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Pituitary gland cell which produces the hormone prolactin
A prolactin cell (also known as a lactotroph, mammotroph, or lactotrope) is a specialized endocrine cell located in the anterior pituitary gland in most
Prolactin_cell
Protein family and hormone
salt balance. Prolactin also acts in a cytokine-like manner and as an important regulator of the immune system. It has important cell cycle-related functions
Prolactin
Hormone pathway
by gonadal steroids and by prolactin itself. Lactotrophs (also called prolactin cells or mammotrophs) are acidophilic cells of the anterior pituitary that
Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin_axis
Female reproductive organ that produces egg cells
Follicular cells are flat epithelial cells that originate from the surface epithelium covering the ovary. They are surrounded by granulosa cells that have
Ovary
Organic chemical that functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter
supplies the pituitary gland. The prolactin cells that produce prolactin, in the absence of dopamine, secrete prolactin continuously; dopamine inhibits
Dopamine
Type I cytokine receptor and coding gene in humans
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a type I cytokine receptor encoded in humans by the PRLR gene on chromosome 5p13-14. It is the receptor for prolactin (PRL)
Prolactin_receptor
produces both somatotropin (growth hormone) and prolactin. Cells that secrete only somatotropin or only prolactin are known as somatotrophs and mammotrophs
Somatomammotrophic_cell
Excess of prolactin hormone in the blood
condition characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood. In women, normal prolactin levels average to about 13 ng/mL, while in men, they
Hyperprolactinaemia
Biological process in primates
increased secretion of prolactin (which is known to produce breast enlargement) caused by a drift phenomenon from somatomammotrophic cells in the pituitary
Breast_development
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
of PIP was observed on both normal and malignant breast epithelial cells. Prolactin induced protein (called GCDFP-15 in this context) in breast cyst fluid
Prolactin-induced_protein
Pituitary gland tumor which secretes the hormone prolactin
hormone prolactin. It is the most common type of functioning pituitary tumor. Symptoms of prolactinoma are due to abnormally high levels of prolactin in the
Prolactinoma
The list of human cell types provides an enumeration and description of the various specialized cells found within the human body, highlighting their
List_of_human_cell_types
Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell Posterior
Skin_secretions
Prolactin-releasing hormone, also known as PRLH, is a hypothetical human hormone or hormone releasing factor. Existence of this factor has been hypothesized
Prolactin-releasing_hormone
junctions; prolactin secretion and gap junctions are lowest in the winter. Thus demonstrating that the FS-cell network has a role in influencing prolactin secretion
Folliculostellate_cell
Release of milk from the mammary glands
of prolactin triggers the cells in the alveoli to make milk. Prolactin also transfers to the breast milk. Some research indicates that prolactin in milk
Lactation
Human hormones produced during pregnancy
growth. The corpus luteum produces the 6-kDa peptide hormone relaxin. Prolactin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein are two examples of the
Pregnancy_hormones
Cell type found in the pituitary gland
types of cells which stain well with acidic dyes. Somatotrophs, which secrete growth hormone (a peptide hormone) Lactotrophs, which secrete prolactin (a peptide
Acidophil_cell
Area of the brain below the thalamus
central actions of prolactin.[citation needed] Findings have suggested that thyroid hormone (T4) is taken up by the hypothalamic glial cells in the infundibular
Hypothalamus
Decreased output of hormones by the pituitary gland
rule is prolactin: if a tumor compresses the pituitary stalk, a decreased blood supply means that the lactotrope cells, which produce prolactin, are not
Hypopituitarism
Androgen-producing cell adjacent to the seminiferous tubules of the testicle
Leydig cells. In rats, prolactin (PRL) increases the response of Leydig cells to LH by increasing the number of LH receptors expressed on Leydig cells. Leydig
Leydig_cell
Recovery period after orgasm before another is possible
which some consider to be responsible for the male refractory period is prolactin, which is repressed by dopamine and is responsible for sexual arousal
Refractory_period_(sex)
Production of sperm
These cells are called spermatogonial stem cells. The mitotic division of these produces two types of cells. Type A cells replenish the stem cells, and
Spermatogenesis
Polypeptide placental hormone in humans
fibroadenoma cells transplanted into mice, which suggests that hPL promotes the growth of the human mammary gland similarly to prolactin. As hPL circulates
Human_placental_lactogen
hypertrophy The anterior pituitary produces prolactin, GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. Fifteen to 20 percent of corticotroph cells produce ACTH. The targets are the
Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone
Hypothalamic–pituitary_hormone
Milk secreted from the breasts of some newborn human infants of either sex
synthesis and secretion of prolactin. Prolactin's primary functions are breast milk production and mammary gland development. Prolactin has a stimulating effect
Witch's_milk
Hormone whose molecules are peptides
hormone (MSH) Orexin/Hypocretin Oxytocin Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Prolactin Renin Somatostatin Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyrotropin-releasing
