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Effects of trauma on memory
Memory and trauma is the deleterious effects that physical or psychological trauma has on memory. Memory is defined by psychology as the ability of an
Memory_and_trauma
Theory that memory may be stored in the unconscious mind
initially claimed the memories of historical childhood trauma could be repressed while still unconsciously influencing present behavior and emotional responses
Repressed_memory
Psychological occurrence
metamemory beliefs about the malleability of memory, the nature of trauma memory, and the recoverability of lost memory may influence willingness to accept vague
False_memory
Memory triggered by an environmental cue
that recurrent involuntary memories post-trauma can be explained with the general mechanisms of autobiographical memory, and tend to not come up in a fixed
Involuntary_memory
Scientifically discredited form of psychotherapy
between memory and trauma. The report also notes that memories can be confabulated, re-interpreted and even apparently vivid or dramatic memories can be
Recovered-memory_therapy
Emotional bond with perpetrator of abuse
trauma bond are a power imbalance in the relationship (e.g., whether the abuser has control over the victim in some way) and intermittent rewards and
Traumatic_bonding
Damage to the brain's memory capacity
amnesia. Memory loss can be partial or total, and it is normal when it comes with aging. Sudden memory loss is usually a result of brain trauma and it may
Memory_disorder
Trauma perpetrated by someone with whom the victim is close and reliant upon for support
Betrayal trauma is defined as a trauma perpetrated by someone with whom the victim is close to and reliant upon for support and survival. The concept was
Betrayal_trauma
Ability to recall an image from memory after one viewing
Eidetic memory (/aɪˈdɛtɪk/ eye-DET-ik), also known as photographic memory and total recall, is the alleged ability to recall an image from memory with high
Eidetic_memory
American slave rebellion leader (1800–1831)
“dragged and whipped to death” through multiple towns. Thomas notes this memory originated with Black Virginians and was built from generational memory and trauma
Nat_Turner
Mental illness with multiple personality states
controversial and remains disputed. Proponents of DID support the trauma model, viewing the disorder as an organic response to severe childhood trauma. Critics
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative_identity_disorder
Psychological disorder
imperfections in the memory. It is also described as a memory that has been jumbled, confused, or repeated unnecessarily. Memories of trauma are often fragmented
Fragmentation_of_memory
Experience causing recall of a trauma
individual, and difficult for others to predict. A trauma trigger may also be called a trauma stimulus, a trauma stressor or a trauma reminder. The
Trauma_trigger
Emotional response caused by severe distressing events
Psychological trauma (also known as mental trauma, psychiatric trauma, emotional damage, or psychotrauma) is an emotional response caused by severe distressing
Psychological_trauma
Dutch psychiatrist, researcher and educator (born 1943)
about trauma, memory, the brain, and development. Van der Kolk served as president of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies and is a former
Bessel_van_der_Kolk
Type of vivid, enduring autobiographical memory
factors on individual memory is different with respect to the availability of the mass media across different societies. Memory and trauma Yerkes–Dodson law
Flashbulb_memory
Collaboration and intimate relationships between French women and Nazi occupiers
Moore, History, Memory and Trauma in Photography of the Tondues: visuality of the Vichy past through the silent image of women. Gender and History 17 (3)
Horizontal_collaboration
Faculty of mind to store and retrieve data
(1996). Memory science, memory politics. In P. Antze & M. Lambek (Eds.), Tense past: Cultural essays in trauma and memory (pp. 67–87). New York & London:
Memory
1986 novel by Stephen King
last time. The book explores themes of memory, childhood trauma, the loss of innocence, and the power of unity and belief. Upon release, It became the best-selling
It_(novel)
Term in psychology
repressed or recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse have no worse memory for trauma cue words than women who have never been sexually abused. Similarly
Memory_inhibition
2014 book by Bessel van der Kolk
on implicit memory and lacking evidence for some of its claims, and McNally offered a detailed critique in his 2003 book Remembering Trauma (pp. 177–82)
The_Body_Keeps_the_Score
Hungary", who utilised several writing genres and predominantly dealt with subjects like grief, memory and trauma. Borbély suffered from "post-traumatic depression"
Szilárd_Borbély
Repatterned modes of perception after devotion to an activity
that playing Tetris would disrupt consolidation of sensory elements of trauma memory following a motor vehicle accident. Results vindicated the efficacy
Tetris_effect
2017 American film
psychological thriller, it features demonic possession, repressed memories, childhood trauma and the cycle of abuse. 15 year-old Alejandro Duran, who comes from
Devil's_Whisper
Zionist paramilitary organization (1940–1948)
