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Universal and unchanging physical quantity
A physical constant, sometimes called a fundamental physical constant or universal constant, is a physical quantity that cannot be explained by a theory
Physical_constant
The constants listed here are known values of physical constants expressed in SI units. Many of these are redundant, in the sense that they obey a known
List_of_physical_constants
Physical constant with no units
In physics, a dimensionless physical constant is a physical constant that is dimensionless, i.e. a pure number having no units attached and having a numerical
Dimensionless physical constant
Dimensionless_physical_constant
Dimensionless number that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
fine-structure constant, also known as the Sommerfeld constant, commonly denoted by α (the Greek letter alpha), is a fundamental physical constant that quantifies
Fine-structure_constant
Physical constant in quantum mechanics
The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by h {\displaystyle h} , is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics:
Planck_constant
Hypothetical conflict with the laws of physics as currently known
The term physical constant expresses the notion of a physical quantity subject to experimental measurement which is independent of the time or location
Time-variation of fundamental constants
Time-variation_of_fundamental_constants
Physical constant for the strength of gravity induced by a mass
The gravitational constant is an empirical physical constant that gives the strength of the gravitational field induced by a mass. It is involved in the
Gravitational_constant
Physical constant equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but in different units
The constant is also a combination of the constants from Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, and Gay-Lussac's law. It is a physical constant that
Gas_constant
Topics referred to by the same term
Fundamental physical constant may refer to: A dimensionless physical constant, one that is independent of the system of units used A physical constant that is
Fundamental_physical_constant
Physical constant relating particle kinetic energy with temperature
The Boltzmann constant (kB or k) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic
Boltzmann_constant
Physical constants of energy and wavenumber
physicist Johannes Rydberg, is a physical constant relating to the electromagnetic spectra of an atom. The constant first arose as an empirical fitting
Rydberg_constant
Theorem of gravity in cosmology
initial value of Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } , the values of the 3 physical constants will be eligible for rescaling fulfilling the dimensionless ratio
Gurzadyan_theorem
Physical constant: Electric charge of one mole of electrons
In physical chemistry, the Faraday constant (symbol F, sometimes stylized as ℱ) is a physical constant defined as the quotient of the total electric charge
Faraday_constant
Conversion constant for amount of substance
definition, the numerical value of the Avogadro constant in mol−1 (the Avogadro number) was a physical constant that had to be determined experimentally. The
Avogadro_constant
Physical constant
permeability of vacuum, magnetic constant) is the magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum. It is a physical constant, conventionally written as μ0 (pronounced
Vacuum_permeability
Fixed number that has received a name
(mathematics) List of mathematical constants List of numbers Physical constant List of physical constants Weisstein, Eric W. "Constant". mathworld.wolfram.com.
Mathematical_constant
Hypothesis about life in the universe
hypothesis is formulated in relation to dimensionless physical constants. These physical constants, parameters, and initial conditions of the universe at
Fine-tuned_universe
Topics referred to by the same term
Control variable or scientific constant, in experimentation the unchanging or constant variable Physical constant, a physical quantity generally believed
Constant
Definition of the units kg, A, K and mol
International System of Quantities were redefined in terms of natural physical constants, rather than human artefacts such as the standard kilogram. Effective
2019_revision_of_the_SI
Concept in cosmology
cosmological constant as simply another fundamental physical constant not predicted or explained by theory. Such a renormalization constant must be chosen
Cosmological_constant_problem
Function or value which does not change
mathematical constant or physical constant are sometimes used to distinguish this meaning. A function whose value remains unchanged (i.e., a constant function)
Constant_(mathematics)
Absolute dielectric permittivity of free space
free space, the electric constant, or the distributed capacitance of the vacuum. It is an ideal (baseline) physical constant. Its CODATA value is: ε0 = 8
Vacuum_permittivity
This is a list of common physical constants and variables, and their notations. Note that bold text indicates that the quantity is a vector. List of letters
List of common physics notations
List_of_common_physics_notations
Intensity of sunlight or solar constant
maximum. The solar "constant" is not a physical constant in the modern CODATA scientific sense; that is, it is not like the Planck constant or the speed of
Solar_constant
Units of measurement based on universal physical constants
measurement systems for which selected physical constants have been set to 1 through nondimensionalization of physical units. For example, the speed of light