Peptide_hormone
Evolutionary reproductive strategy of mammals
melatonin and prolactin, this increase in melatonin decreases prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland. The decrease in prolactin consequently decreases
Embryonic_diapause
Excess output of hormones by the pituitary gland
from an event in a single cell. There are three hormones that are oversecreted resulting in the pituitary adenoma: prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone
Hyperpituitarism
Hormone that affects blood pressure / heart rate
rhythm below. VIP in the pituitary helps to regulate prolactin secretion; it stimulates prolactin release in the domestic turkey. Additionally, the
Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide
Chemical compound
among others, is a dopaminergic medication used in the treatment of high prolactin levels, prolactinomas, Parkinson's disease, and for other indications
Cabergoline
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Preliminary in vitro studies showed it to stimulate the secretion of prolactin from lactotropic cells, hence its name. Now, however, the function of PrRP in the
Prolactin-releasing_peptide
Enlargement of the human male breast
typical finding, but may be seen in a gynecomastic individual with a prolactin secreting tumor. An increase in the diameter of the areola and asymmetry
Gynecomastia
Endocrine gland of the brain
and LH), metabolism rate (by secreting TSH) and lactation (by secreting prolactin). The intermediate lobe synthesizes and secretes melanocyte-stimulating
Pituitary_gland
Exocrine gland in humans and other mammals
Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis Udder Witch's milk Milk line List of glands of the human body#Skin List of distinct cell types in the adult human
Mammary_gland
Ability to produce a normal immune response to an antigen
selection. Adaptive immunocompetence is regulated by growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and vasopressin (VP) – hormones secreted by the pituitary gland
Immunocompetence
Neuron cluster in the hypothalamus
secretion of prolactin. Dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion, so when the TIDA neurons are inhibited, there is increased secretion of prolactin, which stimulates
Arcuate nucleus (hypothalamus)
Arcuate_nucleus_(hypothalamus)
Hormone-producing glands of a body
weeks of gestation, prolactin-expressing lactotrophs begin to emerge. A hormone is any of a class of signaling molecules produced by cells in glands in multicellular
Endocrine_system
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
activated by the EpoR are common to many other receptors; replacing EpoR with prolactin receptor supports erythroid survival and differentiation in vitro. Together
Erythropoietin_receptor
Tumor of the pituitary gland
effect on prolactin secretion. With the absence of this inhibitory effect, prolactin levels increase and are often increased in null cell adenomas. This
Pituitary_adenoma
Chemical compound
or p-ERK1/2 in MCF-7 cells. In an ovariectomized animal model, the 4HR group showed similar levels of ERα, ERβ, and prolactin expression in the pituitary
4-Hexylresorcinol
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
vasoconstriction, increased plasma levels also result in hyperthermia and prolactin decreases with decreasing temperature values. Follicle-stimulating hormone
Anterior_pituitary
Physiological process in the endometrium
begin secreting cytokines, growth factors, and proteins like IGFBP1 and prolactin, along with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as fibronectin and
Decidualization
Type of brain cell
called prolactin from the pituitary. The activity of dopaminergic neurons declines during aging, leading to elevations in blood levels of prolactin that
Astrocyte
Neurons that produce hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
the primary regulator of prolactin release Paraventricular nucleus Magnocellular neurosecretory cell List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
Parvocellular neurosecretory cell
Parvocellular_neurosecretory_cell
Glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones to blood
release. Prolactin promotes milk production in human females. Its secretion is prompted by prolactin-releasing hormone and inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting
Endocrine_gland
Absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age
hypothalamus, which in turn increases both TSH and prolactin release. This increase in prolactin suppresses the release of LH and FSH through a negative
Amenorrhea
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
hypothalamic suppression) or organic lesions (trauma, tumor). Elevated prolactin levels decrease GnRH activity. In contrast, hyperinsulinemia increases
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone
Profound change in body structure during the postembryonic development of an organism
thyroxin concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin, which counteracts its effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold
Metamorphosis
Brain changes in male parent
motivation. An increase in levels of oxytocin, glucocorticoids, estrogen and prolactin occur in the paternal brain. These hormonal changes occur through the
Paternal_brain
Biological system protecting an organism against disease
time (leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin) supports the interactions between APCs and T-cells, a shift of the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance towards
Immune_system
Diminished gonad activity due to dysfunction of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland
mammals. Prolactin inhibits GnRH neurons and therefore inhibits the subsequent release of LH, FSH and sex steroids. The mechanism of prolactin induced
Hypogonadotropic_hypogonadism
Specialized uterine tissue
progesterone. The cells will exhibit a decidualized phenotype and display upregulation of common decidualization markers such as prolactin and IGFBP1. Kearns
Decidual_cells
Hormone
stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) as well as prolactin from the anterior pituitary. TRH has been used clinically in diagnosis
Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone
Form of human sexual intercourse
self-pleasuring to orgasm, it was found that in both sexes the increase in prolactin was 400% higher after vaginal intercourse than after masturbation. This
Penile–vaginal_intercourse
Hormones are signaling molecules produced by specialized cells in various human tissues and organs. They regulate diverse physiological processes by binding
List_of_human_hormones
Initiation of breast milk production
is mainly controlled by three hormones, prolactin, oxytocin, and feedback inhibitor of lactation. Prolactin, produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary
Establishment of breastfeeding
Establishment_of_breastfeeding
Biological signalling molecule
senescence. Hormones affect distant cells by binding to specific receptor proteins in the target cell, resulting in a change in cell function. When a hormone binds
Hormone
Normal or spontaneous enlargement of breasts
bicalutamide, and finasteride, growth hormone, and drugs that elevate prolactin levels such as D2 receptor antagonists like antipsychotics (e.g., risperidone)
Mammoplasia
Structure carrying milk to the nipple
cells of the columnar epithelium form tight junctions which are regulated by hormones and local factors like pressure and casein content. Prolactin and/or
Lactiferous_duct
Protein that stimulates red blood cell production
by the kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow. Low levels of EPO (around
Erythropoietin
Peptide hormone that stimulates growth
placental lactogen) genes. GH, human chorionic somatomammotropin, and prolactin belong to a group of homologous hormones with growth-promoting and lactogenic
Growth_hormone
Non-receptor tyrosine kinase and coding gene in humans
PRMT5 SH2B1 SHC1 SOCS3 STAT5A STAT5B STAM SOCS1 TEC TNFRSF1A VAV1 YES1 Prolactin signals through JAK2 are dependent on STAT5, and on the RUSH transcription
Janus_kinase_2
Rarely, CPA can produce blood clots, liver damage, excessively high prolactin levels, prolactinomas, and meningiomas. Upon discontinuation from high
Side effects of cyproterone acetate
Side_effects_of_cyproterone_acetate
Part of uterus modified in pregnancy
associated with other organs such as cortisol, CRF, GnRH, prolactin, and relaxin. Decidual prolactin is not under dopaminergic control. Insulin-like growth
Decidua
Chemical compound
factor Trk receptors and prolactin receptors by endocannabinoids leads to inhibition of human breast and prostate cancer cell proliferation". Endocrinology
BML-190
Active form of vitamin D
Additional effects on the production of calcitriol include an increase by prolactin, a hormone which stimulates lactogenesis (the formation of milk in mammary
Calcitriol
Secretion used by some birds to feed their young
and in penguins, only by the male. Lactation in birds is controlled by prolactin, which is the same hormone that causes lactation in mammals. Crop milk
Crop_milk
Substance that inhibits the growth of new blood vessels
for their improvement of cancer immunotherapy by overcoming endothelial cell anergy. Angiogenesis inhibitors are also used to effectively treat macular
Angiogenesis_inhibitor
Excess growth of certain parts of the body
They are most effective in those whose pituitary tumours also secrete prolactin. Side effects of these dopamine agonists include gastrointestinal upset
Acromegaly
Protein family
chromaffin cells release serotonin and catecholamines are found, respectively. Mastoparan activity in the anterior pituitary gland leads to prolactin release
Mastoparan
Peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system
release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Inhibiting the release of prolactin (PRL) Somatostatin is homologous with cortistatin (see somatostatin family)
Somatostatin
Rare human disease
histologic sensitivity to certain hormones such as female sex hormones, prolactin, and growth factors. Breast hypertrophy is a benign progressive enlargement
Breast_hypertrophy
Gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis
lutropin and sometimes lutrophin) is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. The production of LH is regulated by
Luteinizing_hormone
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Prolactin regulatory element-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PREB gene. This gene encodes a protein that specifically binds
PREB
controls the digestion of food. It also plays a role in the regulation of prolactin in humans. It functions specifically function in the G protein signaling
Peptide_PHI
Medical condition
pituitary tumors secrete growth hormone or growth hormone and prolactin. Excess prolactin may cause galactorrhea, and excess growth hormone causes acromegaly
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Multiple_endocrine_neoplasia_type_1
American biologist
the major pituitary hormone prolactin. It was shown by other researchers in 1928 that an aqueous mash of pituitary cells can induce lactation in female
Oscar_Riddle
Protein-coding gene in humans
repression of prolactin/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5-mediated transcription of the beta-casein gene in mammary epithelial cells". Mol.
