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Dimensionless number that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
the fine-structure constant, also known as the Sommerfeld constant, commonly denoted by α (the Greek letter alpha), is a fundamental physical constant that
Fine-structure_constant
Details in the emission spectrum of an atom
work, Sommerfeld also introduced the fine-structure constant. The gross structure of line spectra is the structure predicted by the quantum mechanics of
Fine_structure
Universal and unchanging physical quantity
physical constants, such as the fine-structure constant α, which characterizes the strength of the electromagnetic interaction. Physical constants, as discussed
Physical_constant
Non-mainstream theory in physics
nature of physics. A physical theory that postulates a varying fine-structure constant can be expressed as either a variable speed of light or a variable
Variable_speed_of_light
Physical constant with no units
αs, the coupling constant for the strong force (≈ 1) One of the dimensionless fundamental constants is the fine-structure constant: α = e 2 4 π ε 0
Dimensionless physical constant
Dimensionless_physical_constant
Naturally occurring uranium self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions
The natural reactor of Oklo has been used to check if the atomic fine-structure constant α might have changed over the past 2 billion years. That is because
Natural nuclear fission reactor
Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor
Verifying quantum electrodynamics by measuring the fine-structure constant
specific tests of QED consist of measurements of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant, α, in various physical systems. Checking the consistency of such
Precision_tests_of_QED
Nonpertubative field theoretic approach to quantum gravity
into account the gravitational correction to the running of the fine structure constant α {\displaystyle \alpha } of quantum electrodynamics, Ulrich Harst
Physics applications of asymptotically safe gravity
Physics_applications_of_asymptotically_safe_gravity
NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. "2022 CODATA Value: fine-structure constant". The NIST Reference
List_of_physical_constants
Hypothetical conflict with the laws of physics as currently known
bounds on their time-dependence. This concerns the fine-structure constant, the gravitational constant and the proton-to-electron mass ratio specifically
Time-variation of fundamental constants
Time-variation_of_fundamental_constants
Hypothesis about life in the universe
The fine-tuned universe is the hypothesis that, because "life as we know it" could not exist if the constants of nature—such as the electron charge or
Fine-tuned_universe
Physical constant
μ0 is an experimentally determined constant with its value proportional to the dimensionless fine-structure constant, which is known to a relative uncertainty
Vacuum_permeability
Coincidence in mathematics
(3.1496 in) being close to π {\displaystyle \pi } inches. The fine-structure constant α {\displaystyle \alpha } is close to, and was once conjectured
Mathematical_coincidence
Natural number
thought to be the exact value of the fine-structure constant. The fine-structure constant, a dimensionless physical constant, is approximately 1/137, and the
137_(number)
2018 movie by Ryan Eslinger
claims. He decrypts the ATC interference, ascertaining it is the fine-structure constant in 14 digit chunks. Derek later finds an unexplained executable
UFO_(2018_film)
Parameter describing the strength of a force
are pure numbers. An example of such a dimensionless constant is the fine-structure constant, α = e 2 4 π ε 0 ℏ c , {\displaystyle \alpha ={\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi
Coupling_constant
Absolute dielectric permittivity of free space
These values are determined by the experimentally determined fine-structure constant α: ε 0 = 1 μ 0 c 2 = e 2 2 α h c , {\displaystyle \varepsilon
Vacuum_permittivity
Physical constants of energy and wavenumber
values of the other physical constants that define it. Since the Bohr model is not perfectly accurate, due to fine structure, hyperfine splitting, and other
Rydberg_constant
Lowest possible energy of a quantum system or field
\varepsilon _{0}\hbar c}}\approx {\frac {1}{137}}} The fine-structure constant is the coupling constant of quantum electrodynamics (QED) determining the strength
Zero-point_energy