Natural_units
Speed of electromagnetic waves
speed is in a vacuum. The speed of light in vacuum is a universal physical constant denoted c (in ISO and IEC standards c 0 {\displaystyle c_{0}} ), exactly
Speed_of_light
Some of the constants used in science are named after scientists. Below is the list of the scientists whose names are used in physical constants. List of
List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants
List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants
all physical aspects of the universe? Dimensionless physical constants: At the present time, the values of various dimensionless physical constants cannot
List of unsolved problems in physics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
bar with two marks on it, was redefined in terms of an invariant physical constant (the wavelength of a particular emission of light emitted by krypton
Alternative approaches to redefining the kilogram
Alternative_approaches_to_redefining_the_kilogram
Units defined only by physical constants
physics and physical cosmology, Planck units are a system of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of four universal physical constants: c, G,
Planck_units
Number of particle in a given volume of an ideal gas
to estimate the physical size of molecules in 1865. The term Loschmidt constant is also sometimes used to refer to the Avogadro constant, particularly in
Loschmidt_constant
SI unit of amount of substance
reference to the 6.02 or 6.022 part of the constant. Element–reactant–product table Faraday constant – Physical constant: Electric charge of one mole of electrons
Mole_(unit)
Physical quantity with no units
dimensionless physical constants, and approximate ratios from experiments which may have a limited scope of application. Certain universal dimensioned physical constants
Dimensionless_quantity
subject List of numbers List of physical constants Particular values of the Riemann zeta function Physical constant Both i and −i are roots of this equation
List of mathematical constants
List_of_mathematical_constants
Metric unit of mass
of the Planck constant, h (which has dimensions of energy times time, thus mass × length2 / time) together with other physical constants. This resolution
Kilogram
Standard unit of mass for atomic-scale entities
the Planck constant (h), improving the precision of the atomic mass constant expressed in SI units by anchoring it to fixed physical constants. Although
Dalton_(unit)
Charge carried by one proton or electron
The elementary charge, usually denoted by e, is a fundamental physical constant, defined as the electric charge carried by a single proton (+1 e) or,
Elementary_charge
Mass of a stationary electron
fundamental physical constants, while the electron rest mass in kilograms is calculated from the values of the Planck constant, the fine-structure constant and
Electron_mass
Observation in physical cosmology
ISSN 2041-8205. Millea, Marius; Knox, Lloyd (2019-08-10). "Hubble constant hunter's guide". Physical Review D. 101 (4) 043533. arXiv:1908.03663. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD
Hubble's_law
One of the seven units of measurement that define the metric system
System of Quantities Non-SI units mentioned in the SI Metric prefix Physical constant Newell, David; Tiesinga, Eite (20 August 2019). "The International
SI_base_unit
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
that it explains why the universe has the age and the fundamental physical constants necessary to accommodate intelligent life. If either had been significantly
Anthropic_principle
Topics referred to by the same term
impedance, a ratio used in electronics Impedance of free space, a physical constant Z boson, an elementary particle that mediates the weak force a rare
Z0
System of measurement
Hartree defined units based on three physical constants: Both in order to eliminate various universal constants from the equations and also to avoid high
Atomic_units
Physical constant related to Van der Waals interactions
In molecular physics, the Hamaker constant (denoted A; named for H. C. Hamaker) is a physical constant that can be defined for a van der Waals (vdW) body–body
Hamaker_constant
substance is called material constant or constant of matter. (Material constants should not be confused with physical constants, that have a universal character
List_of_materials_properties
Topics referred to by the same term
refer to: Bohr magneton, a physical constant of magnetic moment named after Niels Bohr Nuclear magneton, a physical constant of magnetic moment Parson
Magneton
Science of measurement and its application
physical objects define the base units. The motivation in the change of the base units is to make the entire system derivable from physical constants
Metrology
Topics referred to by the same term
the term fundamental constant may refer to: Any physical constant which is part of an equation that expresses a fundamental physical law One of the fundamental
Fundamental_constant
Quantized unit of magnetic flux
067833848...×10−15 Wb is a combination of fundamental physical constants: the Planck constant h and the electron charge e. Its value is, therefore, the
Magnetic_flux_quantum
Unit of mass equal to that of Earth
it is equivalent to measuring the gravitational constant, which is the fundamental physical constant known with least accuracy, due to the relative weakness
Earth_mass
Boltzmann constant A physical constant relating the average kinetic energy of the particles in a gas with the temperature of the gas. It is the gas constant R