CSN2
American biologist
titled, Modulation of Epidermal Growth Factor-Induced Cell Signaling in Mammary Epithelium by Prolactin. She completed her post-doctoral work at the UNC Lineberger
Suzanne_Fenton
Investigational hair loss drugs
BAY-1158061 (HMI-115) – subcutaneous injection – alopecia – prolactin receptor monoclonal antibody (prolactin receptor inhibitor) Bempikibart (ADX-914, BMS-986265)
List of investigational hair loss drugs
List_of_investigational_hair_loss_drugs
Peptide hormone involved in appetite regulation
ghrelin cell is also known as an A-like cell (pancreas), X-cell (for unknown function), X/A-like cell (rats), Epsilon cell (pancreas), P/D sub 1 cell (humans)
Ghrelin
Mass of cells which cannot spread throughout the body
growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1, which cause acromegaly; prolactin; ACTH and cortisol, which cause Cushing's disease; TSH, which causes hyperthyroidism;
Benign_tumor
Sexual activity between women
a woman's nipples promotes the production and release of oxytocin and prolactin. During the stimulation of the nipples, large amounts of oxytocin are
Sexual practices between women
Sexual_practices_between_women
Brain tumor of pituitary gland embryonic tissue
which interferes with the brain's control of prolactin production. In premenopausal women, elevated prolactin can lead to reduction or loss of menstrual
Craniopharyngioma
Mammalian protein and protein-coding gene
tyrosine-protein kinase KIT, CD117 (cluster of differentiation 117) or mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR). Multiple transcript variants encoding different
KIT_gene
Type of hormone
structural and functional similarities to growth hormone and pituitary prolactin. It has been identified in various mammals, including humans, monkeys
Placental_lactogen
Chemical compound
prolactin in the pituitary gland in lactating rats and lactating sheep. Administration of a solution of salsolinol was not shown to raise prolactin levels
Salsolinol
Medical condition
abscess), breast cancer, certain medications, and conditions that raise prolactin. Milky discharge in a non-pregnant, non-breast feeding women is evaluated
Nipple_discharge
Protein that is a precursor of glucagon
preproglucagon. Proglucagon is generated in the alpha cells of the pancreas and in the intestinal L cells in the distal ileum and colon. Preproglucagon in
Proglucagon
Species of virus
steroid hormones (androgens, glucocorticoids and progestins), as well as prolactin. When the mouse reaches puberty the virus begins to express its messenger
Mouse_mammary_tumor_virus
Class of ligand activated receptors localized in surface of plama cell membrane
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. They act in cell
Cell_surface_receptor
Area of heightened sensitivity of the body
nipple stimulation may result in a surge in the production of oxytocin and prolactin which could have a significant effect on the individual's genitals, even
Erogenous_zone
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
et al. (2007). "Nek3 kinase regulates prolactin-mediated cytoskeletal reorganization and motility of breast cancer cells". Oncogene. 26 (32): 4668–78. doi:10
NEK3
Vertebrate natural glucocorticoid hormone
Bouyou-Akotet MK, Kremsner PG (February 2005). "Effects of prolactin and cortisol on natural killer (NK) cell surface expression and function of human natural cytotoxicity
Cortisol
Chemical compound
which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, migraine, and high prolactin levels. It is taken by mouth. Side effects of lisuride include nausea
Lisuride
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
of T cells in thymus. The receptor is expressed mostly on adaptive immune cell types, namely thymocytes, naive T and B cells, regulatory T cells, central
C-C_chemokine_receptor_type_7
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
as a biologically active 42-amino acid peptide. It is synthesized by K cells, which are found in the mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum of the gastrointestinal
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide
Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide
Part of the female primate torso that has mammary glands
complex interaction of hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, and prolactin, that mediate the completion of its development, namely lobuloalveolar
Breast
Family of biomolecules
factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), prolactin, growth hormone, leptin, interferons (i.e., interferon-α, -β, and -γ)
Neurotrophic_factors
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