Shaping of Israeli Identity: Myth, Memory, and Trauma. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-714-64641-1. Sasson Sofer. Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy
Lehi_(militant_group)
developed to mitigate distressing memories and trauma. It shares some similarities with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), as both techniques
Visual schema displacement therapy
Visual_schema_displacement_therapy
Cumulative emotional harm
Historical trauma or collective trauma refers to the cumulative emotional harm of an individual or generation caused by a traumatic experience or event
Historical_trauma
Cognitive system for temporarily holding information
working memory. Other suggested names were short-term memory, primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, and provisional memory. Short-term memory is
Working_memory
Psychological phenomenon in which a person re-experiences a memory
der Hart O. (1991). "The intrusive past: the flexibility of memory and the engraving trauma". American Imago. 48 (4): 425–454. Ehlers A.; Clark D. M. (2000)
Flashback_(psychology)
American psychologist
known for her controversial work on repressed and recovered memories in her books Abducted and The Trauma Myth. In 2001, Clancy received her PhD in experimental
Susan_Clancy
Professor of psychology, mostly focused on human memory
focused on human memory including traumatic memories, false childhood memories, autobiographical memory, memory in social context, and memory for phobia onset
Ira_Hyman
British DJ and producer (born 1965)
kaleidoscope of music, memory and trauma . . . magical and cautionary." In the early 1990s, Price had a relationship with drum and bass artist Kemistry
Goldie
Psychological theory
from other parts of the trauma memory. Flashbacks are associated with distinct characteristics and different physiological and neural responses, supporting
Dual_representation_theory
2002 memoir by Roma Ligocka
describes struggles with identity, memory, and trauma that persisted long after the war ended, shaping her relationships and sense of self into adulthood.
The_Girl_in_the_Red_Coat
Proposed condition of false or biased recollections
memory syndrome (FMS) was a proposed "pattern of beliefs and behaviors" in which a person's identity and relationships are affected by false memories
False_memory_syndrome
Psychological trauma
Transgenerational trauma, intergenerational trauma, or generational trauma is the psychological and physiological effects that the trauma experienced by
Transgenerational_trauma
American cognitive psychologist
early memories of trauma? A study of twenty children under age five at the time of documented events. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Elizabeth_Loftus
Defunct American nonprofit organization
behaviours and actions resulting from false memories of trauma and sexual abuse. The memories are recovered as an adult, usually during therapy and contested
False Memory Syndrome Foundation
False_Memory_Syndrome_Foundation
Inability of adults to recall memories from childhood
the brain, as trauma damages memory centers and disrupts recall. This evidence for delayed and impaired recall of trauma due to the trauma itself is contrary
Childhood_amnesia
Political influence on collective memory
field of study, memory politics seeks to examine how memory is shaped by power dynamics, national identity, trauma, and commemoration, and how it influences
Politics_of_memory
Therapy designed to treat PTSD
treatment procedures – imaginal and in vivo exposures. Imaginal exposure is repeated 'on-purpose' retelling of the trauma memory. In vivo exposure is gradually
Prolonged_exposure_therapy
Cognitive disorder where memory is disturbed or lost
which can follow a head injury and involves confusion and memory impairment for events around the time of the trauma. Case studies also show that amnesia
Amnesia
Form of psychotherapy
re-evaluate the trauma and process it in a less-harmful environment. This explanation is plausible, given research showing that memories are more modifiable
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Eye_movement_desensitization_and_reprocessing
Selective artificial removal of memories or associations from the mind
drug-induced amnesia, selective memory suppression, destruction of neurons, interruption of memory, memory reconsolidation, and the disruption of specific
Memory_erasure
Permanent or temporary loss of long-term memory
recovery of memory was progressive and spontaneous, where after several months the amnesia was limited to the two years preceding the trauma. This was a
Retrograde_amnesia
Collective trauma on a national scale
National trauma is a concept in psychology and social psychology. A national trauma is one in which the effects of a trauma apply generally to the members
National_trauma
2021 drama film by Nora Fingscheidt
Ruth, although she has brief memories of trauma. On the day of Ruth's release, Katie is involved in a car accident, and returns to her adoptive parents’
The_Unforgivable
Set of mental health conditions
normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior." Dissociative disorders involve
Dissociative_disorder
Mental disorder associated with trauma
experiencing or yoga) for processing and integrating trauma memories. Allistair and Hull echo the sentiment of many other trauma neuroscience researchers (including
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder
American academic