Glossary_of_physics
Hypothetical group of multiple universes
entirety of space, time, matter, energy, information, and the physical laws and constants that describe them. The different universes within the multiverse
Multiverse
Chemical and physical constant of materials
2020-08-13. Retrieved 2015-01-13. P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, 4th Ed., p. C17 (Table 7.2) Ebullioscopic constant calculator Archived 2024-03-02 at the Wayback
Ebullioscopic_constant
Fundamental physical law of electromagnetism
Weights and Measures, Jun 2026, ISBN 978-92-822-2272-0 "Fundamental Physical Constants from NIST" (PDF). physics.nist.gov. Retrieved 2026-07-23. International
Coulomb's_law
Hypothesis relating age of the universe to physical constants
universe's age: M ∝ t 2 {\displaystyle M\propto t^{2}} . Physical constants are actually not constant. Their values depend on the age of the Universe. Stated
Dirac large numbers hypothesis
Dirac_large_numbers_hypothesis
Constant used in orbital mechanics
The Gaussian gravitational constant (symbol k) is a parameter used in the orbital mechanics of the Solar System. It relates the orbital period to the orbit's
Gaussian gravitational constant
Gaussian_gravitational_constant
Physical constant in chemistry
The molar mass constant, usually denoted as Mu, is a physical constant defined as +1/12 of the molar mass of carbon-12: Mu = M(12C)/12 ≈ 1 g/mol, where
Molar_mass_constant
Unit of length about the size of a hydrogen atom
The Bohr radius ( a 0 {\displaystyle a_{0}} ) is a physical constant, approximately equal to the most probable distance between the nucleus and the
Bohr_radius
Unit of magnetic moment
In atomic physics, the Bohr magneton (symbol μB) is a physical constant and the natural unit for expressing the magnetic moment of an electron caused
Bohr_magneton
Physical constant
standard uncertainty of 1.7×10−11. μ is an important fundamental physical constant because: Baryonic matter consists of quarks and particles made from
Proton-to-electron_mass_ratio
Physical constant; ratio of electric to magnetic field strength in a vacuum
In electromagnetism, the impedance of free space, Z0, is a physical constant relating the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic fields of electromagnetic
Impedance_of_free_space
Method in physics used to deal with infinities
for the renormalization constants computed – is considered irrational. In quantum field theory, the value of a physical constant depends on the scale that
Renormalization
Hierarchical outline list of articles related to the physical sciences
with physical phenomena where the action is on the order of the Planck constant. History of thermodynamics – history of the branch of physical science
Outline_of_physical_science
Equation of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas
area (d=2), or force per volume (d=3). Physics portal Boltzmann constant – Physical constant relating particle kinetic energy with temperature Configuration
Ideal_gas_law
Constant in crystallography
The Madelung constant is used in determining the electrostatic potential of a single ion in a crystal by approximating the ions by point charges. It is
Madelung_constant
Physical dimensions of unit cells in a crystal
A lattice constant or lattice parameter is one of the physical dimensions and angles that determine the geometry of the unit cells in a crystal lattice
Lattice_constant
Topics referred to by the same term
(disambiguation) Fundamental parallelogram (disambiguation) Fundamental physical constant (disambiguation) Fundamental plane (disambiguation) All pages with
Fundamental
Early system of natural units
of measurement designed so that chosen physical constants fully define and are included in the set. The constants that Stoney used to define his set of
Stoney_units
Topics referred to by the same term
{\displaystyle G} , in general relativity Gravitational constant, G, an empirical physical constant Graviton (G), a fundamental particle theorized to mediate
G_(disambiguation)
also include pure numbers, dimensionless ratios, or dimensionless physical constants; these topics are discussed in the article. "Table of Dimensionless
List of dimensionless quantities
List_of_dimensionless_quantities
Attempts to unify relativity, gravitation, and quantum mechanics
other physical constants, these three are given special consideration because they can be used to define all Planck units and thus all physical quantities
CGh_physics
Parameters characterizing properties of our galaxy
The Oort constants (discovered by Jan Oort) A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle B} are empirically derived parameters that characterize the local
Oort_constants
Difference between logarithm and harmonic series
{\displaystyle \log _{e}(x)} . Euler's constant (sometimes called the Euler–Mascheroni constant) is a mathematical constant, usually denoted by the lowercase
Euler's_constant
physics List of equations Operator (physics) Laws of science Physical constant Physical quantity SI units SI derived unit SI electromagnetism units List
Lists_of_physics_equations
Classical statement of gravity as force
is the gravitational constant 6.674×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2. While G is also called Newton's constant, Newton did not use this constant or formula, he only discussed
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation
Any of several physical constants used in astronomy
