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stratigraphy, a maximum flooding surface is the surface that marks the transition from a transgression to a regression. Maximum flooding surfaces are abbreviated
Maximum_flooding_surface
Study and analysis of groups of sedimentary deposits
on identification of surfaces which are assumed to represent time lines (e.g. subaerial unconformities, maximum flooding surfaces), thereby placing stratigraphy
Sequence_stratigraphy
Topics referred to by the same term
various automated warehouse solutions (example: SAP EWM) Maximum flooding surface, the surface that marks the transition from a transgression to a regression
MFS
Thin strata that span a large time interval
with the maximum flooding surfaces, represented by sedimentary intervals deposited during the maximum marine transgression. During the maximum marine transgression
Condensed_sections
Artificial lake in Germany
artificial lake by area in Germany. Once flooding of the Cottbuser Ostsee is complete it will surpass Geiseltalsee in surface area, covering 19 square kilometres
Geiseltalsee
Branch of geology
fossils and taxa that are preserved. One example for this are maximum flooding surfaces, which commonly display large accumulations of shells and an increased
Stratigraphic_paleobiology
Theoretical refilling of the Mediterranean Sea between the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs
The Zanclean flood, or Zanclean deluge, is theorized to have refilled the Mediterranean Sea 5.33 million years ago. This flooding ended the Messinian salinity
Zanclean_flood
Water overflow submerging usually-dry land
intense floods and increased flood risk. Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, coastal flooding, and urban flooding, sometimes
Flood
Heavy floods of the last ice age
Glacial Maximum, geologists estimate that a cycle of flooding and reformation of the lake lasted an average of 55 years and that the floods occurred
Missoula_floods
Natural disaster in the United States
Mississippi. A storm total rainfall maximum of 27.5 inches (700 mm) was recorded near Necaise, Mississippi. Considerable flooding was caused by the rainfall including
May_1995_Louisiana_flood
Geological basin
extensive deposition of organic-rich shale that corresponds to a maximum flooding surface. This hot shale is considered the major source of Paleozoic hydrocarbon
Persian_Gulf_Basin
organic-rich, pyritic, and fossiliferous marine shale's which marks the maximum flooding surface, or peak of deepest water in its deposition. The different fauna
Geology of the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex
Geology_of_the_Dallas–Fort_Worth_Metroplex
Geologic formation in Argentina
wave-dominated deltaic system in the middle part of the sequence, with a maximum flooding surface representing the transgression and deepening of the basin at the
Lefipán_Formation
Natural phenomenon occurring in Egypt since ancient times
Roman Empire. Egyptians have celebrated the flooding since at least early antiquity. Today the annual flooding is commemorated by a two-week holiday called
Flooding_of_the_Nile
Study of sedimentary rock
top. The transgressive systems tract is marked at the top by a maximum flooding surface. Within a systems tract, each seismic facies is mapped based on
Seismic_stratigraphy
Very large volume eruption of basalt lava
succession over vast areas, flooding the Earth's surface with lava on a regional scale. These vast accumulations of flood basalt constitute large igneous
Flood_basalt
Hypothetical flood scenario
Spillway shortly after the Late Glacial Maximum, about 17,000–14,000 years ago. These extensive meltwater flooding events linked several lacustrine and marine
Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis
Circa 24,000–16,000 BCE; most recent era when ice sheets were at their greatest extent
permanent summer ice covered around 8% of Earth's surface and 25% of the land area during the last glacial maximum. The USGS also states that sea level was about
Last_Glacial_Maximum
Type of glacial outburst flood
heating from below. Surface ablation water is not considered as it would be minimal at the glacial maximum and evidence indicates that surface water does not
Jökulhlaup
Geological formation in the Colombian Andes
in an open platform setting. The deposition is represented by a maximum flooding surface and pelagic to hemipelagic conditions. Fossils of Actinoceramus
Hiló_Formation
Geologic formation in Brazil
represents a transition from a transgressive systems tract to a maximum flooding surface. Six stages in the depositional cycle were described by Fabin et
Ipubi_Formation
Flow of excess rainwater not infiltrating in the ground over its surface
basements, and street flooding. Surface runoff is defined as precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, or hail) that reaches a surface stream without ever passing
Surface_runoff
Global warming about 55 million years ago
thermal maximum (PETM), alternatively "Eocene thermal maximum 1 (ETM1)" and formerly known as the "Initial Eocene" or "Late Paleocene thermal maximum", was
Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum
Paleocene–Eocene_thermal_maximum
Artificial lake in Germany
kilometres (0.036 cu mi) once flooding is complete. Until the lake is complete, the biggest artificial lake in Germany by surface area (likewise created by
Cottbuser_Ostsee
Interandean valley in north-central Colombia
Simití shales were deposited. The La Luna Formation represents a maximum flooding surface with deep marine deposits of limestone, chert, and shale. Sea level