Extremely accurate clock in development
fundamental constants. A nuclear clock has the potential to be particularly sensitive to possible time variations of the fine-structure constant. The central
Nuclear_clock
First letter of the Greek alphabet
alpha carbon and strength of electromagnetic interaction (as fine-structure constant). Alpha also stands for thermal expansion coefficient of a compound
Alpha
German theoretical physicist (1868–1951)
quantum number, magnetic quantum number. He also introduced the fine-structure constant and pioneered X-ray wave theory. Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld
Arnold_Sommerfeld
Unique features in the electronic bands of a given material
Physics portal Fine structure constant Rashba effect Dresselhaus effect Radwański, R. J.; Ropka, Z. (2001), "Fine Electronic Structure and Magnetism of
Fine_electronic_structure
Physical quantity with no units
dimensionless numbers like the Reynolds number in fluid dynamics, the fine-structure constant in quantum mechanics, and the Lorentz factor in relativity. In
Dimensionless_quantity
Physical theory of the cosmos
observations showing that the largest possible deviation of the fine-structure constant over much of the age of the universe is of order 10−5. The key
Big_Bang
Number of protons in the observable universe
foundations of physics. Eddington argued that the value of the fine-structure constant, α, could be obtained by pure deduction. He related α to the Eddington
Eddington_number
Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
fundamental physical constants. For example, Webb et al. reported detection of variation (at the 10−5 level) of the fine-structure constant from measurements
Equivalence_principle
Value in quantum electrodynamics
}}\approx 0.001\,161\,4,} where α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the fine-structure constant. This result was first found by Julian Schwinger in 1948 and is
Anomalous magnetic dipole moment
Anomalous_magnetic_dipole_moment
Property of magnitude or multitude
dimensionless numbers like the Reynolds number in fluid dynamics, the fine-structure constant in quantum mechanics, and the Lorentz factor in relativity. In
Quantity
American physicist
magnetic moment can also be interpreted as a measurement of the fine structure constant. In 2006, the group made its first measurement with an uncertainty
Gerald_Gabrielse
Type of structure in atomic physics
hydrogen and in muonium have been used to measure the value of the fine-structure constant α. Comparison with measurements of α in other physical systems
Hyperfine_structure
Spectral line of hydrogen state transition in UHF radio frequencies
dynamics of individual galaxies, and to test for changes to the fine-structure constant over time. It is of particular importance to cosmology because
Hydrogen_line
Length used in relativistic quantum physics
{Ze^{2}}{r}}\psi .} Dividing through by ħc and rewriting in terms of the fine-structure constant, one obtains: i c ∂ ∂ t ψ = − λ ¯ 2 ∇ 2 ψ − α Z r ψ . {\displaystyle
Compton_wavelength
using physical constants. Avogadro constant: NA = 6.02214076×1023 mol−1 Electron mass: me = 9.1093837139(28)×10−31 kg Fine-structure constant: α = 0.0072973525643(11)
List_of_numbers
Electron penetration depth at which its energy is reduced by 1/e
denotes the reduced Planck constant, me is the electron rest mass, c is the speed of light, α is the fine-structure constant. For electrons at lower energies
Radiation_length
Expansion of the time evolution operator
This close agreement holds because the coupling constant (also known as the fine-structure constant) of QED is much less than 1.[clarification needed]
Dyson_series
Gauge boson self-energy due to interactions with virtual particles
}{mc}}=3.86\times 10^{-13}{\text{ m}}} ). To lowest order in the fine-structure constant, α {\displaystyle \alpha } , the QED result for the electrostatic
Vacuum_polarization
Unit of length about the size of a hydrogen atom
speed of light in vacuum, and α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the fine-structure constant. The CODATA value of the Bohr radius is 5.29177210544(82)×10−11 m
Bohr_radius
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
dimensionless physical constants (such as the fine-structure constant) governing the four fundamental interactions are balanced as if fine-tuned to permit the
Anthropic_principle
Exploring the large variation of fundamental constants and demonstrating that increasing fine-structure constant by an order of magnitude from its nominal
