayo-Polynesian (WMP) languages, also known as the Hesperonesian languages, are a paraphyletic grouping of Austronesian languages that includes
Western Malayo-Polynesian languages
Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages
Language branch
Nuclear Polynesian includes those languages comprising the Samoic and the Eastern Polynesian branches of the Polynesian group of Austronesian languages. The
Nuclear_Polynesian_languages
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
(2003a:125) lists the following sound changes for Proto-Celebic and its subgroups. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Celebic *C1C2 > *C2 (C1 not nasal) *h > Ø
Celebic_languages
Ancestor of the Uralic languages
Proto-Uralic is the unattested reconstructed language ancestral to the modern Uralic language family. The reconstructed language is thought to have been
Proto-Uralic_language
Core area of Polynesia
Polynesian languages, which are classified by linguists as part of the Oceanic subgroup of Malayo-Polynesian. They ultimately derive from the proto-Austronesian
Polynesian_Triangle
Reconstructed ancestor of the Micronesian languages
Palauan, Yapese, and the two Polynesian languages of Nukuoro and Kapingamarangi, which are only distantly related to Proto-Micronesian. With regards to
Proto-Micronesian_language
be driven out through strong medicines. In the reconstructed Proto-Polynesian language, the word "*qaitu" refers to a ghost, the spirit of a dead person
Ghosts_in_Polynesian_culture
Reconstructed ancestor of the Central Pacific languages
dialects) and an eastern dialect (ancestral to eastern Fijian dialects and Proto-Polynesian). Later, the dialects that remained in Fiji converged back, eventually
Proto–Central Pacific language
Proto–Central_Pacific_language
Polynesian language spoken in Easter Island
Proto–Eastern Polynesian. Due to extensive borrowing from Tahitian there now often exist two forms for what was the same word in the early language.
Rapa_Nui_language
Overview of Southeast Asian languages
O languages". Proto-Austronesian [1] [2] Proto-Malayo-Polynesian [3] [4] Proto-Visayan language [5] Proto-Malayic language [6] Proto-Chamic language [7]
Classification of Southeast Asian languages
Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages
Phonology of the Maori language
retains the Proto-Polynesian syllable structure: (C)V(V(V)), with no closed syllables. The stress pattern differs from other Polynesian languages. The sound
Māori_phonology
Polynesian traditional concept denoting something holy or sacred
Tongan cultures, in most cases using a recognisably similar word (from Proto-Polynesian *tapu). In Hawaii, a similar concept is known as kapu; /t/ and /k/
Tapu_(Polynesian_culture)
Language family
several are endangered with extinction. The proto-language, Proto-Nunusaku, merged Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *z/*d as *d, and *l/*R/*j as *l. Kayeli Patakai–Manusela
Nunusaku_languages
Proposed language family
numerals 5–10, shared by Tai-Kadai, Malayo-Polynesian and three southeastern Formosan languages, are post-proto-Austronesian innovations. Part of the problem
Austro-Tai_languages
Subregion of Oceania
(1998). "Was Proto Oceanic Society matrilineal?". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 107 (4): 365–379. JSTOR 20706828. Marck, J. (2008). "Proto Oceanic Society
Polynesia
Polynesian language
very similar to the Proto-Polynesian language, so many words that are present in Polynesian languages are also in the Sikaiana language. For example, hale
Sikaiana_language
Large language family mostly of Southeast Asia and the Pacific
Malayo-Polynesian The Malayo-Polynesian languages are—among other things—characterized by certain sound changes, such as the mergers of Proto-Austronesian
Austronesian_languages
Austroasiatic language
many of the genetically unrelated languages of Southeast Asia; for example, Tsat (a member of the Malayo-Polynesian group within Austronesian) and Vietnamese
Vietnamese_language
Branch of the Oceanic languages
The Central Pacific languages, also known as Fijian–Polynesian languages, are a branch of the Oceanic languages spoken in Fiji and Polynesia. Ross et
Central_Pacific_languages
Austroneasian language branch
Acehnese-Chamic-Malayic languages display a Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *q > *h sound change, Moklenic languages instead display a Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *q > *k sound
Moklenic_languages
Sound change towards glottal articulation
*bəŋaR → bangngaka "molar". Many Polynesian languages lost the original glottal stop *ʔ of their ancestor Proto-Polynesian but later debuccalized other consonants
Debuccalization
Reconstructed ancestor of the Torres–Banks languages
Proto-Torres–Banks (PTB) is the reconstructed ancestor of the seventeen languages of the Torres and Banks Islands of Vanuatu. Like all indigenous languages
Proto-Torres–Banks_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Temotu languages
Proto-Temotu (abbreviated as PTm) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Temotu languages of Temotu Province, Solomon Islands. It belongs to the Oceanic
