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Specialized bipolar transistor
A multiple-emitter transistor is a specialized bipolar transistor mostly used at the inputs of integrated circuit TTL NAND logic gates. Input signals
Multiple-emitter_transistor
Transistor that uses both electrons and holes as charge carriers
carriers injected into the emitter–base junction must come from the emitter. The low-performance "lateral" bipolar transistors sometimes used in bipolar
Bipolar_junction_transistor
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
the base and the emitter, can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter. A field-effect transistor (FET) has terminals
Transistor
Class of digital circuits
a multiple-emitter input transistor followed by one or more amplifying stages. In a two-input TTL NAND gate, each input corresponds to one emitter of
Transistor–transistor_logic
Process necessary for BJT amplifiers to work correctly
component. For bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), the operating point is defined as the steady-state DC collector-emitter voltage ( V c e {\displaystyle
Bipolar_transistor_biasing
Transistor switch output for integrated circuits
open emitter, and open source refer to integrated circuit (IC) output pin configurations that process the IC's internal function through a transistor with
Open_collector
A transistor is a semiconductor device with at least three terminals for connection to an electric circuit. In the common case, the third terminal controls
History_of_the_transistor
Integrated circuit logic family
electronics, emitter-coupled logic (ECL) is a high-speed integrated circuit bipolar transistor logic family. ECL uses a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) differential
Emitter-coupled_logic
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
Branch of chemistry and electronics Organic light-emitting transistor – Form of transistor that emits lightPages displaying short descriptions of redirect
OLED
Semiconductor light source
RGB tri-color Tri-color LEDs contain three different LED emitters in one case. Each emitter is connected to a separate lead so they can be controlled
Light-emitting_diode
Device that switches or amplifies optical signals
signals. Light occurring on an optical transistor's input changes the intensity of light emitted from the transistor's output while output power is supplied
Optical_transistor
Voltage reference used in integrated circuits
through two bipolar transistors with different emitter areas. By the Ebers–Moll model of a transistor, The transistor with the larger emitter area requires
Brokaw_bandgap_reference
Type of transistor
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor that uses an electric field to control the current through a semiconductor. It comes in two types:
Field-effect_transistor
Discrete device in an electronic system
transistor) Composite transistors BiCMOS (bipolar CMOS) IGBT (Insulated-gate bipolar transistor) Other transistors Bipolar junction transistor (BJT
Electronic_component
MOS field-effect transistor with more than one gate
a multiple-independent-gate field-effect transistor (MIGFET). The most widely used multi-gate devices are the FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) and
Multigate_device
Electronic component that exploits the electronic properties of semiconductor materials
between the collector and emitter, controlled by the base-emitter current. Another type of transistor, the field-effect transistor (FET), operates on the
Semiconductor_device
Two-BJT transistor digital logic
source transistor and an NPN common emitter open collector inverter transistor (i.e. they are connected to the GND). On a wafer, these two transistors are
Integrated_injection_logic
Technical specification
usually presented in transistor datasheets as a graph with VCE (collector-emitter voltage) on the abscissa and ICE (collector-emitter current) on the ordinate;
Safe_operating_area
Logical gate whose output is false if all its inputs are true
created using NAND gates alone. In TTL ICs using multiple-emitter transistors, it also requires fewer transistors than a NOR gate. As NOR gates are also functionally
NAND_gate
Electronic circuit
is a four-transistor, two-stage, push-pull, translinear emitter follower, or less commonly source follower, in which the input transistors are folded
Diamond_buffer
Electronic circuit
modification of the basic two-transistor current mirror that incorporates an emitter degeneration resistor for only the output transistor, enabling the current
Widlar_current_source
Electronic component delivering stable electric current regardless of voltage
two-transistor current mirror with emitter degeneration. Negative feedback is a basic feature in some current mirrors using multiple transistors, such
Current_source
Two-terminal electronic component
common transistors and diodes?". EDAboard.com. 2010-06-10. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-06. I.D.E.A. "Transistor Museum
Diode
Pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices or functions
electronic devices or functions, such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors, in a schematic diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit. These
Electronic_symbol
Type of electron tube
technical synergy. A modern example would be the multiple-emitter transistor of transistor–transistor logic integrated circuits Another modern construct
Computron_tube
