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Group of related languages
In historical linguistics, a linkage is a network of related dialects or languages that formed from a gradual diffusion and differentiation of a proto-language
Linkage_(linguistics)
Topics referred to by the same term
distances between observations Linkage (linguistics), a set of languages descended from a former dialect continuum Linkage (mechanical), assemblies of links
Linkage
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
(Mussau and Tench) Western Oceanic linkage Meso-Melanesian linkage New Guinea Oceanic linkage North New Guinea linkage Papuan Tip languages Temotu languages
Oceanic_languages
Linguistic feature arising through language contact rather than common descent
distinction). Comparative method Language contact Linguistic typology Linkage (linguistics) Mass comparison Wave model World Atlas of Language Structures "etymonline
Areal_feature
Group of languages related through a common ancestor
Waves and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification", in Bowern, Claire; Evans, Bethwyn (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics, London:
Language_family
Geographic range of dialects that vary more strongly at the distant ends
Dialectometry Diasystem Diglossia Koine language Language secessionism Linkage (linguistics) Macrolanguage Post-creole speech continuum Ring species, an analogous
Dialect_continuum
Theory in linguistics
Evolutionary linguistics Genetic relationship (linguistics) Indo-European studies Language family Linkage (linguistics) Wave model (linguistics) Father Tongue
Tree_model
innovations tend to overlap. Such linkages do not conform with the Tree model often used in historical linguistics, which presupposes that innovations
Historical_glottometry
Subgroup of the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian language family
The Southern Oceanic languages are a linkage (rather than family) of Oceanic languages spoken in Vanuatu and New Caledonia. It was proposed by John Lynch
Southern_Oceanic_languages
Model of language change
dialect networks and linkages (internal to a given family), resulting in genetic subgroups that form intersecting patterns; Areal linguistics, the study of language
Wave_model
Subgroup of the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian language family
language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence", Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl.1
North-Central Vanuatu languages
North-Central_Vanuatu_languages
Western Oceanic languages
New Guinea languages of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia form a possible linkage of Western Oceanic languages. They have been in heavy contact with Papuan
North_New_Guinea_languages
Linkage of Oceanic languages
Guinea. The West Oceanic linkage is made up of three sub-linkages: North New Guinea linkage Meso-Melanesian linkage Papuan Tip linkage The center of dispersal
Western_Oceanic_languages
Group of related Oceanic languages in northern Vanuatu
history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl
Torres–Banks_languages
Branch of the Oceanic languages
a linkage. Central Pacific Western Rotuman Western Fijian linkage Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua Western Fijian (Nadroga, Waya) East Central Pacific linkage Eastern
Central_Pacific_languages
Major subgroup of the Austronesian language family
Malayic Chamic Sundanese Rejang Greater Barito (linkage) Sama–Bajaw Greater Barito (paraphyletic linkage) Lampung Javanese Madurese Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa Sumatran
Malayo-Polynesian_languages
Proposed subgroup of Austronesian languages
Oceanic Linguistics, Adelaar accepted both of these groupings, in addition to Smith's (2018) redefinition of Barito languages as forming a linkage. According
Malayo-Sumbawan_languages
Subgroup in the Oceanic family of languages
The Meso-Melanesian languages are a linkage of Oceanic languages spoken in the large Melanesian islands of New Ireland and the Solomon Islands east of
Meso-Melanesian_languages
Proposed subgroup of the Austronesian language family
within CEMP, which form a linkage at best rather than a valid clade. The Central Malayo-Polynesian languages may form a linkage. They are for the most part
Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages
Central–Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages
Oceanic language family of Micronesia
Micronesian family. More recently, Lev Blumenfield argued that Micronesian is a linkage derived from a near-simultaneous settlement of Micronesia around two thousand
Micronesian_languages
Language family native to Eurasia
and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification" (PDF), in Bowern, Claire; Evans, Bethwyn (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics, London:
Indo-European_languages
Scientific technique used in historical linguistics
Waves and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification", in Bowern, Claire; Evans, Bethwyn (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics, London:
Comparative_method
Computer science metric for string similarity
such as record linkage, the compared strings are usually short to help improve speed of comparisons.[citation needed] In linguistics, the Levenshtein
Levenshtein_distance
Branch of the Western Oceanic languages
Papuan Tip linkage Suauic linkage: Buhutu, 'Auhelawa, Oya'oya, Unubahe, Saliba, Suau, Bwanabwana, Wagawaga North Mainland – D'Entrecasteaux linkage Anuki Gumawana
Papuan_Tip_languages
Reconstructed ancestor of the Micronesian languages
a linkage?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-12-06. Bender, Byron W. (2003), "Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions", Oceanic Linguistics, 42
Proto-Micronesian_language
Branch of the Oceanic languages
Torau, Uruava Choiseul linkage: Babatana (including Sisingga)–Ririo, Vaghua–Varisi New Georgia – Ysabel family New Georgia linkage: Simbo (Simbo Island)
Northwest_Solomonic_languages
Language subgroup of Southeast Asia and Madagascar
proposes a Greater Barito linkage with the following branches, and considers Basap to be a sister of the Greater Barito linkage, forming a Basap–Greater
Barito_languages
"Living" in Hebrew
Hacohen Soloniki, in his commentary on the Zohar, Chai as a symbol has its linkage in the Kabbalah texts to God's attribute of 'Ratzon', or motivation, will
Chai_(symbol)
Language family mainly of the Central African Republic
The Ubangian languages form a diverse linkage of some seventy languages centered on the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ubangian_languages
Group of Austronesian languages
D. (2018). "The Barito Linkage Hypothesis, with a Note on the Position of Basap". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 11 (1): 13–34.