Middle_Magdalena_Valley
Geologic formation in Colombia
represented by a maximum flooding surface. The Simijaca Formation is apart from its type locality in the Quebrada Don Lope, found at surface in the north
Simijaca_Formation
Geological formation in the Colombian Andes
shallow marine platform setting. The deposition is represented by a maximum flooding surface and anoxic conditions. The Chipaque Formation is apart from its
Chipaque_Formation
Geological formation
platform to submarine fan setting. The deposition is represented by a maximum flooding surface. The formation contains concretions and a high diversity of ammonites;
La_Frontera_Formation
Geological formation in Brazil
consequent rise of sea level. The Lontras Shale itself represents the maximum flood surface, a point in time at which the sea level was at its highest. Of the
Lontras_Shale_Lagerstätte
Type of mesoscale convective system
(wind maximum), strong moisture advection which increases the relative humidity of the formation environment, convergence of air near the surface, and
Mesoscale_convective_complex
Type of flooding
to flooding. The seawater can flood the land via several different paths: direct flooding, overtopping or breaching of a barrier. Coastal flooding is
Coastal_flooding
Geologic formation in Texas, United States
separated from the downdip shelf-edge deltas and slope fans. Maximum flooding surfaces can be mapped over much of the area and correlated along and across
Yegua_Formation
List of events with significant impact
attained a maximum discharge on March 26 of 20.84 cubic feet per second per square mile. Due mainly to the rapid melting of snow, flooding was more significant
Floods in the United States (1900–1999)
Floods_in_the_United_States_(1900–1999)
Geologic formation in Colombia
event of the Cenomanian-Turonian (around 90 Ma) characterised by a maximum flooding surface sequence. The highly organic formation is time-equivalent with
Cesar-Ranchería_Basin
Type of mining in which the soil/rock above mineral deposits is removed
Surface mining, including strip mining, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying
Surface_mining
Natural disaster event in Queensland, Australia
2010–2011 Queensland floods. "Queensland Floods Commission of Inquiry Final Report" (PDF). March 2012. Flooding in Australia and Flooding in Rockhampton, Queensland
2010–2011_Queensland_floods
increase for major Gulf flood threat that has killed 1 in Texas". Crossroads Today. Retrieved June 16, 2026. "Dangerous flooding from Tropical Storm Arthur
2026 Atlantic hurricane season
2026_Atlantic_hurricane_season
Downward vertical movement of the Earth's surface
lowering of the ground surface, altering the topography. This elevation reduction increases the risk of flooding, particularly in river flood plains and delta
Subsidence
Kiptopeke, Virginia, recorded major flooding late on August 21, around high tide. Minor to moderate coastal flooding was reported in nine other states,
2025 Atlantic hurricane season
2025_Atlantic_hurricane_season
Reservoir in Canton of Schwyz
Switzerland in terms of surface with a maximum length of 8.5 kilometres (5 mi) and maximum width of 2.5 kilometres (2 mi). The maximum depth is 17 metres (56 ft)
Sihlsee
Lake in the Czech Republic
The lake was created by flooding the former coal mine called Medard-Libík. The lake's surface area stretches 493 ha, its maximum depth is 50 m and the capacity
Medard_(lake)
prolonged flooding during the winter, spring, and summer of 2019. The duration of flooding exceeded records set by the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 at
Floods in the United States (2000–present)
Floods_in_the_United_States_(2000–present)
Lake in Salzkammergut, Austria
switched to transport by bus and truck. Its surface is approximately 8.55 km2 (3.30 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 125 metres. It is a popular destination
Hallstätter_See
Reservoir on the Euphrates River
Lake is Syria's largest lake, with a maximum capacity of 11.7 cubic kilometres (2.8 cu mi) and a maximum surface area of 525 square kilometres (203 sq mi)
Euphrates_Lake
Flow of water across the earth
street flooding. Urban runoff is surface runoff of rainwater, landscape irrigation, and car washing created by urbanization. Impervious surfaces (roads
Runoff_(hydrology)
Ice Age-era river now submerged by the Persian Gulf
slow-flowing system and that the flooding of the Gulf Oasis would have introduced a creeping salinity throughout the flood plain in the fastest of the global
Ur_Schatt
Fossiliferous geological group
unit. The radiolarites of the Upper Lydite Formation represent a maximum flooding surface. The type locality of the Oliní Group is Quebrada Oliní in Chaparral
Oliní_Group
Dam in Livingston County
Miles: 17 miles (27 km) at Maximum flood control pool. Water Surface Elevation: 760 ft (230 m) above sea level at Maximum flood control pool. Storage Volume:
Mount_Morris_Dam
1927 flood of the Mississippi River
homeless. Approximately 500 people died as a result of flooding. Monetary damages due to flooding reached approximately $1 billion, which was one-third
Great Mississippi Flood of 1927
Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927
Third planet from the Sun
landforms. The elevation of the land surface varies from a low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the Dead Sea, to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,029 ft) at
Earth
Reservoir in Arkansas and Missouri, U.S.
