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Hypothetical astronomical object
loop quantum gravity theory, a Planck star is a hypothetical astronomical object, theorized as a compact, exotic star, that exists within a black hole's
Planck_star
Hypothetical types of stars
gravity, a Planck star is a hypothetically possible astronomical object that is created when the energy density of a collapsing star reaches the Planck energy
Exotic_star
Collapsed core of a massive star
stars Neutronium Planck star Preon-degenerate matter Rotating radio transient 3.7×1017 kg/m3 derives from mass 2.68×1030 kg / volume of star of radius 12 km;
Neutron_star
units Planck energy Planck length Planck mass Planck time Planck temperature Planck epoch Planck postulate Planck scale Planck star Trans-Planckian problem
List of things named after Max Planck
List_of_things_named_after_Max_Planck
Theory of quantum gravity merging quantum mechanics and general relativity
density reaches the Planck energy density, causing a repulsive force that creates a star. Furthermore, the existence of such a star would resolve the black
Loop_quantum_gravity
Space observatory
Planck was a space observatory operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2009 to 2013. The project aimed to map the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave
Planck_(spacecraft)
Compact exotic star which forms matter consisting mostly of quarks
descriptions of redirect targets Planck star – Hypothetical astronomical object Quark-nova – Hypothetical explosion of a neutron star Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff
Quark_star
Natural physical entity in space
substructures. Some examples of astronomical objects include planetary systems, star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies, while asteroids, moons, planets, and stars
Astronomical_object
Star types predicted by theory
A hypothetical star is a star, or type of star, that is speculated to exist but has yet to be definitively observed. Hypothetical types of stars have
Hypothetical_star
Hypothetical object of spacetime
singularity Negative energy Negative mass Planck star Q star Quantum mechanics Quasar Solar System Spacetime Star Wormhole Carroll, Sean M. (2003). "5.7:
White_hole
Association of German research institutes
The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (German: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.; MPG) is a formally independent
Max_Planck_Society
Physical law for entropy and heat
positive work." Planck wrote: "The production of heat by friction is irreversible." Not mentioning entropy, this principle of Planck is stated in physical
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Hypothetical mechanism for extracting energy from rotating black holes
around a rotating black hole Hills mechanism – Black hole effect on a binary star Zeldovich amplification – Wave amplification in rotating objects Penrose
Penrose_process
Large self-illuminated object in space
for the star does not conflict with the age of the universe, determined by the Planck satellite as 13.799 ± 0.021). The more massive the star, the shorter
Star
Region outside of a rotating black hole's event horizon
black hole models Black star Dark star Dark-energy star Gravastar Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Planck star Q star Fuzzball Geon Analogs Optical
Ergosphere
Israeli-American theoretical physicist (born 1962)
Little". Time. September 5, 2013. Trivedi, Oem; Loeb, Avi (2025). "Could Planck Star Remnants Be Dark Matter?". Physics of the Dark Universe. 44 102003. arXiv:2506
Avi_Loeb
Contraction of an astronomical object due to the influence of its gravity
occurs at this point. For example loop quantum gravity predicts that a Planck star would form. Regardless, it is argued that gravitational collapse ceases
Gravitational_collapse
Idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic black-body radiation. The radiation is emitted according to Planck's law, meaning that it has a spectrum that is determined by the temperature
Black_body
Small number of stars that orbit each other
single star. A large group of stars bound by gravitation is generally called a star cluster or galaxy, although, broadly speaking, they are also star systems
Star_system
Conjecture in physics
black hole models Black star Dark star Dark-energy star Gravastar Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Planck star Q star Fuzzball Geon Analogs Optical
Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis
Gravitational process studied in astronomy
Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space—sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming
Star_formation
Physical effect when superradiant modes are confined around a rotating black hole
black hole models Black star Dark star Dark-energy star Gravastar Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Planck star Q star Fuzzball Geon Analogs Optical
Black_hole_bomb
Fast-growing quasar
black hole models Black star Dark star Dark-energy star Gravastar Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Planck star Q star Fuzzball Geon Analogs Optical
SMSS_J215728.21–360215.1
Visible star that is nearly aligned with Earth's axis of rotation
A pole star is a visible star that is approximately aligned with the axis of rotation of an astronomical body; that is, a star whose apparent position
Pole_star
Japanese idol girl group