East_Barito_languages
Language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with other languages
comparisons with other languages through methods of historical-comparative linguistics to show that it does not have any detectable genetic relationships. Many
Language_isolate
Subgroup of the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian language family
The Central Vanuatu languages form a linkage of Southern Oceanic languages spoken in central Vanuatu. Clark (2009) provides the following classification
Central_Vanuatu_languages
Large language family of Sub-Saharan Africa
considered an early offshoot from Atlantic–Congo. South-Volta Kwa: a divergent linkage of languages of uncertain genetic unity, spoken along the Ivory Coast,
Niger–Congo_languages
Proposed branch of the Austronesian language family
represent more than one primary subgroup or perhaps an innovation-defined linkage". Chen et al. (2022) present further arguments for the Philippine languages
Philippine_languages
Language isolate of Papua New Guinea
with the Oceanic branch of Austronesian (i.e. languages of the St. George linkage such as Mali). Alternatively, it has been proposed as possibly related
Sulka_language
Language family concentrated in Southeast Asia
languages using a 200-word list. Many of the tentative groupings are likely linkages. Pakanic and Shompen were not included. Roger Blench (2009) also proposes
Austroasiatic_languages
Oceanic language pair of Papua New Guinea
Western Oceanic linkages, and later classifications have continued to treat the St. Matthias languages as an independent branch or linkage within Oceanic
St._Matthias_languages
1923 book by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards
published in 1923 and has been used as a textbook in many fields including linguistics, philosophy, language, cognitive science and most recently semantics
The_Meaning_of_Meaning
Papuan language spoken in parts of Indonesia
variation in pronoun shapes in this linkage. TAP languages share some innovations/retentions with some members of the linkage, and other innovations/retentions
Western_Pantar_language
Subgroup of the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian language family
history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl
North_Vanuatu_languages
Group of Oceanic languages spoken in Vanuatu
Central-Western linkage is only very weakly defined, while Ninde and Nāti have similarities with both the Northwestern and Southwestern linkages. The positions
Malakula_languages
Variable used for specification
including mathematics, computer programming, engineering, statistics, logic, linguistics, and electronic musical composition. In addition to its technical uses
Parameter
Subfield of genetics
dominance, epistasis, the degree to which genetic recombination breaks linkage disequilibrium, and the random phenomena of mutation and genetic drift
Population_genetics
Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu
history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl
Löyöp_language
Group of Austronesian languages
Smith, Alexander D. (2018). "The Barito Linkage Hypothesis, with a Note on the Position of Basap". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society.