above flood capacity and at its "design pool", or the maximum elevation that the reservoir is engineered to reach, under "probable maximum flood" scenarios
Table_Rock_Lake
Lake in Cambodia
reversal of the Tonle Sap River's flow also acts as a safety valve to prevent flooding further downstream. During the dry season (December to April) Tonle Sap
Tonle_Sap
Expedited submersion of a submarine
Engineer shouted the order, "Fluten" ("flood the tanks"). With the bow planes at a maximum down angle, the crew then flooded the forward ballast tanks. Often
Crash_dive
Element of flood management system
balancing lake (also flood basin) is a term used in the UK to describe a retention basin used to control flooding by temporarily storing flood waters. The term
Balancing_lake
Dam in Yiling District, Hubei, China
River's shipping capacity and provides flood control, helping to protect millions of people from severe flooding on the Yangtze Plain. Additionally, its
Three_Gorges_Dam
2024 weather disaster in Spain
after heavy rain causes flooding". euronews. Retrieved 30 October 2024. "More than 50 dead after torrential rain brings flash flooding to Spain". The Independent
2024_Spanish_floods
Flood retention basin in Canton of Zurich
layers. The Jonenbach had been a recurring cause of flooding during periods of high tides before the flood retention basin was built. The local fire department
Jonenbach flood retention basin
Jonenbach_flood_retention_basin
Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
consists of avoiding at-risk areas, learning to live with increased flooding, and building flood controls. If that fails, managed retreat may be needed. There
Climate_change
The history of flooding in Canada includes floods caused by snowmelt runoff or freshet flooding, storm-rainfall and "flash flooding", ice jams during ice
History_of_flooding_in_Canada
Road covered with durable surface material
A road surface (British English) or pavement (North American English) is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular
Road_surface
Period of long-term reduction in temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere
Ice Ages (Last Glacial Maximum?). According to Kuhle, the plate-tectonic uplift of Tibet past the snow-line has led to a surface of c. 2,400,000 square
Ice_age
Flow of water in streams and other channels
gradually over time, and it is rarely the main cause of flooding. However, it does contribute to flooding by providing a stage onto which runoff from other
Streamflow
Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2024
significant flooding occurred in Buckhead due to overflowing of the Peachtree Creek, which flooded multiple surrounding apartment complexes. Other flooding occurred
Hurricane_Helene
Shoal
changes. Since most of its surface rises only to a maximum height of 8 metres (26 ft) above sea level, Bunge Land is flooded during storm surges, except
Bunge_Land
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
crust of mostly anorthosite. The Moon rock samples of the flood lavas that erupted onto the surface from partial melting in the mantle confirm the mafic mantle
Moon
History of floods in California
All types of floods can occur in California, though 90 percent of them are caused by river flooding in lowland areas. Such flooding generally occurs as
List_of_California_floods
that would alleviate flooding by conveying that part of the Adige's flow exceeding the river's carrying capacity. The lake's surface area, equal to about
Mori–Torbole_tunnel
Atlantic tropical storm in 1998
some highways and roads were closed after the initial flooding, in anticipation of more flooding as the system stalled over the area. Of the 2000 Laredo
Tropical_Storm_Charley_(1998)
catastrophic flooding in Mozambique, displacing hundreds of thousands of people and damaging over 30,000 homes. March 6 – present – Destructive flooding in Kenya
Weather_of_2026
Organisms that live at the surface of a body of water
washed there by flooding but prefer land permanent, or epineuston proper: adapted and specialized to life on the water, preferring the surface of the water
Neuston