2019. "New initiative at Illinois to focus on genocide, racism, memory and trauma". news.illinois.edu. October 12, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
Michael_Rothberg
Contemporary cultural framework
Trauma culture refers to a contemporary cultural framework in which psychological trauma is widely used as a primary lens for interpreting personal experience
Trauma_culture
Memory of autobiographical events
Episodic memory is the memory of everyday events (such as times, location geography, associated emotions, and other contextual information) that can be
Episodic_memory
French-Canadian film director
involve physical manipulation of emulsion and imprints of memory and trauma using her own home movies and other types of found footage. Bye Bye Now (2022)
Louise_Bourque
Medical condition
Eelen, P. (2003). Autobiographical memory specificity and trauma in inpatient adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 22-31
Overgeneral autobiographical memory
Overgeneral_autobiographical_memory
Loss of short-term memory
explicit memory impaired for events after the trauma that caused the amnesia. This suggests that memory consolidation for different types of memory takes
Anterograde_amnesia
American neuroscientist
meditation and aerobic exercise can help women after trauma". The Washington Post. Martin, Rachel (September 28, 2018). "Memory and Trauma". NPR. Alderman
Tracey_Shors
English writer and novelist
is an English writer and novelist. She has won many awards for her fiction, which centres on themes of memory, trauma, survival and recovery. She is known
Pat_Barker
Decline of memory retention in time
of memory retention across time, showing how information is lost when there is no attempt to retain it. A related concept is the strength of memory that
Forgetting_curve
Category of memory stabilizing processes
why newly formed memories are thought to be fragile initially. Disruptions caused by specific drugs, antibodies and gross physical trauma can block the effects
Memory_consolidation
South African playwright and novelist (born 1977)
for her thesis entitled "Inherited Memories; Performing the Archive", which explored the history, memory and trauma of forced removals from District Six
Nadia_Davids
Ability of a plant to retain information
suggesting that trauma memory is stored in the bud. Dostal and Thellier were pioneers in understanding trauma memory in plants but the physiological and molecular
Plant_memory
Operation targeting rural Kurdish civilians in 1988
Kurdistan Omar; Hama, Hawre Hasan; Hama Karim, Hersh Abdallah (2022). "Memory and trauma in the Kurdistan genocide". Ethnicities. 23 (3): 426–448. doi:10
Anfal_campaign
Medical condition
retrieve memories effectively, as neuron function is impaired. On the topic of trauma and memory, Richard McNally (2005) wrote that memories are not videotapes
Post-traumatic_amnesia
Injury that could cause prolonged disability or death
Major trauma is any injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death. There are many causes of major trauma, blunt and penetrating
Major_trauma
Dissociative disorder
all forms and variations of trauma or generally violent experiences, with the person experiencing severe memory loss for a particular trauma. Committing
Dissociative_fugue
1993 Italian film by Dario Argento
Trauma is a 1993 Italian horror film directed by Dario Argento and starring Asia Argento, Christopher Rydell, Piper Laurie, and Frederic Forrest. Set
Trauma_(1993_film)
Learning technique that helps in remembering
(/nəˈmɒnɪk/ nə-MON-ik), memory trick or memory device is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human memory, often by associating
Mnemonic
Idea in psychoanalysis
of the patient's early memories of trauma. Other Freud scholars argue that Masson and Rush have misrepresented the reasons and intention behind Freud's
Oedipus_complex
Malicious possessing spirit in Jewish religion
possession has often become a metaphor for unresolved memory, historical trauma, forbidden love and the persistence of the past within the present. Some
Dybbuk
Feeling of detachment from reality
be related to neurobiological mechanisms, trauma, anxiety, and psychoactive drugs. French philosopher and psychologist Pierre Janet (1859–1947) is considered
Dissociation_(psychology)
Canadian artist
includes photography, textiles, and ceramics. Her work addresses themes of identity, migration, colonialism, memory, and trauma. Her practice is inspired by
Mallory_Lowe_Mpoka
Syncretic political ideology
Robert S.; Ohana, David (eds.). The Shaping of Israeli Identity: Myth, Memory, and Trauma. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-714-64641-1. "יומנים > יומן - מלא 21/03/1948
National_Bolshevism
High-detailed autobiographical memory
also known as hyperthymestic syndrome or highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM), is a condition that leads people to be able to remember an abnormally
Hyperthymesia
American physician
childhood trauma, childhood sexual abuse, and addiction recovery, including Healing the Child Within and Memory and Abuse: Remembering and Healing the
Charles_L._Whitfield
Poetry book by Ogaga Ifowodo
Ojaide, Ogaga Ifowodo and Ikeogu Oke Shortlisted for the 2017 NLNG Prize". Brittle Paper. Retrieved 2025-11-22. "Memory and Trauma In Ogaga Ifowodo's "A
A_Good_Mourning
Psychotherapeutic modality focusing on internal parts and Self-leadership
The Self enters the memory (imaginally) to offer the exile the love, protection, and validation it needed at the time of the trauma but did not receive