Proto-Temotu_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Hmong–Mien languages
Proto-Hmong–Mien (PHM), also known as Proto-Miao–Yao (PMY; Chinese: 原始苗瑶语), is the reconstructed ancestor of the Hmong–Mien languages. Lower-level reconstructions
Proto-Hmong–Mien_language
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
China. The Chamic languages are a subgroup of Malayo-Polynesian languages in the Austronesian family. The ancestor of this subfamily, proto-Chamic, is associated
Chamic_languages
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
Northern Luzon languages: Loss of final *ʔ (< *q) Metathesis of *s and *t, e.g. Proto-Northern Luzon *saŋit < Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taŋis 'weep', *Rasut
Northern_Luzon_languages
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
phonological changes that occurred in Rote–Meto reflexes of Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian reconstructions. In spite of being located at the opposite
Rote–Meto_languages
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
language of West New Britain, which has a Proto-Malayo-Polynesian vocabulary retention rate of only 5%, and languages of the Loyalty Islands that are spoken
Oceanic_languages
Hawaiian word for love, affection, peace, compassion, and mercy
borrowed from the Hawaiian aloha to the English language. The Hawaiian word has evolved from the Proto-Polynesian greeting *qarofa, which also meant "love,
Aloha
Multihull terms originating in the South Pacific
"canoe" in most Polynesian languages. It comes from Proto-Austronesian *abaŋ, meaning "ship" or "canoe". Cognates in other Austronesian languages include Ivatan
Polynesian multihull terminology
Polynesian_multihull_terminology
Oceanic language family branch
could be found for such a group of languages. Southeast Solomonic Southern Oceanic linkage (non-Polynesian languages of Vanuatu and New Caledonia) Micronesian
Central–Eastern Oceanic languages
Central–Eastern_Oceanic_languages
Speakers of Austronesian languages
Taiwan and mainland China. Both are based on proto-forms for the word "person" in Malayo-Polynesian languages that referred to darker-skinned and lighter-skinned
Austronesian_peoples
Oceanic language spoken in French Polynesia
reo magareva, [te re.o ma.ŋa.re.va]; in French mangarévien) is a Polynesian language spoken by about 600 people in the Gambier Islands of French Polynesia
Mangareva_language
Polynesian language
Most Polynesian languages have lost the original proto-Polynesian glottal stop /ʔ/; however, it has been retained in Tongan and a few other languages including
Tongan_language
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
evolved from either Proto-Malayo-Polynesian or Proto-Philippine. The phonetic values of the consonants above are the ones assumed for Proto-Austronesian except
Central_Luzon_languages
Indo-European languages, based on the assumption that parts of the Proto-Indo-Europeans' original belief systems survived in the daughter traditions. The Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-European_mythology
Languages of the Solomon Islands
It is defined by the merger of Proto-Oceanic *l and *R. The fact that there is little diversity amongst these languages, compared to groups of similar
Southeast_Solomonic_languages
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
The Malayic languages are a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The most prominent member is Malay, a pluricentric
Malayic_languages
Subgroup of Austronesian languages spoken in Indonesia
Batak languages: Proto-Batak *apuy > Simalungun apuy; all other languages api 'fire' Proto-Batak *matey > Simalungun matei; all other languages mate 'dead'
Batak_languages
Language considered as derived from another (parent)
is a daughter language of Proto-Philippine, which is a daughter language of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, which is a daughter language of Proto-Austronesian
Daughter_language
Ancient expansion of agriculture
pandanus in Austronesian languages is derived from Proto-Austronesian *paŋudaN, which became Proto-Oceanic *padran and Proto-Polynesian *fara, the latter two
Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages (also Barrier Islands–Batak languages or Sumatran languages) are a group of Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken by the Batak
Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages
Northwest_Sumatra–Barrier_Islands_languages
Proposed branch of the Austronesian language family
Philippine group is proposed to have originated from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and ultimately from Proto-Austronesian. There have been several proposals as
Philippine_languages
Species of tree
reconstructed as *lapuka in the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language, the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages. Semecarpus forstenii - Plants
Semecarpus_forstenii
Proposed subgroup of Austronesian languages
2005). If valid, it would be the largest demonstrated family of Malayo-Polynesian outside Oceanic. The Malayo-Sumbawan subgroup is however not universally