United States Navy submarine (1961–63)
does not record any sound of flooding, the crew of Skylark did not report hearing any noise that sounded like flooding, and Skylark was able to communicate
USS_Thresher_(SSN-593)
Reservoir in Kurdistan Region, Iraq
kilometres (1.6 cu mi) while its maximum capacity is 8.3 cubic kilometres (2.0 cu mi). At that capacity, the surface elevation is 515 metres (1,690 ft)
Lake_Dukan
Atlantic tropical storm in 2025
disturbance caused flooding on the Yucatan Peninsula and Belize. After forming, Barry strengthened slightly and reached peak intensity with maximum sustained winds
Tropical_Storm_Barry_(2025)
NASA/CNES oceanography mission (2022–present)
bodies whose non-vegetated surface area exceeds 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi). The slope accuracy is 1.7 cm/km (1.1 in/mi) over a maximum 10 km (6.2 mi) of flow distance
Surface Water and Ocean Topography
Surface_Water_and_Ocean_Topography
1938 flood in Southern California, United States
beds that had not seen flooding in some years. Swollen by its flooded tributaries, the Los Angeles River reached a maximum flood stage of about 99,000
Los_Angeles_flood_of_1938
rain which leads to catastrophic flooding. Allison causes flash flooding in the area, producing widespread street flooding and filling nearby bayous to severe
List of Texas hurricanes (1980–present)
List_of_Texas_hurricanes_(1980–present)
Reservoir in central Texas, USA
a flood-control reservoir, Lake Travis' historical minimum to maximum water height change is nearly 100 feet. Following the 2018 Llano River flood, Lake
Lake_Travis
Annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation
Deogarh, and Sambalpur districts. Flooding in Chhattisgarh caused at least 5 deaths. Heavy rainfall and flooding triggered a building collapse in Bhiwandi
2026 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
2026_North_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season
Man-made reservoir in Arkansas, United States
Control Pool Surface Area: 9,800 ac (3,900 ha) Flood Control Pool Shoreline: 155 mi (250 km) Total Storage: 407,900 ac·ft (503,100,000 m3) Maximum Height Of
Lake_Greeson
Measurement of the initial static stability of a floating body
reduced to the angle of down flooding resulting in a reduced righting lever. When the vessel is inclined, the fluid in the flooded volume will move to the
Metacentric_height
Overview of the seven major investigatons
Multiple levee failures, heavy flooding and losses exceeding $1 billion during Hurricane Betsy in 1965 raised concerns about flooding from hurricanes. In response
Investigations of levee failures during Hurricane Katrina
Investigations_of_levee_failures_during_Hurricane_Katrina
Dam in Aswan, Egypt
which was built in 1902 to regulate the annual flooding of the Nile during late summer. These floods brought high water with natural nutrients and minerals
Aswan_High_Dam
Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2025
storm surge, flooding, and high wind gusts from Melissa's eyewall passing over. Many towns in western Jamaica were also significantly flooded as a result
Hurricane_Melissa
Storm which affected East Coast of America
flooding caused by late year storm". FOX Carolina. Brinkmann, Heather (2023-12-17). "Charleston swamped by deadly flooding Sunday while Flash Flood Emergency
December_2023_nor'easter
Flooding that occurred in Kerala
controlling flooding wasn't their purpose. "The major concern of the dam operators was to maximise reservoir levels, which conflicted with the flood control
2018_Kerala_floods
Dam in Ad Damazin, Sudan
has a surface area of about 290 km2. The dam was completed in 1966, initially for irrigation purposes. A power generation plant, with a maximum capacity
Roseires_Dam
2021 flood in Zhengzhou, China
The Zhengzhou subway flooding incident refers to the severe flooding that occurred on Zhengzhou Metro Line 5 on July 20, 2021, during a heavy rainstorm
Zhengzhou_subway_flooding
Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2021
reach them due to the high flood waters. Manville was said to have the worst flooding in the entire state. Other notable flooding in the state occurred in
