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Device that switches or amplifies optical signals
An optical transistor, also known as photonic transistor, optical switch or light valve, is a device that switches or amplifies optical signals. Light
Optical_transistor
Computer that uses photons or light waves
time-domain optical data. The fundamental building block of modern electronic computers is the transistor. To replace electronic components with optical ones
Optical_computing
Form of transistor that emits light
light-emitting transistor (OLET) is a form of transistor that emits light. These transistors have potential for digital displays and on-chip optical interconnects
Light-emitting_transistor
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. It is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics
Transistor
Transistor laser is a semiconductor device that functions as a transistor with an electrical output and an optical output, as opposed to the typical two
Transistor_laser
Microchip manipulating light instead of electricity
beginning commercialization. Integrated quantum photonics Optical computing Optical transistor Silicon photonics Larry Coldren; Scott Corzine; Milan Mashanovitch
Photonic_integrated_circuit
Electronic circuit formed on a small, flat piece of semiconductor material
electronic circuits formed from various electronic components, such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, and their interconnections. These components
Integrated_circuit
anyons living in artificial spin-lattice models. A single-molecule optical transistor is devised. NIST reads and writes individual qubits. NIST demonstrates
Timeline of quantum computing and communication
Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication
Discrete device in an electronic system
transistor) Composite transistors BiCMOS (bipolar CMOS) IGBT (Insulated-gate bipolar transistor) Other transistors Bipolar junction transistor (BJT
Electronic_component
Light-based signal transmission systems
Packaging Organic light-emitting transistor Silicon photonics David A. B. Miller, ‘Rationale and Challenges for Optical Interconnects to Electronic Chips’
Optical_interconnect
New technologies actively in development
Holography (holographic display, computer-generated holography) Diffusion Optical transistor Some prototypes Screenless display (Virtual retinal display, Bionic
List_of_emerging_technologies
Observation on the growth of integrated circuit capacity
Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years, with minimal increase in cost
Moore's_law
Converts light into current
is a light-sensitive transistor. A common type of phototransistor, the bipolar phototransistor, is in essence a bipolar transistor encased in a transparent
Photodiode
Image sensor, consisting of an integrated circuit
photodetector (typically a pinned photodiode) and one or more active transistors. APS sensors are used in digital camera technologies such as cell phone
Active-pixel_sensor
A DNA field-effect transistor (DNAFET) is a field-effect transistor which uses the field-effect due to the partial charges of DNA molecules to function
DNA_field-effect_transistor
Research and scientific development company
1997, the smallest then-practical transistor (60 nanometers, 182 atoms wide) was built. In 1998, the first optical router was invented. Rudolph Kazarinov
Bell_Labs
Cable assembly containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light
cable, also known as an optical-fiber cable, is an assembly similar to an electrical cable but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to
Fiber-optic_cable
Transistor using different semiconductor materials
A heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) is a type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) that uses different semiconductor materials for the emitter and
Heterojunction bipolar transistor
Heterojunction_bipolar_transistor
Field-effect transistor device
A thin-film transistor (TFT) is a special type of field-effect transistor (FET) where the transistor is made by thin-film deposition. TFTs are grown on
Thin-film_transistor
American electrical engineer and inventor (1931–2022)
comprising photo-sensitive transistors and light emissive diode, Issued: March 28, 1968 U.S. patent 3,413,480 Electro-optical transistor switching device, Issued:
James_R._Biard
Type of field-effect transistor
A ferroelectric field-effect transistor (Fe FET) is a type of field-effect transistor that includes a ferroelectric material sandwiched between the gate
Fe_FET
Light-conducting fiber
An optical fiber, or optical fibre, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light from one end to the other. Such fibers are widely used
Optical_fiber
Process in microfabrication
Photolithography (also known as optical lithography) is a process that involves using light to transfer a pattern onto a photoresist layer deposited on
Photolithography
Technology used to provide broadband to the end consumer via fiber
A passive optical network (PON) is a fiber-optic telecommunications network that uses only unpowered devices to carry signals, as opposed to electronic
Passive_optical_network
Electronic sensors that convert light into electrical signals
Electro-optical sensors are electronic detectors that convert light, or a change in light, into an electronic signal. These sensors are able to detect