Malayo-Sumbawan_languages
Subgroup of the Huon Gulf languages
Wampur Proto-Markham was reconstructed by Susanne Holzknecht in 1989 in her paper The Markham Languages of Papua New Guinea. It descends from Proto-Huon
Markham_languages
Branch of the Austronesian language family
The Yapen languages are the branch of Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken on Yapen Island and the nearby small islands in Cenderawasih Bay, all in Papua
Yapen languages (Austronesian)
Yapen_languages_(Austronesian)
Culture of the Indigenous people of the Polynesian islands
peoples of Polynesia who share common traits in language, customs and society. The development of Polynesian culture is typically divided into four different
Culture_of_Polynesia
Austronesian language spoken in North Maluku, Indonesia
Taliabo (Taliabu) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the island of the same name in the Moluccas of Indonesia. Dialects are: Kadai Padang (Samala)
Taliabo_language
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
Proto-South Sulawesi (PSS) has been reconstructed by Mills (1975a, 1975b). The Proto-South-Sulawesi vowel *ɨ is a reflex of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP)
South_Sulawesi_languages
Austronesian language of Palau
tekoi er a Belau) is a Malayo-Polynesian language native to the Republic of Palau, where it is one of the two official languages, alongside English. It is
Palauan_language
Proposed subgroup of Austronesian languages
Greater North Borneo. One of these innovations is *tuzuq replacing Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pitu for 'seven'. The following subgroups are included: Greater
Greater North Borneo languages
Greater_North_Borneo_languages
Malay and Indonesian word for spirit or ghost
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qanitu and Proto-Austronesian *qaNiCu. Cognates in other Austronesian languages include the Micronesian aniti, Lio language nitu
Hantu_(supernatural_creature)
Buginese. Here is a list of sound changes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian into various Tamanic languages. Phonemic mergers: *D merges into d. *j merges into
Tamanic_languages
Scientific technique used in historical linguistics
(1785–1863). The first linguist to offer reconstructed forms from a proto-language was August Schleicher (1821–1868) in his Compendium der vergleichenden
Comparative_method
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages. Blench concludes that Batanic languages have been splitting from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian for a long time and
Batanic_languages
Polynesian language
other Polynesian vowels as there are /i e a o u/ long and short. More than half of the words used in the language hail from Proto Polynesian language. Stressed
Mele-Fila_language
of Sulawesi, 114 native languages are spoken, all of which belong to the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. With a total number
Languages_of_Sulawesi
Malayic language spoken in Southeast Asia
is usually considered a Malayic language, it contains a significant amount of words derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian that do not follow Malayic sound
Duanoʼ_language
American linguist (1913–2008)
such as "The Malayo-Polynesian word for 'two'" (1947), "The Tagalog reflexes of Malayo-Polynesian D" (1947), "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *Z" (1951), and "Dempwolff's
Isidore_Dyen
Reconstructed ancestor of the Admiralty Islands languages
two St. Matthias languages (Mussau and Tenis). Proto–Admiralty Islands separated into two languages: Proto–Eastern Admiralty and Proto–Western Admiralty
Proto–Admiralty Islands language
Proto–Admiralty_Islands_language
Group of related languages
Malayo-Polynesian, respectively), a Proto-Central Malayo-Polynesian language reconstruction, distinct from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian does not seem feasible
Linkage_(linguistics)
Polynesian language spoken in Tuvalu
Tuuvalu) is a Polynesian language of the Ellicean group native to Tuvalu. It is more or less distantly related to all other Polynesian languages, such as Hawaiian
Tuvaluan_language
Hypothetical parent family of the Austroasiatic and Austronesian languages
Southeast Asian languages, see also Barlow 2022). prefix *pa- 'causative' (Proto-Austroasiatic, Proto-Austronesian) infix *-um- 'agentive' (Proto-Austroasiatic
Austric_languages
Adding sounds to the end of a word
fins Proto-Oceanic *saqat "bad" → *saqati → Tamambo sati Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bayaD "pay" → Proto-South Sulawesi *bayar → Makassarese báyaraʔ Proto-Austronesian
Paragoge
Logic
(1902) The Polynesian Wanderings, Tracks of the Migration Deduced from an Examination of the Proto-Samoan Content of Efaté and other Languages of Melanesia
William Churchill (ethnologist)
William_Churchill_(ethnologist)
1846 book by Herman Melville
Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life is American writer Herman Melville's first book, published in 1846, when Melville was 26 years old. Considered a classic
Typee
Language