System designed to maintain a constant voltage
increase in the collector–emitter voltage to observe KVL), the transistor's base–emitter voltage (UBE) increases, turning the transistor on further and delivering
Voltage_regulator
Power amplifier
and produces a high-current drive input for the gate of a high-power transistor such as an IGBT or power MOSFET. Gate drivers can be provided either on-chip
Gate_driver
Operational amplifier
entails two cascaded transistor pairs, satisfying conflicting requirements. The first stage consists of the matched NPN emitter follower pair Q1, Q2 that
ΜA741
Solid-state semiconductor device
MT2 to behave like a PNP transistor, which turns on because its n-type base becomes forward-biased with respect to its emitter (MT2). Thus, the triggering
TRIAC
Electronic circuit formed on a small, flat piece of semiconductor material
the faster emitter-coupled logic (ECL). Modern integrated circuits (ICs) are based on the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), forming
Integrated_circuit
Term used in electricity-related fields
direction from the emitter to the base. Field-effect transistor (FET) uses the region of just one type (thus another name, unipolar transistor) and it can be
Electrical_polarity
Type of electrical circuit
increase. As it exceeds the voltage required to bias the emitter-base junction of Q3, Q3 acts as an emitter follower or common collector amplifier and the base
Wilson_current_mirror
Electronic comparator circuit with hysteresis
stage Q2 (an emitter follower) through the voltage divider R 1 , R 2 {\displaystyle R_{1}{,}R_{2}} . The emitter-coupled transistors Q1 and Q2 actually
Schmitt_trigger
Four layer semiconductor diode
other NPN, neither transistor can turn ON until the other is turned ON due to the absence of any current through the base-emitter junction. Once sufficient
Shockley_diode
Electronic circuits that utilize digital signals
electronic design automation software. Integrated circuits consist of multiple transistors on one silicon chip and are the least expensive way to make a large
Digital_electronics
Circuit designed to copy a current through one active device
circuits (ICs). It is a Widlar mirror without an emitter degeneration resistor in the follower (output) transistor. This topology can only be done in an IC,
Current_mirror
DC-DC voltage step-down power converter
semiconductors (a diode and a transistor, although modern buck converters frequently replace the diode with a second transistor used for synchronous rectification)
Buck_converter
Power supply connections for integrated circuits
analysis of a bipolar junction transistor, for example, in a common-emitter configuration, the DC voltage at the collector, emitter, and base (with respect to
IC_power-supply_pin
Integrated circuit customized for a specific task
introduced the Micromatrix family of bipolar diode–transistor logic (DTL) and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) arrays. Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
Application-specific integrated circuit
Application-specific_integrated_circuit
Thermal tails are an effect found in amplifiers, typically in op-amps, emitter-followers, and differential pairs. The effect is to cause a slow drift
Thermal_tails
Either of two concepts in computer engineering
logic (RCTL) Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) Positive emitter-coupled logic (PECL) Low-voltage PECL (LVPECL) Complementary transistor micrologic (CTuL)
Logic_family
Microchip manipulating light instead of electricity
sources and Silicon PICs enable co-integration of the photonics with transistor based electronics. The fabrication techniques are similar to those used
Photonic_integrated_circuit
Electronic device/component that increases the strength of a signal
signal waveforms. An emitter follower is a type of non-inverting amplifier, indicating that the signal at the emitter of a transistor is following (that
Amplifier
Device that controls current between electrodes
directly heated) and warm-up time (including "bright-emitter" pure tungsten filament or "dull-emitter" thoriated tungsten filament) by characteristic curves
Vacuum_tube
Experimental multi-terminal electronic component
memristor and transistor technology. This technology is different from the 1T-1R approach since the devices are merged into one single entity. Multiple memristors
Memtransistor
Amplifier consisting of two or more simple amplifiers connected in series
individual stages are bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) in a common emitter configuration or field-effect transistors (FETs) in a common source configuration
Multistage_amplifier
Central computer component that executes instructions
in large quantities. This standardization began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers, and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization
Central_processing_unit
Array of logic gates that are reprogrammable
cores exist alongside the programmable fabric, but they are built out of transistors instead of LUTs so they have ASIC-level performance and power consumption
Field-programmable_gate_array
Practical physics application
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) produce light (or infrared radiation) by the recombination of electrons and electron holes in a semiconductor, a process called
Light-emitting_diode_physics
Integrated circuit composed of several vertically stacked chips