Electro-optical_sensor
Industrial shift to information technology
onset of the Information Age has been linked to the development of the transistor in 1947. This technological advance has had a significant impact on the
Information_Age
System for visual inspection of printed circuit boards by a computerized system
Automated optical inspection (AOI) is an automated visual inspection of printed circuit board (PCB) (or LCD, transistor) manufacture where a camera autonomously
Automated_optical_inspection
Tower-based signaling network
An optical telegraph is a line of stations, typically towers, for the purpose of conveying textual information by means of visual signals (a form of optical
Optical_telegraph
Crystal growth process
semiconductor devices, including transistors. MBE is used to make diodes and MOSFETs (MOS field-effect transistors) at microwave frequencies, and to
Molecular-beam_epitaxy
Converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal
that measure chemical and physical properties of materials, including optical sensors for refractive index measurement, vibrational sensors for fluid
Sensor
Part of computer memory
memory cells. Modern random-access memory (RAM) uses MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) as flip-flops, along with MOS capacitors for certain types
Memory_cell_(computing)
Electronic communications subsystem
significantly unbalanced scaling of on-chip global metal wires comparing to transistors. Optical telecommunications have been successful in many networking domains
Optical_network_on_chip
Branch of engineering
field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at BTL in 1959. It was the first truly compact transistor that could
Electrical_engineering
Japanese electronics trade organization
standard JIS-C-7102 provides a method of developing part numbers for transistor devices. The part number has up to five fields, for example in the number
Electronic Industries Association of Japan
Electronic_Industries_Association_of_Japan
Device which absorbs coherent light waves; time-reversed laser
light by light: photonic crystal-based coherent all-optical transistor". Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 33 (8): 1594–1599. Bibcode:2016JOSAB
Coherent_perfect_absorber
Material of moderate electrical conductivity
ions, and electron holes, at these junctions is the basis of diodes, transistors, and most modern electronics. Some examples of semiconductors are silicon
Semiconductor
Type of field-effect transistor
An ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) is a field-effect transistor used for measuring ion concentrations in solution; when the ion concentration
ISFET
is an electro-optical spectroscopy technique tool. It is used to study the charge carrier behavior of organic field-effect transistors. It measures the
Charge modulation spectroscopy
Charge_modulation_spectroscopy
Device that converts images into electronic signals
on MOS capacitors and CMOS sensors based on MOSFET (MOS field-effect transistor) amplifiers. Analog sensors for invisible radiation tend to involve vacuum
Image_sensor
Clock that monitors the resonant frequency of atoms
comparison of optical clocks across six countries was reported — marking a major step towards establishing a global optical-time standard. Optical atomic clocks
Atomic_clock
Greek and Russian physicist
for pioneering work in polariton-based computing and creation of optical transistors Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology – Distinguished Professor
Pavlos_Lagoudakis
Standard for optical data packages
This creates an optical virtual private network for each client signal. ITU-T defines an optical transport network as a set of optical network elements
Optical_transport_network
Chemical semiconductor compound
Because GaN transistors can operate at much higher temperatures and work at much higher voltages than gallium arsenide (GaAs) transistors, they make ideal
Gallium_nitride
Trend to manufacture ever smaller products and devices
scaling and miniaturization of silicon MOSFETs (MOS transistors) leads to the number of transistors on an integrated circuit chip doubling every two years
Miniaturization
Optical device for nano-scale imaging
failure analysis and debugging of integrated circuits, as well as for transistor design, circuit design, and process development, and yield engineering
Nanoprobe_(device)
Lithography using 13.5 nm UV light
paved the way for higher transistor densities, allowing the production of higher-performance processors. Smaller transistors also require less power to
EUV_lithography
Type of field-effect transistor
A field-effect transistor-based biosensor, also known as a biosensor field-effect transistor (Bio-FET or BioFET), field-effect biosensor (FEB), or biosensor
Bio-FET
Electronic device/component that increases the strength of a signal
until the transistor provided smaller and higher quality amplifiers in the 1950s. The first working transistor was a point-contact transistor invented
Amplifier
American inventor
same journal. At this time, the transistor laser had a 14-layer structure including aluminium gallium arsenide optical confining layers and indium gallium
Milton_Feng
Type of computer memory
hard-wired memory cell, using a transistor gate and tunnel diode latch. They replaced the latch with two transistors and two resistors, a configuration