Andrei_Derevianko
Periodic table of the elements with eight or more periods
electron orbitals at Z > 1/α ≈ 137.036 (the reciprocal of the fine-structure constant), suggesting that neutral atoms cannot exist beyond element 137
Extended_periodic_table
System of measurement
McWeeny. Dimensionless physical constants retain their values in any system of units. Of note is the fine-structure constant α = e 2 / ( 4 π ϵ 0 ℏ c ) ≈
Atomic_units
Maarten Schmidt measure the fine-structure splitting of spectral lines in 3C191 and thereby show that the fine-structure constant does not vary significantly
Timeline of cosmological theories
Timeline_of_cosmological_theories
Standard unit of mass for atomic-scale entities
is the speed of light, h is the Planck constant, α is the fine-structure constant, and R∞ is the Rydberg constant. As may be observed from the old values
Dalton_(unit)
Units of measurement based on universal physical constants
order to reinsert physical constants (such dimensions uniquely determine the full formula). where: α is the fine-structure constant, e2 / 4πε0ℏc = 0.0072973525643(11)
Natural_units
Mass of a stationary electron
Rydberg constant R∞ and the fine-structure constant α obtained through spectroscopic measurements. Using the definition of the Rydberg constant: R ∞ =
Electron_mass
This is a list of common physical constants and variables, and their notations. Note that bold text indicates that the quantity is a vector. List of letters
List of common physics notations
List_of_common_physics_notations
Electromagnetic effect in physics
provides an extremely precise independent determination of the fine-structure constant, a quantity of fundamental importance in quantum electrodynamics
Quantum_Hall_effect
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
infrared wavelengths, where α is the fine-structure constant. This is due to the unusual low-energy electronic structure of monolayer graphene, characterized
Graphene
Interferometer which uses the wave-like nature of atoms
fundamental physics, including measurements of the gravitational constant, the fine-structure constant, and universality of free fall. Applied uses of atom interferometers
Atom_interferometer
Italian-American physicist (born 1938)
covers high-energy physics, including grand unification and the fine-structure constant, and astrophysics, including baryon asymmetry, pulsar kicks, and
Gino_Segrè
Speed of electromagnetic waves
Fine Structure Constant in Space and Time (PhD). arXiv:astro-ph/0401631. Bibcode:2004astro.ph..1631M. Uzan, J.-P. (2003). "The fundamental constants and
Speed_of_light
Symbols for constants, special functions
result the false positive rate in statistics ("Type I" error) the fine-structure constant in physics the angle of attack of an aircraft an alpha particle
Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering
Number, approximately 3.14
orthopositronium. The inverse lifetime to lowest order in the fine-structure constant α is 1 τ = 2 π 2 − 9 9 π m e α 6 , {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\tau
Pi
Charge carried by one proton or electron
} where α is the fine-structure constant, c is the speed of light, ε0 is the electric constant, and ħ is the reduced Planck constant. Charge quantization
Elementary_charge
German physicist (born 1943)
M. (1980). "New Method for High-Accuracy Determination of the Fine-Structure Constant Based on Quantized Hall Resistance". Physical Review Letters. 45
Klaus_von_Klitzing
Effect in quantum electrodynamics
{\frac {1}{\pi \alpha }},} where α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the fine-structure constant. This shift is about 500 MHz, within an order of magnitude of the
Lamb_shift
Definition of the units kg, A, K and mol
4976701. S2CID 119283799. "2022 CODATA Value: fine-structure constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved
2019_revision_of_the_SI
British astrophysicist (1882–1944)
ISBN 978-0316089081. "2022 CODATA Value: inverse fine-structure constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved
Arthur_Eddington
Atom of the element hydrogen
^{2}\approx 10^{-5}} , where α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the fine-structure constant. Most of these shortcomings were resolved by Arnold Sommerfeld's
Hydrogen_atom
Hypothetical physical concept
relativity and that, at the same time, is able to calculate the fine-structure constant or the mass of the electron. Most particle physicists expect that