Merap) as a Kayan–Murik (Modang-Bahau) language. Merap phonology has departed significantly from Proto-Malayo Polynesian. Merap stress is word-final, and word
Merap_language
expansion of Koreanic languages started, there is room for interpretation on the proto-historical and historical extent of the Japonic language presence in the
Classification of the Japonic languages
Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages
Language family of the Philippines
The Bisayan languages or Visayan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippines. They are most closely related to Tagalog
Bisayan_languages
Central Philippine language
Binukidnon is a Bisayan language that has some uncommon phonological features, including the preservation of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-h in coda positions
Magahat_language
Austronesian languages of Taiwan
while the one remaining principal branch, Malayo-Polynesian, contains nearly 1,200 Austronesian languages found outside Taiwan. Although some other linguists
Formosan_languages
Austronesian language spoken in Maluku, Indonesia
is an Austronesian language of the Maluku Islands, Indonesia. It is closely related to Geser. It reflects Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *q as k, such as lalak
Watubela_language
Austronesian cultural concept
various languages of Melanesia, see below) – meaning 'land', 'home', or 'village' – occurs in several Austronesian languages. It derives from the Proto-Austronesian
Vanua
Polynesian language spoken in Vanuatu
language has approximately 1,500 speakers. It is a Polynesian language, part of the Austronesian language family. It is occasionally called West Futunan to
Futuna-Aniwa_language
Austronesian language primarily spoken in the islands of Samar and Eastern Leyte
cognates and some Proto-Malayo-Polynesian etymologies SEAlang Library Waray Resources A large collection of bible study material in Waray language (free audio
Waray_language
Subgroup of the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian language family
for the 9 South Vanuatu languages. Proto-South Vanuatu was reconstructed by John Lynch in 2001. The language, compared to Proto-Oceanic, went through a
South_Vanuatu_languages
Group of languages
following Proto-Southwest Sabahan phonological innovations that were developed from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. (Note: PSWSAB stands for Proto-Southwest
Sabahan_languages
Austronesian language family of Borneo
phonological innovations. (Note: PSWSAB stands for Proto-Southwest Sabahan, while PMP stands for Proto-Malayo-Polynesian.) PMP/PSWSAB *R > *h / __ V (except after
Murutic_languages
Elements of a Proto-Uralic religion can be recovered from reconstructions of the Proto-Uralic language. According to linguist Ante Aikio, although "evidence
Proto-Uralic_religion
Austronesian language spoken in Hainan, China
Austronesian languages. Tsat is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian group within the Austronesian language family, and is one of the Chamic languages originating
Tsat_language
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
The South Halmahera–West New Guinea (SHWNG) languages are a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, found in the islands and along the shores of the
South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages
South_Halmahera–West_New_Guinea_languages
Term associated with Hawaiian culture
to the Pukui and Elbert Hawaiian Dictionary, it is derived from the Proto-Polynesian *masalo. Some sources support that the meanings "thanks" and "gratitude"
Mahalo
Grammatical phenomenon in Austronesian
reconstructed for the ancestral Proto-Austronesian language. In the rest of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, including Proto-Oceanic, symmetrical voice was
Symmetrical_voice
Actors in Proto-Indo-European mythology
characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words (for an explanation of the notation, see Proto-Indo-European phonology). Without proper
*Manu_and_*Yemo
Language in Indonesia
share the development of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) *R > y and the metathesis of the initial and medial consonants of Proto-Austronesian *lapaR > Sundanese
Lampung_language
thus, Sundanese is one of the derivatives of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian reconstruction whose ancestor is Proto-Austronesian. The earliest evidence of the use
History_of_Sundanese_language
Region where a proto-language was spoken
'Original home') of a proto-language is the region in which it was spoken before splitting into different daughter languages. A proto-language is the reconstructed
Linguistic_homeland
Proposed language family
Tai–Kadai Malayo-Polynesian Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian Sino-Tibetan Yangzian Austroasiatic Hmong–Mien Starosta (2005) proposes the following Proto-East Asian morphological
East_Asian_languages
PROTO POLYNESIAN-LANGUAGE
PROTO POLYNESIAN-LANGUAGE
PROTO POLYNESIAN-LANGUAGE
PROTO POLYNESIAN-LANGUAGE
PROTO POLYNESIAN-LANGUAGE
PROTO POLYNESIAN-LANGUAGE
PROTO POLYNESIAN-LANGUAGE
PROTO POLYNESIAN-LANGUAGE
PROTO POLYNESIAN-LANGUAGE