An astronomical constant is any of several physical constants used in astronomy. Formal sets of constants, along with recommended values, have been defined
Astronomical_constant
Internal open science organization
values of fundamental physical constants are published at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
Committee on Data of the International Science Council
Committee_on_Data_of_the_International_Science_Council
Variant of the metric system
; Taylor, Barry N. "CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2014." Rev. Mod. Phys. 88 (3), 035009 (2016). Gauss, C. F. (1832)
Centimetre–gram–second system of units
Centimetre–gram–second_system_of_units
SI derived unit of electric charge
ampere current in 1 second, with the elementary charge e as a defining constant in the SI. The SI defines the coulomb as "the quantity of electricity carried
Coulomb
Decimal-based systems of measurement
time. Today, all base units are defined by physical constants – not by prototypes in the form of physical objects, as they were in the past. Other metric
Metric_system
Topics referred to by the same term
Commerce, Canadian point-of-sale software provider the speed of light, a physical constant. LIGHT SPEED, the callsign of Executive Express Aviation Telesat Lightspeed
Lightspeed
Elementary particle with negative charge
1103/RevModPhys.80.633. Individual physical constants from the CODATA are available at: "The NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty". National
Electron
Ability of magnetization
permeability of vacuum (also known as permeability of free space) is a physical constant, denoted μ0. The SI units of μ are volt-seconds per ampere-meter,
Permeability (electromagnetism)
Permeability_(electromagnetism)
Constant in fluid dynamics
fluid dynamics, the von Kármán constant (or Kármán's constant), named for Theodore von Kármán, is a dimensionless constant involved in the logarithmic law
Von_Kármán_constant
Physical law on the emissive power of black body
as formulated in 1900. The Stefan–Boltzmann constant, σ, is derived from other known physical constants: σ = 2 π 5 k 4 15 c 2 h 3 = π 2 k 4 60 c 2 ℏ
Stefan–Boltzmann_law
Physical artifact that formerly defined the kilogram
was replaced by a new definition of the kilogram based entirely on physical constants. During that time, the IPK and its duplicates were used to calibrate
International Prototype of the Kilogram
International_Prototype_of_the_Kilogram
Relationship inferred from observation
thought to be an empirical factor is later deemed to be a fundamental physical constant.[citation needed] Empiricism Heuristic argument Power law Hall, Carl
Empirical_relationship
2.71828...; base of natural logarithms
with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted γ {\displaystyle \gamma } . Alternatively, e can be called Napier's constant after John Napier
E_(mathematical_constant)
Scientific and mathematical reference work
Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants and Some Mathematical Functions is a scientific reference work. First compiled and published in 1911 by the
Kaye_and_Laby
German physicist (1858–1947)
derive a set of units, now called Planck units, expressed in terms of physical constants. The Planck relation, E= h {\displaystyle h} ν, states that the energy
Max_Planck
Mathematical constants related to chaotic behavior
specifically bifurcation theory, the Feigenbaum constants /ˈfaɪɡənbaʊm/ δ and α are two mathematical constants which both express ratios in a bifurcation diagram
Feigenbaum_constants
Attraction of masses and energy
is the gravitational constant 6.674×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2. While G is also called Newton's constant, Newton did not use this constant or formula, he only discussed
Gravity
of invariant constants of physics, ultimately resulting in the 2019 revision of the SI, which finally eliminated the need for any physical reference artefacts—notably
History_of_the_metric_system
Physical constant
The nuclear magneton (symbol μN) is a physical constant of magnetic moment, defined in SI units by: μ N = e ℏ 2 m p {\displaystyle \mu _{\text{N}}={{e\hbar
Nuclear_magneton
Physical constant providing length scale to interatomic interactions
The classical electron radius is a combination of fundamental physical quantities that define a length scale for problems involving an electron interacting
Classical_electron_radius
This is a list of physical and mathematical constants named after people. Eponymous constants and their influence on scientific citations have been discussed
List of scientific constants named after people
List_of_scientific_constants_named_after_people
Electromagnetic property of matter
Electric charge (symbol q, sometimes Q) is a physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
Electric_charge
Unit of energy in the atomic units system
the reduced Planck constant, me is the electron mass, e is the elementary charge, a0 is the Bohr radius, ε0 is the electric constant, c is the speed of
Hartree
Terms and symbols widely used in the field of physical chemistry
used in the field of physical chemistry. It also includes a table of physical constants, tables listing the properties of elementary particles, chemical elements
Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry
Quantities,_Units_and_Symbols_in_Physical_Chemistry
SI base unit of electric current
analogy for explaining electrical circuits Vacuum permeability – Physical constant Orders of magnitude (current) – Comparison of a wide range of electric
Ampere
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