Theory_of_everything
Function characterizing the interactions between photons and quarks
predicted for the photon structure function in the quark model to leading logarithmic behavior; where α is the fine-structure constant and the fractional quark
Photon_structure_function
Units defined only by physical constants
10^{-18}{\text{ C}}\approx 11.7\ e} (where α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the fine-structure constant) for k e = 1 {\displaystyle k_{\text{e}}=1} , or q P ′ = ε 0 ℏ
Planck_units
American astronomer (born 1973)
results have been further cited in research of properties of the fine-structure constant using absorption systems in the spectra of distant quasars. Gay's
Pamela_L._Gay
Chance of overcoming the Coulomb barrier
the reduced mass of the two particles. The constant α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the fine-structure constant, c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of light
Gamow_factor
Elementary particle with negative charge
1038/25303. S2CID 16080209. "2022 CODATA Value: fine-structure constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved
Electron
Atoms with a single valence electron, so they behave like hydrogen
c^{2}}}={\frac {m_{\mathrm {e} }}{\mu }}a_{0}} where α is the fine-structure constant. Here, μ is the reduced mass of the nucleus–electron system, that
Hydrogen-like_atom
Creation of particle-antiparticle pair from a neutral boson
r_{\text{e}}^{2}\,Z^{2}\,P(E,Z)} where α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the fine-structure constant, r e {\displaystyle r_{\text{e}}} is the classical electron radius
Pair_production
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
Contribution to the Electron g-2 and an Improved Value of the Fine Structure Constant". Physical Review Letters. 109 (11) 111807. arXiv:1205.5368. Bibcode:2012PhRvL
Quantum_mechanics
German-American physicist (1906–2005)
Theory of the Temperature of Absolute Zero where he calculated the fine structure constant from the absolute zero temperature in Celsius units. The paper
Hans_Bethe
Quantum number related to the strong force
interaction; for example, in quantum electrodynamics, the fine-structure constant is a coupling constant. The charge in a gauge theory has to do with the way
Color_charge
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
{e} }e^{2}}{\hbar c}}=\alpha \approx {\frac {1}{137}}} is the fine-structure constant, R E = 1 2 ( m e c 2 ) α 2 {\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {E} }={\frac
Bohr_model
Formula to approximate nuclear mass based on nucleon counts
a_{\text{C}}={\frac {3e^{2}}{20\pi \varepsilon _{0}r_{0}}}.} Using the fine-structure constant, we can rewrite the value of a C {\displaystyle a_{\text{C}}} as
Semi-empirical_mass_formula
Physical constant providing length scale to interatomic interactions
three length scales can be written in terms of any other using the fine-structure constant α {\displaystyle \alpha } : r e = λ ¯ e α = a 0 α 2 . {\displaystyle
Classical_electron_radius
physicist whom the following is named after: Sommerfeld coefficient Sommerfeld constant (α) Sommerfeld expansion Sommerfeld effect Sommerfeld identity Sommerfeld
List of things named after Arnold Sommerfeld
List_of_things_named_after_Arnold_Sommerfeld
Retrieved December 10, 2018. "2022 CODATA Value: fine-structure constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved
Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)
Low energy photon scattering off charged particles
{}}_{\text{c}}} is its reduced Compton wavelength, and α is the fine structure constant. A notable feature is that the cross section is independent of
Thomson_scattering
Property of gauge theories in particle physics
where α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the theory's equivalent of the fine-structure constant, g 2 / ( 4 π ) {\displaystyle g^{2}/(4\pi )} in the units favored
Asymptotic_freedom
Hypothesis relating age of the universe to physical constants
the −3/2 power of the gravitational fine-structure constant (analogous to the electromagnetic fine-structure constant), 10−40.) Several authors have recently
Dirac large numbers hypothesis
Dirac_large_numbers_hypothesis
Canadian physicist
experimental evidence from telescopic observations that the cosmological fine-structure constant—which contains the speed of light—may have been different than
John_Moffat_(physicist)
Reaction that combines atomic nuclei