hierarchy at the global (package), intermediate (bond pad) and local (transistor) level. In general, 3D integration is a broad term that includes such
Three-dimensional integrated circuit
Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit
Low power dual operational amplifier
acceptable because the bipolar junction transistors at the input stage are configured such that their base-emitter junction voltage provides just enough
LM358
Type of solid-state switch
a combination of Greek language θύρα, meaning "door" or "valve", and transistor) is a solid-state semiconductor device which can be thought of as being
Thyristor
American physical chemist and executive (1928–2023)
for Transistors". Computer History Museum. The Silicon Engine. Retrieved 12 February 2018. Tanenbaum, M.; Thomas, D. E. (1956). "Diffused Emitter and
Morris_Tanenbaum
Type of semiconductor laser diode
production process of edge-emitting lasers. Edge-emitters cannot be tested until the end of the production process. If the edge-emitter does not function properly
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
Vertical-cavity_surface-emitting_laser
Type of notation used in engineering documentation
would again denote the collector end of a transistor, and E would denote the emitter end of the transistor. This is the same as saying "the current in
Double_subscript_notation
Semiconductor laser
Additionally, because VCSELs emit the beam perpendicular to the active region of the laser as opposed to parallel as with an edge emitter, tens of thousands of
Laser_diode
Electrical or optical connectors for carrying audio and video signals
channel for general data transmission. Some types of connectors are used by multiple hardware interfaces; for example, RCA connectors are used both by the composite
Audio and video interfaces and connectors
Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors
Device performing a Boolean function
diodes or transistors acting as electronic switches. Today, most logic gates are made from MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors). They
Logic_gate
Electrical safety device that provides overcurrent protection
increase heating effect. In large fuses, current may be divided between multiple strips of metal. A dual-element fuse may contain a metal strip that melts
Fuse_(electrical)
American electrical engineer and inventor (1931–2022)
surface of the transistor, it was absorbed in the regions of both the emitter-base and base-collector junctions causing the transistor to conduct. This
James_R._Biard
Electrical circuit
or bipolar junction transistor) as negative feedback to compute the logarithm. Multistage log amplifiers instead cascade multiple simple amplifiers to
Log_amplifier
Variant of a liquid-crystal display
A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) is a type of liquid-crystal display that uses thin-film transistor technology to improve image
TFT_LCD
Devices that measure magnetic field strength using the Hall effect
which were limited to laboratory instruments. Even early generation transistor technology was unsuited; it was only with the development of the low-cost
Hall_effect_sensor
two nodes of which at least one is an emitter to emitter connection. For type A (alternating), with two emitter connected pairs, the voltage relates to
Translinear_circuit
Nonlinear two-terminal fundamental circuit element
fundamentally from that of a metal oxide semiconductor transistor, which is capacitor-based. Unlike the transistor, the final state of the memristor in terms of
Memristor
does not contain a junction. Multiple JLNT devices were manufactured in various labs: JLT is a nanowire-based transistor that has no gate junction. (Even
Junctionless nanowire transistor
Junctionless_nanowire_transistor
Electronic numeric display device
equivalent, the K155ID1, is still in production. However, modern bipolar transistors with high voltage ratings are now available cheaply, such as MPSA92 or
Nixie_tube
Type of computer memory
a transistor, both typically based on metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology. While most DRAM memory cell designs use a capacitor and transistor, some
Dynamic_random-access_memory
AND and OR logic with diodes and resistors
placing a selenium diode across the base-emitter junction of the transistor making it think it was a selenium transistor (if there could ever be one). Active
Diode_logic
Temperature control system
advantage of the low voltage control system is the ability to operate multiple electromechanical switching devices such as relays, contactors, and sequencers
Thermostat
Form of digital logic family in integrated circuits
better current source approximation than the simpler enhancement-mode transistor can, especially when no extra voltage is available (one of the reasons
Depletion-load_NMOS_logic
Electronic oscillator circuit
fundamental resonance or of a multiple of that resonance, called a harmonic frequency. Harmonics are an exact integer multiple of the fundamental frequency
Crystal_oscillator
implementations); a transistor implementation is shown in the diagram; a differential pair amplifier can form a phase splitter in two ways: if the shared emitter (or
Phase_splitter
Electronic device
extracted as photocurrent, an extra electron is injected from the opposite (emitter) contact to balance the loss of electrons from the quantum well. In general
Quantum well infrared photodetector
Quantum_well_infrared_photodetector
Vacuum tube used to display images