Northeast_Barito_languages
Extraction of named entity mentions in unstructured text into pre-defined categories
disambiguation) Information extraction Knowledge extraction Onomastics Record linkage Semantic Web Smart tag (Microsoft) Kripke, Saul (1971). "Identity and Necessity"
Named-entity_recognition
Language family
of Northern Akhvakh", in Gast, Volker; Diessel, Holger (eds.), Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective, Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, pp. 127–156
Northeast_Caucasian_languages
List of interlinear glossing abbreviations
value of the morpheme. However, they may be appropriate for historical linguistics or language comparison, where the value differs between languages or
List of glossing abbreviations
List_of_glossing_abbreviations
Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu
"nuclear verb serialisation, and a range of strategies for paratactic linkage. Several morphosyntactic processes, such as object marking and plural marking
Tirax_language
German philologist (1821–1868)
and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification" (PDF), in Bowern, Claire; Evans, Bethwyn (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics, London:
August_Schleicher
Linguistic methodology
Notes on Linguistics 83: 9–34. Casad, Eugene H., ed., (1996). Cognitive Linguistics in the Redwoods: the expansion of a new paradigm in linguistics. Cognitive
Semantic_structure_analysis
Small group of Sino-Tibetan languages
Matisoff (2015) classifies Mru as part of the Northeast Indian areal group, a linkage that includes Tani, Deng (Digaro), "Kuki-Chin–Naga", Meithei, Mikir, and
Mruic_languages
international peer-reviewed scholarly journal entitled the Philippine Journal of Linguistics (PJL). Among notable people involved with the organization were linguists
Linguistic Society of the Philippines
Linguistic_Society_of_the_Philippines
Proposed subgroup of Austronesian languages
Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021. Smith, Alexander D. (2023). "Evidence and Models of Linguistic Relations: Subgroups, Linkages
Greater North Borneo languages
Greater_North_Borneo_languages
Ways men and women use language differently
minimum, could be said to encompass work notionally housed within applied linguistics, linguistic anthropology, conversation analysis, cultural studies, feminist
Language_and_gender
Grouping a set of objects by similarity
known, such as SLINK for single-linkage and CLINK for complete-linkage clustering. Linkage clustering examples Single-linkage on Gaussian data. At 35 clusters
Cluster_analysis
Australian psycholinguist
distinguished professor at Macquarie University in the Department of Linguistics. He is a well-known researcher specializing in language acquisition,
Stephen_Crain
Branch of Sino-Tibetan languages
branches did not split off neatly in a tree-like fashion, but rather form a linkage. Nevertheless, Matisoff (2013:30) still provides the following Stammbaum
Sal_languages
proposed grouping of some one hundred diverse languages. Genealogical linkage between these languages has failed to be conclusively demonstrated, and
Languages_of_Africa
Austronesian language of Ouvéa, New Caledonia
history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl
Iaai_language
Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɒ⟩ in IPA
history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl
Open_back_rounded_vowel
Austroasiatic languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent
isoglosses (structural, lexical). In Austronesian and Papuan linguistics, this has been called a "linkage" by Malcolm Ross. Paul Sidwell (2015) considers Munda
Munda_languages
2023 constitutional amendment of India
population data would disproportionately benefit northern states. The linkage to census and delimitation stems from the 84th Constitutional Amendment
One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India
One_Hundred_and_Sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India
Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu
history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl
Dorig_language
Sino-Tibetan language branch of India
Konyak languages, has been reconstructed by Walter French (1983). The linkage of the Konyak and Jingphaw languages with Boro–Garo languages suggests
Konyak_languages
Topics referred to by the same term
toxicity of a given substance or type of radiation Licensed Dietitian Linkage disequilibrium, in genetics, when alleles occur together more often than
LD
Western Oceanic languages
structure of the family is as follows: North Huon Gulf linkage Markham family South Huon Gulf linkage Numbami Proto-Huon Gulf was reconstructed by Malcolm
Huon_Gulf_languages
Migrations out of the Proto-Indo-European homeland
speakers are prehistoric (lacking documentary evidence), a synthesis of linguistics, archaeology, anthropology and genetics has established the existence
Indo-European_migrations
Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu
history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl
Olrat_language
Yeniseian language spoken in Siberia
Anthropological Linguistics. 61 (1): 103–113. doi:10.1353/anl.2019.0012. Nefedov, Andrey (2023). "Ket". In Behnke, Anja; Wagner-Nagy, Beáta (eds.). Clause Linkage in
Ket_language
American psychologist (1920–2012)
several books and directed the development of WordNet, an online word-linkage database usable by computer programs. He authored the paper, "The Magical
George_Armitage_Miller
Statistical measure of a test's accuracy
David (May 2018). "A note on using the F-measure for evaluating record linkage algorithms - Dimensions". app.dimensions.ai. 28 (3): 539–547. doi:10
F-score
Australian linguist