Hurricane_Ida
clinic was flooded and four flights were cancelled due to bad weather. In Nayarit, coastal flooding damaged 66 homes and several beach huts. Flooding caused
2025_Pacific_hurricane_season
Tropical cyclone intensity scale
tropical cyclone must have one-minute-average maximum sustained winds at 10 m (33 ft) above the surface of at least 74 mph (64 kn, 119 km/h; Category 1)
Saffir–Simpson_scale
Global climate phenomenon
Andes, which in turn causes catastrophic flooding on the Llanos de Mojos of Beni Department, Bolivia. Such flooding is documented from 1853, 1865, 1872, 1873
El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation
Period of major glaciations of the Northern Hemisphere (115,000–11,700 years ago)
Missoula Floods. USGS geologists estimate that the cycle of flooding and reformation of the lake lasted an average of 55 years and that the floods occurred
Last_Glacial_Period
Streets were flooded by the heavy rainfall in Slidell. In St. Tammany Parish, surface runoff from flash flooding caused some rivers to exceed flood stage. Damage
List_of_Louisiana_hurricanes
Storm warning phrase
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A FLASH FLOOD WATCH MEANS THAT CONDITIONS MAY DEVELOP THAT LEAD TO FLASH FLOODING. FLASH FLOODING IS A VERY DANGEROUS SITUATION
Particularly dangerous situation
Particularly_dangerous_situation
Dam in Bay of Plenty
(30 m) wide concrete surface chute with ski-jump type bucket spillway with a capacity of 2,300 cumecs, which is used to manage flood events. It is fitted
Matahina_Power_Station
1967 flood in interior Alaska, United States
the Yukon River saw flooding, including the Salcha, Chatanika, Tolovana, lower Tanana, and Birch Creek rivers. The worst flooding occurred in the White
1967_Fairbanks_flood
Rise of water associated with a low-pressure weather system
higher rainfall densities in localized areas. As a result, surface runoff can quickly flood streams and rivers. This can increase the water level near
Storm_surge
Dam in North Dakota, United States
with a normal surface area of 2,095 acres (3.273 mi2). Its maximum capacity is 230,000 acre-feet (280,000,000 m3) and maximum surface area is over 13
Jamestown_Dam
purpose. If it is designed to prevent flooding, it may be the volume of water that can be retained before reaching maximum or top water. Actual Current When
List_of_reservoirs_by_volume
1999 natural disaster in Venezuela
The coastal area of Vargas State has long been subject to mudslides and flooding. Deposits preserved on the alluvial fan deltas here show that geologically
Vargas_tragedy
MAXIMUM FLOODING-SURFACE
MAXIMUM FLOODING-SURFACE
Boy/Male
Muslim
Auspicious, Prosperous
Boy/Male
Latin
Greatest.
Male
Russian
(МакÑим) Variant spelling of Russian Maksim, MAXIM means "the greatest." Compare with another form of Maxim.
Boy/Male
Russian American
The greatest.
Boy/Male
Latin French
Greatest.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Increase; Excess; High Degree; Maximum; Feminine of Mazid
Boy/Male
African, Arabic
Far
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Good.
Boy/Male
Latin
Greatest.
Male
French
French form of Latin Maximus, MAXIME means "the greatest."Â
Boy/Male
Arabic
Trusting
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit
Plenty; Maximum; Intelligent; Young and Dynamic; Earth
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived at a place where wood was cut, Middle English wo(o)ding.
Boy/Male
Arabic, French, Muslim
Lucky
Girl/Female
Latin
The best.
Boy/Male
Italian American
The greatest.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Chinese, Danish, French, German, Latin, Swedish
The Greatest; Form of Maximilian; Great; The Greatest Rival
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Chinese, French, German, Greek, Latin, Swedish
Greatest
Boy/Male
Indian
Auspicious, Prosperous
Boy/Male
American, Australian, French, Latin
Greatest
MAXIMUM FLOODING-SURFACE
MAXIMUM FLOODING-SURFACE
MAXIMUM FLOODING-SURFACE
MAXIMUM FLOODING-SURFACE
MAXIMUM FLOODING-SURFACE
MAXIMUM FLOODING-SURFACE
MAXIMUM FLOODING-SURFACE