Internal_Family_Systems_Model
Psychology of the effects from pre-birth, during birth, and post-birth and events
Other Writings, New York: Random House Donald W. Winnicott: Birth Memories, Birth Trauma and Anxiety. In: Collected Papers: Through Pediatrics to Psychoanalysis
Prenatal and perinatal psychology
Prenatal_and_perinatal_psychology
American psychiatrist (born 1942)
single-incident traumas – one-off events – which she termed Type I traumas, and complex or repeated traumas (Type II). Type I trauma, according to the
Judith_Lewis_Herman
amazing memory abilities use mnemonic strategies, mostly the method of loci. This includes all winners of the annual World Memory Championships and most
List of people claimed to possess an eidetic memory
List_of_people_claimed_to_possess_an_eidetic_memory
Aspect of senescence
relative and seeking help from a doctor or counselor, the forgetfulness can be improved. Memory loss can come from different situations of trauma including
Memory_and_aging
Psychological technique
applicable to real life memories of trauma such as childhood sexual abuse. As it is not ethical to try to implant false memories of sexual abuse researchers
Memory_implantation
2014 studio album by Cloud Nothings
The tracks "I'm Not Part of Me", "Now Hear In", and "Psychic Trauma" would be released as singles and have music videos shot in promotion of the record
Here_and_Nowhere_Else
Subset of Christian theology
significant amount of trauma theology is based around the Eucharist, as both trauma and the Eucharist share an emphasis on bodies and memories. O'Donnell, Karen
Trauma_theology
Memory used for information that only needs to be stored for a short time
contrast, long-term memory holds information indefinitely. Short-term memory is not the same as working memory, which refers to structures and processes used
Short-term_memory
2010 video game
Trauma Team is a 2010 simulation video game developed and published by Atlus for the Wii. It is the fifth and final entry in the Trauma Center series
Trauma_Team
Recall of fabricated, misinterpreted or distorted memories
Confabulation is a memory error consisting of the production of fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world. It is generally
Confabulation
Therapeutic framework
Trauma-informed care (TIC), trauma-informed practice, or trauma-and violence-informed care (TVIC), is a framework for relating to and helping people who
Trauma-informed_care
Memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life
and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory.
Autobiographical_memory
American psychiatrist (born 1936)
Terr (born New York City, 1936) is a psychiatrist and author known for her research into childhood trauma. Terr graduated from the University of Michigan
Lenore_Terr
Pedagogical theory and practice
childhood experiences and other traumas on students and attempt to mitigate the widespread impact of such trauma. By adopting trauma-informed principles, educational
Trauma-informed approaches in education
Trauma-informed_approaches_in_education
Types of accurate and detailed recall
can enhance the effects of the trauma. Eidetic memory, or total recall, is the accurate recall of images, sounds, and objects in a seemingly unlimited
Exceptional_memory
2026 Indian film by Imtiaz Ali
footage of real refugees across the world, enduring the same trauma and suffering as Ishar and the countless refugees caught in the crossfire of Partition
Main_Vaapas_Aaunga
Moroccan rabbi
donned his father's robe and announced himself as the Baba Sali's heir. The Shaping of Israeli Identity: Myth, Memory and Trauma. Robert Wistrich, David
Baruch_Abuhatzeira
Nonprofit professional organization in the U.S.
for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD) is a controversial nonprofit professional organization of health professionals and individuals who claim
International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation
International_Society_for_the_Study_of_Trauma_and_Dissociation
Critical factors contributing to the emotional enhancement effect on human memory
have a powerful effect on humans and animals. Numerous studies have shown that the most vivid autobiographical memories tend to be of emotional events,
Emotion_and_memory
Psychotherapy technique
confidence and self-esteem. The procedure involves having the client visualize a series of progressively longer "movies" of the trauma memory while the
Progressive_counting
Retrieval of events or information from the past
any recalled memory in cases of fear and trauma exposure, brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, pain, or anxiety. Recall memory is very limited
Recall_(memory)
Neuroscientist
Medicine. She is best known for her work on memory reconsolidation, and on modification of emotional learning and memory. Schiller was born in Rishon LeZion,
Daniela_Schiller
Therapeutic technique
resulting from the memory/experience. Imagery Rescripting has been shown to be effective in the treatment of PTSD resulting from childhood traumas. It is an experiential
Imagery_rescripting
Serious adverse childhood experiences
experiences that classify as psychological trauma; these might include neglect, abandonment, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and physical abuse. They may also witness
Childhood_trauma
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