(born 3 May 1942) is an Australian linguist. He is emeritus professor of linguistics at the Australian National University (ANU). Ross is best known among
Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)
Polish linguist
in general linguistics and semiotics of communication. She has got her basic education in the domain of German and Dutch general linguistics (1981–1986)
Elżbieta_Magdalena_Wąsik
Papuan languages of Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia
pronominal shapes Ross (2005) assigns AP to his West Trans-New Guinea linkage, a subgroup of Trans-New Guinea. Yet Ross’ proposal requires that AP pronouns
Alor–Pantar_languages
Branch of Sino-Tibetan of Northeast India and Bangladesh
nouns. tense, aspect and mood are indicated using verbal suffixes. The linkage of the Boro–Garo languages with Konyak and Jingphaw languages suggest that
Boro–Garo_languages
Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu
history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF). Journal of Historical Linguistics. 1 (2): 175–246. doi:10.1075/jhl
Mwerlap_language
Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu
history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl
Mwotlap_language
Clement J. (2002), "Analysis of identifier performance using a deterministic linkage algorithm", Proceedings. AMIA Symposium: 305–309, PMC 2244404, PMID 12463836
List_of_numeral_systems
Extinct Indo-European language of Southeastern Italy
linked by ancient historians with Illyria, across the Adriatic sea; the linkage is borne out archeologically by similarities between Illyrian and Messapic
Messapic_language
Concept in historical linguistics
history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl
Transphonologization
Family of Languages
Adelbert languages, another branch of Madang. Malcolm Ross posited a "linkage" connecting the Northern Adelbert languages with the Mabuso languages,
Northern_Adelbert_languages
Southwestern Iranian language of Azerbaijan and Russia
“New Strategies for Relative Clauses in Azeri an Apsheron Tat,” In Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Data-Drive Approaches to Cross-Clausal
Tat_language_(Caucasus)
Vowel sound represented by ⟨y⟩ in IPA
history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl
Close_front_rounded_vowel
Sign study in film
figurative language,” the stylistics of which would treat filmic “syntax,” the linkage of shots in “phrases” and “sentences.” Russian formalists Eichenbaum and
Film_semiotics
Niger–Congo language subgroup of West Africa
Biafada-Pajade share similarities with each other, and may possibly form a linkage. Proto-Atlantic lexical innovations reconstructed by Pozdniakov & Segerer
West_Atlantic_languages
during the 27th meeting of Southeast Asian Linguistics Association, that the so-called Barito languages are a linkage instead of a proper branch. Darmansyah
Paser_language
University in Hebron, West Bank, Palestine
e. Renewable energy unit, Excellence center for education, Industrial linkage unit, Agricultural extension unit, Dry land rehabilitation unit, and the
Hebron_University
Proposed branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family
morphological evidence. DeLancey (2018) considers Central Tibeto-Burman to be a linkage rather than a branch with a clearly nested internal structure. DeLancey's
Central Tibeto-Burman languages
Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages
Language family
Roger Blench (2012) considers Gur-Adamawa to be a language continuum (linkage) rather than an actual coherent branch. Kleinewillinghöfer (2014) notes
Savannas_languages
Geographic language cluster
Kuki-Chin–Naga languages by Hsiu (2021). Northern Kuki-Chin-Naga linguistic area (linkage) Greater Central Naga Makury Long Phuri Para (Jejara) Central Naga Lotha
Kuki-Chin–Naga_languages
Proposed language family
Andaman Islands. It is considered a fringe theory within mainstream linguistics, relying heavily on the discredited mass comparison method to derive
Borean_languages
Peninsula and geopolitical region
established its hegemonic rule through a skillful combination of warfare, trade linkages and alliances. The Zagwe dynasty ruled many parts of modern Ethiopia and
Horn_of_Africa
German philologist (1899–1985)
August 1985, Bonn) was a German linguist who also specialized in Celtic linguistics. He developed the "organicist" or "relativist" theory that different
Leo_Weisgerber
Island country in Southeast Asia
as their native language mostly lean toward Chinese culture, which has linkages with Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. Malay-speaking
Singapore
Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu
history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl
Hiw_language
National research university in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
by 140 administrative and maintenance staff. The university maintains linkage networks with Cambodian and international NGOs, universities and government
Royal University of Phnom Penh
Royal_University_of_Phnom_Penh
Knuth 1998, §6.1 ("Sequential search"). IBM Corporation (1972). IBM OS Linkage Editor and Loader (PDF). Abelson, Harold; Sussman, Gerald Jay (1996). Structure
Glossary_of_computer_science
Ability to identify musical notes by ear without reference
J. (2009). "Genome-wide Study of Families with Absolute Pitch Reveals Linkage to 8q24.21 and Locus Heterogeneity". The American Journal of Human Genetics
Absolute_pitch
Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu
history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF), Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl
Nume_language
LINKAGE LINGUISTICS
LINKAGE LINGUISTICS
LINKAGE LINGUISTICS
LINKAGE LINGUISTICS
LINKAGE LINGUISTICS
LINKAGE LINGUISTICS
LINKAGE LINGUISTICS
LINKAGE LINGUISTICS
LINKAGE LINGUISTICS