tunneling probability through the potential barrier. α is the fine-structure constant, 1/137.036. R contains all the nuclear physics of the specific
Nuclear_fusion
Fringe science journal
who claimed to redefine the elementary charge and eliminate the fine structure constant, directly in contradiction to mainstream physics. The journal is
Physics_Essays
One over a whole number
difference between two levels. Arthur Eddington argued that the fine-structure constant was a unit fraction. He initially thought it to be 1/136 and later
Unit_fraction
Electron-electron scattering
F {\displaystyle G_{\rm {F}}} is Fermi's constant, α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the fine structure constant, Θ cm {\displaystyle \Theta _{\text{cm}}}
Møller_scattering
Early system of natural units
t_{\text{S}}^{-1}\cdot m_{\text{S}}^{~},} where α is the fine-structure constant. George Stoney was one of the first scientists to understand that
Stoney_units
Intrinsic quantum property of particles
as j × j divided by 2π [sic] [where j is the square root of the fine-structure constant], and was due to an alternative way the electron can go from place
Spin_(physics)
Quantum mechanical state change
reduced Planck constant, c {\displaystyle c} is the vacuum speed of light, and α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the fine-structure constant. The expression
Spontaneous_emission
American theoretical physicist (1918–1994)
{\frac {\alpha }{2\pi }}} , where α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the fine structure constant, is engraved above his name on his tombstone. These symbols refer
Julian_Schwinger
Function that encodes the dependence of a coupling parameter on the energy scale
later at the Large Electron–Positron Collider experiments: the fine structure "constant" of QED was measured to be about 1⁄127 at energies close to 200
Beta_function_(physics)
Two systems are coupled if they are interacting with each other
given by a dimensionless coupling constant. In quantum electrodynamics, this value is known as the fine-structure constant α, approximately equal to 1/137
Coupling_(physics)
natural nuclear fission reactor at Oklo, Gabon demonstrate that the fine-structure constant α has changed less than 10−17 per year over the last two billion
Alexander_Shlyakhter
Ratio of magnetic moment to angular momentum
}{2\pi }}+\cdots \right),} where α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the fine-structure constant. Here the small corrections to g = −2 come from the quantum field
Gyromagnetic_ratio
Function describing an electron in an atom
velocity given by v = Zαc, where Z is the atomic number, α is the fine-structure constant, and c is the speed of light. In non-relativistic quantum mechanics
Atomic_orbital
Force resulting from the quantisation of a field
(per unit area) between parallel plates vanishes as alpha, the fine structure constant, goes to zero, and the standard result, which appears to be independent
Casimir_effect
Austrian physicist (1900–1958)
been preoccupied with the question of why the fine-structure constant, a dimensionless fundamental constant, has a value nearly equal to 1/137. Pauli died
Wolfgang_Pauli
Theories of quantum chemistry explained via relativistic mechanics
where ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } is the reduced Planck constant, and α is the fine-structure constant (a relativistic correction for the Bohr model). Bohr
Relativistic quantum chemistry
Relativistic_quantum_chemistry
Quantum field theory of electromagnetism
series, and what we get here is a perturbation series with the fine-structure constant as the development parameter. This series expansion of the probability
Quantum_electrodynamics
Theoretical framework in physics
coupling constant, in which the series is expanded, must be a sufficiently small number. The coupling constant in QED is the fine-structure constant α ≈ 1/137
Quantum_field_theory
Electron-photon scattering cross section
}}_{c}=\alpha \lambda _{c}/2\pi } , where α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the fine structure constant (~1/137) and λ ¯ c = ℏ / m e c {\displaystyle {\bar {\lambda }}_{c}=\hbar
Klein–Nishina_formula
Quantum state with the lowest possible energy
and like all other observable effects in QED, it vanishes as the fine structure constant, α, goes to zero." Pair production Vacuum energy Lamb shift False
Quantum_vacuum_state
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