Planck Stars (プランクスターズ), stylized as PLANCK STARS, is a Japanese idol girl group, originally from Hiroshima, but relocated to Tokyo in October 2025. They
Planck_Stars
Stellar classification
A G-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence star of spectral type G. The spectral luminosity class is V. Such a star has about 0.9 to 1.1 solar masses
G-type_main-sequence_star
Hypothetical early-universe star with a black hole core
A quasi-star or quasistar (QS), also called a black hole star, is a hypothetical type of extremely massive and luminous star that may have existed early
Quasi-star
Models of black holes without gravitational singularities
comprise all of the dark matter in the observable universe today. Exotic star Planck star Fuzzball (string theory) Zhang, Shuang Nan; Tang, Sumin (2007-07-06)
Nonsingular_black_hole_models
Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia
2007. Bridgewater, Frank. "Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved February
Wikipedia
German research institute
The Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR) (German: Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie) is located in Bonn, Germany. It is one of 80 institutes
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Max_Planck_Institute_for_Radio_Astronomy
Star at the centre of the Solar System
The Sun is the star located at the centre of the Solar System. It is a massive sphere of hot plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions
Sun
Stellar classification
A K-type main-sequence star (also called a "K-type dwarf" or "orange dwarf") is a main-sequence (core hydrogen-burning) star of spectral type K. The spectral
K-type_main-sequence_star
Dim, low mass stars on the main sequence
least luminous, and coolest kind of star on the main sequence. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of fusing star in the Milky Way, at least in the
Red_dwarf
Cosmological time duration
universe extrapolates to zero. Using the latest models and the data from the Planck project, the age of the universe is 13.8 billion years. Astronomers have
Age_of_the_universe
Star not gravitationally bound to any galaxy
An intergalactic star, also known as an intracluster star or a rogue star, is a star not gravitationally bound to any galaxy. Although a source of much
Intergalactic_star
Hypothetical star heated by dark-matter annihilation
A dark star is a hypothetical type of star that may have existed early in the universe before conventional stars were able to form and thrive. The dark
Dark_star_(dark_matter)
Type of neutron star with beams of radiation
A pulsar (pulsating star, on the model of quasar) is a highly magnetized rotating neutron star that emits beams of electromagnetic radiation out of its
Pulsar
Non-singular black hole metric
Carlo; Speziale, Simone (1 April 2015). "On the Effective Metric of a Planck Star". General Relativity and Gravitation. 47 (4): 41. arXiv:1412.6015. Bibcode:2015GReGr
Hayward_metric
System of two stars orbiting each other
A binary star or binary star system is a system of two stars that are gravitationally bound to and in orbit around each other. Binary stars are among
Binary_star
Classification of stars based on spectral properties
based on their spectral characteristics. Electromagnetic radiation from the star is analyzed by splitting it with a prism or diffraction grating into a spectrum
Stellar_classification
Star whose brightness fluctuates, as seen from Earth
A variable star is a star whose brightness as seen from Earth (its apparent magnitude) changes systematically with time. This variation may be caused by
Variable_star
Star in the constellation Libra
value, this age for the star would possibly conflict with the calculated age of the Universe as determined by the final 2018 Planck satellite results of
HD_140283
Theoretical stellar remnant
like neon and magnesium. A white dwarf is what remains of a main sequence star of low or medium mass (below approximately 9 to 10 solar masses (M☉)) after
Black_dwarf
Type of star, larger and brighter than the Sun
main-sequence star may also be referred to as a giant, but any main-sequence star is properly called a dwarf, regardless of how large and luminous it is. A star becomes
Giant_star
Changes to stars over their lifespans
"Supernova Simulations Still Defy Explosions". Research Highlights. Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik. Archived from the original on 2003-08-03. Ahluwalia-Khalilova
Stellar_evolution
Blue star with strong helium lines
A helium star is a class O or B star (blue), which has extraordinarily strong helium lines and weaker than normal hydrogen lines, indicating strong stellar
Helium_star
Classification in astronomy
of the catastrophic gravitational collapse at a size comparable to the Planck length, but at these lengths there is no known theory of gravity to predict
Compact_object
Continuous band of stars that appears on plots of stellar color versus brightness
gradient that counters the star's collapse under gravity, maintaining the star in a state of hydrostatic equilibrium. The star's position on the main sequence
Main_sequence
Space research institute in Germany
The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (abbreviation: MPS; German: Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung) is a research institute
Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research
Alternative model for black holes
independent of the definition of "velocity". Apparent horizon Firewall paradox Planck star No-hair theorem Mitra, Abhas (1998). "Final state of spherical gravitational
Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
Magnetospheric_eternally_collapsing_object
German physicist (1906–1988)
Ernst August Friedrich Ruska (German pronunciation: [ɛʁnst ˈʁʊskaː] ; 25 December 1906 – 27 May 1988) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in
Ernst_Ruska
History and future of the universe
radiation can be used to date when star formation began in earnest. Analysis of such observations made by the Planck microwave space telescope in 2016
Chronology_of_the_universe
Star whose atmosphere contains more carbon than oxygen
A carbon star (C-type star) is typically an asymptotic giant branch star, a luminous red giant, whose atmosphere contains more carbon than oxygen. The
Carbon_star
Star in the stage when it has not yet reached the main sequence
A pre-main-sequence star (also known as a PMS star and PMS object) is a star in the stage when it has not yet reached the main sequence. Earlier in its
Pre-main-sequence_star
Stellar classification
An F-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence, core-hydrogen-fusing star of spectral type F. The spectral luminosity class is V. They have from around
F-type_main-sequence_star
Type of large cool star
supergiant Hypergiants absolute magni- tude (MV) A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0.3–8 solar masses (M☉)) in a late phase
Red_giant
Type of celestial body
A technetium star, or more properly a Tc-rich star, is a star whose stellar spectrum contains absorption lines of the radioactive metal technetium. The
Technetium_star
Italian astrochemist
star formation and planet formation, and the astrochemistry behind the materials found within the Solar System. She is the director of the Max Planck
Paola_Caselli
B-type star with emission lines
also included. The first star recognized as a Be star was Gamma Cassiopeiae, observed 1866 by Angelo Secchi, the first star ever observed with emission
Be_star
Austrian metallurgist (1927–2019)
Planck Society and director of the Institute of Materials Sciences at the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart (now the Max Planck Institute
Hellmut_Fischmeister
Star of relatively small size and low luminosity
A dwarf star is a star of relatively small size and low luminosity. All main-sequence stars are dwarf stars. The meaning of the word "dwarf" has been extended
Dwarf_star
Type of star
occur when one hemisphere of the star's atmosphere is helium-weak and one is helium-strong. Helium star Extreme helium star Landstreet, J. D.; Bohlender,
Helium-weak_star
Young stars of spectral types A and B
A Herbig Ae/Be star (HAeBe) is a pre-main-sequence star – a young (<10 Myr) star of spectral types A or B. These stars are still embedded in gas-dust
Herbig_Ae/Be_star
Hypothetical class of star that develops from a red dwarf
A blue dwarf is a hypothetical class of star that develops from a red dwarf after it has exhausted much of its hydrogen fuel supply. Because red dwarfs
Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)
Type of luminous supergiant star
A post-AGB star (pAGB, abbreviation of post-asymptotic giant branch) is a type of luminous low-mass supergiant star of intermediate mass in a very late
Post-AGB_star
Stellar classification
An O-type star is a hot, blue star of spectral type O in the Yerkes classification system employed by astronomers. They have surface temperatures in excess
O-type_star
Hypothetical star orbiting the Sun, supposedly responsible for extinction events
arXiv:1105.4100. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19112.x. "Nemesis is a myth". Max Planck. August 1, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-07. Leslie Mullen (Astrobiology Magazine)
Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)
Class of young variable stars
old. This class is named after the prototype, T Tauri, a young star in the Taurus star-forming region. They are found near molecular clouds and identified
T_Tauri_star
Bookkeeping survey of stars
Star counts are census counts of stars and the statistical and geometrical methods used to correct the corresponding data for bias.[citation needed] The
Star_count
Heterogeneous class of stars with unusual spectra
star, not just the normal background nebulosity associated with any massive star forming region, and not a planetary nebula formed by a post-AGB star
Wolf–Rayet_star
Void between celestial bodies
Dictionary, 2024, retrieved 2024-04-28. Liddle 2015, pp. 33. Planck Collaboration (2014), "Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results"
Outer_space
Stellar core remnant
x {\displaystyle \Delta p_{x}} , to be larger than half of the reduced Planck constant: Δ x × Δ p x > ℏ / 2. {\displaystyle \Delta x\times \Delta p_{x}>\hbar
White_dwarf
Double stars that show a significant interaction between their components
happens, material from one star (the donor star) will flow towards the other star (the accretor). If the accretor is a compact star, an accretion disk may
Interacting_binary_star
Astronomical category of stars
In astronomy, the term iron star has been used for two observed types of star: Binary stars with highly variable emission and stellar spectral type Fe
Iron_star
approval comes mostly from its Working Group on Star Names, which has been publishing a "List of IAU-approved Star Names" since 2016. As of July 2026, the list
List_of_proper_names_of_stars
Supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way