assembly for CRT electron gun - has protective screen around cathode emitter between emitter and hole in insulator support of cylindrical grid electrode" Fromm
Cathode_ray_tube
Loss of control of an exothermal process due to temperature increases
the current flowing through a transistor and thus the power dissipation, causing a further increase in collector-to-emitter leakage current. This is frequently
Thermal_runaway
Type of electronic amplifier
view is that the voltage at the top of R2 is set by the emitter current of the output transistor. That view leads to an entirely passive feedback network
Negative-feedback_amplifier
Semiconductor materials with a larger band gap
Conventional technologies, however, appear to be reaching a plateau of transistor density. Wide-bandgap materials have several characteristics that make
Wide-bandgap_semiconductor
Capacitor used to prevent energy transfer between two circuits
component of a circuit. Active devices of an electronic system (e.g. transistors, integrated circuits, vacuum tubes) are connected to their power supplies
Decoupling_capacitor
Capacitor whose capacitance can be changed
the diode. Any diode exhibits this effect (including p/n junctions in transistors), but devices specifically sold as variable capacitance diodes (also
Variable_capacitor
Type of DC-to-DC converter
output voltage is adjustable based on the duty cycle of the switching transistor. One possible drawback of this converter is that the switch does not have
Buck–boost_converter
Aspect of electron emission of a compound
selectivity (CISS) refers to multiple phenomena where the chirality of a chemical compound influences the spin of transmitted or emitted electrons. This effect
Chirality-induced spin selectivity
Chirality-induced_spin_selectivity
Germanium power transistor for audio frequency use BY133 – Silicon rectifier BZY88C5V1 – Silicon 5.1 volt Zener diode CQY97 – light emitting diode ECC83 –
Pro_Electron
Type of display device
display technologies that use color filters, such as blue/UV organic light-emitting diode (OLED), MicroLED, or QNED display panels. QD-OLED displays, which
Quantum_dot_display
Type of resistor, usually with three terminals
by a push action, alternately on and off, by axial presses of the knob. Multiple resistance elements can be ganged together with their sliding contacts
Potentiometer
Solid-state photodetector
onset of the avalanche current across a 50 Ω resistor (or integrated transistor) and provides a digital (CMOS, TTL, ECL, NIM) output pulse, synchronous
Single-photon_avalanche_diode
MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) is a type of insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET) that is fabricated by the controlled
List_of_MOSFET_applications
Material of moderate electrical conductivity
ions, and electron holes, at these junctions is the basis of diodes, transistors, and most modern electronics. Some examples of semiconductors are silicon
Semiconductor
Electrical component that can break an electrical circuit
flow. Switches are made in many different configurations; they may have multiple sets of contacts controlled by the same knob or actuator, and the contacts
Switch
Other IC package types include diode outline (DO), transistor outline (TO), and small outline transistor (SOT). QUADRACs that use metal electrode leadless
Quadrac
Topics referred to by the same term
array programming) Color filter array, placed over an imaging array Field emitter array, an electron source Halbach array, an arrangement of magnets Linear
Array
Solar power cell with multiple band gaps from different materials
Multi-junction (MJ) solar cells are solar cells with multiple p–n junctions made of different semiconductor materials. Each material's p–n junction will
Multi-junction_solar_cell
Electrical device that converts AC to DC
in conjunction with at least one voltage amplifying component like a transistor to maintain output voltage when source voltage drops. The input filter
Rectifier
Electrical circuit used to power a LED
volts, (C) for BJT transistor, use V C E ( s a t ) {\displaystyle V_{CE(sat)}} collector-emitter saturation voltage from the transistor datasheet. I l e
LED_circuit
Type of electrical rectifier with a liquid cathode
that does not deteriorate with time. The mercury emits electrons freely, whereas the carbon anodes emit very few electrons even when heated, so the current
Mercury-arc_valve
Optical instrument
Quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) are semiconductor lasers that emit in the mid- to far-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and were first demonstrated
Quantum-cascade_laser
Chemical semiconductor compound
as UV detectors and high-speed field-effect transistors.[citation needed] High-brightness GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) completed the range of primary
Gallium_nitride
Device for generating microwaves
Accessed 2009-08-23. White, Steve. "Electric Valves: Diodes, Triodes, and Transistors". zipcon.net. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved
Cavity_magnetron
Passive electronic component providing electrical resistance
otherwise disconnected (such as when a button is not pushed down or a transistor is not active). A pull-up resistor connects the circuit to a high positive
Resistor
Electronic component
reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor. With the development of plastic materials by organic chemists during
Capacitor
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