Static_random-access_memory
American physicist (1910–1989)
and their discovery of the transistor effect." Partly as a result of Shockley's attempts to commercialize a new transistor design in the 1950s and 1960s
William_Shockley
Two-terminal electronic component
common transistors and diodes?". EDAboard.com. 2010-06-10. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-06. I.D.E.A. "Transistor Museum
Diode
Japanese physicist (1926–2018)
inventions since the 1950s, including the PIN diode, static induction transistor, static induction thyristor, SIT/SITh. His inventions contributed to the
Jun-ichi_Nishizawa
Broadband network architecture term
the loop is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the local loop used for last mile telecommunications
Fiber_to_the_x
Transfer of information or power that does not require the use of physical wires
between two or more points without the use of an electrical conductor, optical fiber or other continuous guided medium for the transfer. The most common
Wireless
Indian scientist and inventor
internationally recognized for her invention of an ultra thin quantum mechanical transistor that can be scaled to nano-sizes and used in nanoelectronic biosensors
Deblina_Sarkar
Use of light to convey information
Optical communication, also known as optical telecommunication, is communication at a distance using light to carry information. It can be performed visually
Optical_communication
Form of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices
field-effect transistor (MOSFET), invented at Bell Labs in 1959, enabled the practical use of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) transistors as memory cell
Read-only_memory
Technical applications of optics
practical semiconductor light emitters invented in the early 1960s and optical fibers developed in the 1970s. The field is also supported by professional
Photonics
MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) is a type of insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET) that is fabricated by the controlled
List_of_MOSFET_applications
Type of thermometer sensing radiation
temperature of the distant source. A modern pyrometer has an optical system and a detector. The optical system focuses the thermal radiation onto the detector
Pyrometer
of an optical phonon. The velocity therefore exceeds the saturation velocity up to three times, which leads to faster field-effect transistor or bipolar
Velocity_overshoot
Periodic optical nanostructure that affects the motion of photons
offer additional features such as optical nonlinearity required for the operation of optical transistors used in optical computers, when some technological
Photonic_crystal
technology. Advances in metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, or MOS transistor) technology, the key component of the RF technology that
History_of_telecommunication
Programmable machine that processes data
electromechanicals (1930s), thermionic valves (1930s), semiconductor transistors (1940s), MOSFET (MOS transistors 1950s), and finally monolithic integrated circuits (1950s+)
Computer
American physicist (1908–1991)
with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for their invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for their
John_Bardeen
transmitter. Following development of transistor technology, bipolar junction transistors led to the development of the transistor radio. In 1954, the Regency company
History_of_radio
Chemical compound
various transistor types: Metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET) High-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) Junction field-effect transistor (JFET)
Gallium_arsenide
Transmitting information over optical fiber
proposed the use of optical fibers for communications in 1963. Nishizawa invented the PIN diode and the static induction transistor, both of which contributed
Fiber-optic_communication
Nonlinear two-terminal fundamental circuit element
fundamentally from that of a metal oxide semiconductor transistor, which is capacitor-based. Unlike the transistor, the final state of the memristor in terms of
Memristor
Type of MOSFET
field-effect transistor (QFET) or quantum-well field-effect transistor (QWFET) is a type of MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) that takes
QFET
Type of field-effect transistor
An organic field-effect transistor (OFET) is a field-effect transistor using an organic semiconductor in its channel. OFETs can be prepared either by vacuum
Organic field-effect transistor
Organic_field-effect_transistor
Standardized set of specifications
Optical Carrier transmission rates are a standardized set of specifications of transmission bandwidth for digital signals that can be carried on Synchronous
Optical Carrier transmission rates
Optical_Carrier_transmission_rates
Overview of and topical guide to electronics
analyzer Transistor tester Tube tester Wattmeter Vectorscope Video signal generator Voltmeter VU meter Flash memory Hard drive systems Optical storage
Outline_of_electronics
Device performing a Boolean function
diodes or transistors acting as electronic switches. Today, most logic gates are made from MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors). They
Logic_gate
Energy range in a solid where no electron states exist