Reinhard Genzel at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics reported the observation of the motion of the star S2 near Sagittarius A* throughout
Sagittarius_A*
Type of star with a prominent spectral line due to absorption from ionized mercury
A mercury–manganese star (also HgMn star) is a type of chemically peculiar star with a prominent spectral line at 398.4 nm, due to absorption from ionized
Mercury–manganese_star
Hypothesized alternative to a black hole
In astrophysics, a gravastar (a blend word of "gravitational vacuum star") is an object hypothesized in a 2001 paper by Pawel O. Mazur and Emil Mottola
Gravastar
Scientific projections regarding the far future
1060V. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1060. S2CID 15719158. The Planck Collaboration (2020). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy and
Timeline_of_the_far_future
This is a list of Arabic star names. In Western astronomy, most of the accepted star names are Arabic, a few are Greek and some are of unknown origin
List_of_Arabic_star_names
listed by their total or combined brightness if they appear as a single star to the naked eye, or listed separately if they do not. As with all magnitude
List_of_brightest_stars
of star systems within 20–25 light-years List of star systems within 25–30 light-years List of star systems within 30–35 light-years List of star systems
Lists_of_stars
German physicist (1901–1976)
renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director until it was moved to Munich in 1958. He was Director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics
Werner_Heisenberg
Type of neutron star with a strong magnetic field
A magnetar is a type of neutron star with an extremely powerful magnetic field (~109 to 1011 T, ~1013 to 1015 G). The magnetic-field decay (or dissipation)
Magnetar
B-type star with forbidden emission lines
A B[e] star, frequently called a B[e]-type star, is a B-type star with distinctive forbidden neutral or low ionisation emission lines in its spectrum.
B(e)_star
Thermal electromagnetic radiation
spectrum that depends only on the body's temperature, called the Planck spectrum or Planck's law. The spectrum is peaked at a characteristic frequency that
Black-body_radiation
Stellar classification distinguished by bright blue luminosity
absolute magni- tude (MV) A B-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen-burning) star of spectral type B. The spectral luminosity class
B-type_main-sequence_star
Relation between peak wavelengths of black body radiation and temperature
the temperature. The shift of that peak is a direct consequence of the Planck radiation law, which describes the spectral brightness or intensity of black-body
Wien's_displacement_law
Type of chemically peculiar star
An Am star or metallic-line star is a type of chemically peculiar star of spectral type A whose spectrum has strong and often variable absorption lines
Am_star
Stars with distinctly unusual metal abundances
of the star to its surface; these include most of the carbon stars and S-type stars. Others are the result of mass transfer in a binary star system;
Chemically_peculiar_star
Research institute of the Max Planck Society, Germany
The Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, MPIA) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society (MPG). It is located
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astronomy
Low-mass supergiant that is almost devoid of hydrogen
An extreme helium star (abbreviated EHe) is a low-mass supergiant that is almost devoid of hydrogen, the most common chemical element of the Universe.
Extreme_helium_star
Star orbiting close to Sagittarius A*
position has been monitored since 1995 by two groups (at UCLA and at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics) as part of the effort to gather
S2_(star)
Stars that have had their light output measured carefully
or amount of light received, can be compared to a photometric-standard star to determine the exact brightness, or stellar magnitude, of the object. A
Photometric-standard_star
American cinematographer
Robert Herbert Planck (August 19, 1902 – October 31, 1971) was an American cinematographer. He was nominated for four Academy Awards in the category Best
Robert_Planck
Hypothetical star which gave life to the Sun
Coatlicue is the proposed name given to the hypothetical star that gave rise to the Sun and then imploded as a supernova. Coatlicue would have been at
Coatlicue_(star)
Main-sequence star of spectral type O
absolute magni- tude (MV) An O-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence—core hydrogen-burning—star of spectral type O. The spectral luminosity class
O-type_main-sequence_star
Star that never sets due to its apparent proximity to a celestial pole
A circumpolar star is a star that, as viewed from a given latitude on Earth, never sets below the horizon due to its apparent proximity to one of the celestial
Circumpolar_star
Physics Institute in Potsdam and Hanover
The Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) is a Max Planck Institute whose research is aimed at investigating Einstein's
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
Max_Planck_Institute_for_Gravitational_Physics
Early stage in the process of star formation
star that is still gathering mass from its parent molecular cloud. It is the earliest phase in the process of stellar evolution. For a low-mass star (i
Protostar
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