These methods are exploited in the design of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), laser diodes and solar cells. The distinction between semiconductors
Band_gap
Communication using light sent through free space
Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data for
Free-space optical communication
Free-space_optical_communication
Egyptian engineer (1924–2009)
Dawon Kahng, the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) in 1959. The invention, together with Atalla's earlier work
Mohamed_M._Atalla
Digital camera model
It has a 2.7-inch (69 mm) thin-film transistor LCD screen with 230,000 pixels. The P80 comes with an 18× optical zoom Nikkor fixed lens that is not interchangeable
Nikon_Coolpix_P80
American scientist
magnetism at the nanoscale. She has also explored photonic crystals and optical transistors. In 2008 she was made a National Science Foundation Innovation Fellow
Yuri_Suzuki_(physicist)
Solid-state photodetector
As small dimension, high-speed processes for transistors may require different optimisations than optically sensitive diodes, 3D-ICs allow the layers to
Single-photon_avalanche_diode
Computer memory that does not lose its contents after being turned off
consisting of floating-gate MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors), including flash memory storage such as NAND flash and solid-state drives
Non-volatile_memory
screen: 1969 Braille display: 1986 Color Thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display: 1987 optical micro-electro-mechanical technology that uses a digital
History_of_display_technology
Electronic circuits that utilize digital signals
uses Josephson junctions instead of transistors. Most recently, attempts are being made to construct purely optical computing systems capable of processing
Digital_electronics
Semiconductor laser
lasers. Another method of powering some diode lasers is the use of optical pumping. Optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSL) use a III-V semiconductor chip
Laser_diode
Type of solid-state switch
a combination of Greek language θύρα, meaning "door" or "valve", and transistor) is a solid-state semiconductor device which can be thought of as being
Thyristor
Linked hypertext system on the Internet
included with most operating systems). Optical networking is a sophisticated infrastructure that utilises optical fibre to transmit data over long distances
World_Wide_Web
Hardware used for telecommunication purposes
telecommunication are built from MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors), including mobile devices, transceivers, base station modules, routers
Telecommunications_equipment
Early form of computer memory
computer – Used a type of memory called regenerative capacitor memory Mellon optical memory Notes Kilburn, Tom (1990), "From Cathode Ray Tube to Ferranti Mark
Williams_tube
Conduit for signal propagation
waves. Thus, an optical fiber or a copper cable is used as transmission media. Electromagnetic radiation can be transmitted through an optical medium, such
Transmission_medium
Digital camera model
is a CCD with 6.0 million pixels. It has a 2.5-inch (64 mm) thin-film transistor liquid crystal display device with 110,000 pixels. The S4 incorporates
Nikon_Coolpix_S4
2-D grid of wires where data is represented by the presence or absence of diodes at nodes
store or microprogram in many early computers. A logically equivalent transistor matrix is still used as the control store or microprogram or 'decode ROM'
Diode_matrix
Electrical engineer
10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-LX4) optical transceiver. "Dallesasse leads $2.5 million effort that uses transistor laser as building block for chip-level
John_Dallesasse
Amplifier consisting of two or more simple amplifiers connected in series
single stage is an amplifier containing only a single transistor (sometimes a pair of transistors) or other active device. The most common reason for using
Multistage_amplifier
Overview of and topical guide to electrical engineering
diode Laser diode DIAC Thyristor Transistor Bipolar transistor (BJT) Field effect transistor (FET) Darlington transistor IGBT TRIAC MOSFET Electronic design
Outline of electrical engineering
Outline_of_electrical_engineering
Sensors of light or other electromagnetic energy
as low-light imaging and long-distance optical communication. Phototransistors: Phototransistors are transistors with a light-sensitive base region. Incident
Photodetector
Electronic component
An opto-isolator (also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator) is an electronic component that transfers electrical signals between
Opto-isolator
Telephone prefix in the international telephone numbering plan
Satellite communications Semaphore Phryctoria Semiconductor device MOSFET transistor Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter
Telephone_country_code
Maximum rate of data transfer
field-effect transistor) is the most important factor enabling the rapid increase in bandwidth. The MOSFET (MOS transistor) was invented by Mohamed
Bandwidth_(computing)
American semiconductor designer and manufacturer
world's first commercial silicon transistor in 1954, and the same year designed and manufactured the first transistor radio. Jack Kilby invented the integrated
Texas_Instruments
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