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Swelling of the root which protects against fire and other hazards
A lignotuber is a woody swelling of the root crown possessed by some plants as a protection against destruction of the plant stem, such as by fire. Other
Lignotuber
multibranched and may cover a circle 9 metres (30 ft) diameter. They differ from lignotubers which are more compact in form, like a tuber. They are most common in
Xylopodium
Vegetation dominated by shrubs
a wide range of adaptations to fire, such as heavy seed production, lignotubers, and fire-induced germination. In botany and ecology a shrub is defined
Shrubland
Species of eucalyptus
appear in summer and autumn. It reproduces by resprouting from its woody lignotuber or epicormic buds after bushfire. E. botryoides hybridises with the Sydney
Eucalyptus_botryoides
Species of shrub endemic to New South Wales, Australia
leaves. Its several stems arise from a pronounced woody base known as a lignotuber. The species is well renowned for its striking large red springtime inflorescences
Telopea_speciosissima
Variety of shrub endemic to Western Australia
differs from the autonym (Banksia armata var. armata) in not having a lignotuber. It is also usually a taller plant with leaves that are longer with fewer
Banksia_armata_var._ignicida
List of longest living trees
first described in the 1980s. Based on the size and growth rate of its lignotuber, the largest single specimen is estimated to be 3,000 years old. However
List_of_oldest_trees
Species of tree endemic to Western Australia
straggly tree that typically grows to a height of 10 m (33 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous brownish bark on the trunk and branches. The adult
Corymbia_ficifolia
Growth habit of certain eucalypt species
eucalypts, which grow with multiple stems springing from an underground lignotuber or xylopodium, usually to a height of no more than 10 m (33 ft). The term
Mallee_(habit)
Species of plant endemic to Australia
with hairy, rust-coloured new growth and which recovers from fire from a lignotuber. It has dull green, leathery, prickly, holly-like leaves and long sprays
Lomatia_ilicifolia
Biological structure in a plant stem
mean pachycaul, thick-stemmed. Caudices should not be confused with lignotubers which can also be very large. The term derives from the Latin caudex
Caudex
Species of shrub found in eastern Australia
follicles appear. Banksia aemula resprouts from its woody base, known as a lignotuber, after bushfires. First described by the botanist Robert Brown in the
Banksia_aemula
Banksia in its environment
rates of seedling survival. These adaptations include proteoid roots and lignotubers; specialised floral structures that attract nectariferous animals and
Ecology_of_Banksia
shoot portions of a plant). These dormant structures take the form of lignotubers or basal epicormic buds. Plant species that can accomplish crown sprouting
Crown_sprouting
Species of shrub native to Australia
60 years, I. anemonifolius resprouts from its woody base, known as a lignotuber, after bushfire. Seedlings appear in the year following a fire. Although
Isopogon_anemonifolius
Species of plant
spikes after flowering. Banksia oblongifolia resprouts from its woody lignotuber after bushfires, and the seed pods open and release seed when burnt, the
Banksia_oblongifolia
Group of eucalypts
effusa which forms a lignotuber from which it can resprout after fire. The other eight gimlets are mallets, do not form a lignotuber, are killed by fire
Gimlet_(eucalypt)
Species of flowering plant
recently (2008) discovered shrub, often with many stems arising from a lignotuber and is similar to Melaleuca paludicola but has pink or mauve flowers tipped
Melaleuca_wimmerensis
Species of flowering plant
of the California chaparral ecoregion. Chamise produces a specialized lignotuber underground and at the base of the stem, known as a burl, that allow it
Adenostoma_fasciculatum
Traits of plants and animals
which are able to re-sprout even when the stems are killed by fire. Lignotubers, woody structures around the roots of plants that contains many dormant
Fire_adaptations
Species of plant in the family Fabaceae
linearis can be considered facultative and obligate sprouters and have lignotuber development for after fires. Typically, there are two classifications
Rooibos
Genus of flowering plants in the heather family
evergreen trees or shrubs with red flaking bark. The stems can produce lignotubers. The petiolate, bifacial or isofacial, ovate or elliptic leaves are alternate
Arbutus
Frequently occurring wildfire events
to survive or even require bushfires (possessing epicormic shoots or lignotubers that sprout after a fire, or developing fire-resistant or fire-triggered
Bushfires_in_Australia
Vegetation group which occurs in semi-arid areas of southern Australia
height of 2–9 m (6 ft 7 in – 29 ft 6 in), have many stems arising from a lignotuber and have a leafy canopy that shades 30–70% of the ground. The term is
Mallee Woodlands and Shrublands
Mallee_Woodlands_and_Shrublands
Species of eucalyptus
a tree that typically grows to a height of 35 m (115 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous to flaky bark on the trunk and branches thicker
Eucalyptus_longifolia
Species of eucalyptus
(59–66 ft), sometimes a tall, straight tree to 60 m (200 ft), and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, pale grey to brown or yellowish bark, often with horizontal
Eucalyptus_subcrenulata
Species of eucalyptus
some of the tallest known. This species of eucalypt does not possess a lignotuber and is often killed by bushfire, regenerating from seed. Mature forests
Eucalyptus_regnans
Species of plant
that typically grows to a height of 3–15 m (9.8–49.2 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, tessellated, reddish brown bark over some or all of its
Corymbia_opaca
Species of flowering plant
terrestrial shrub that grows up to 3 meters tall. It has a basal irregular lignotuber. The stem is stout and the twigs are angular and glabrous. The leaves
Agapetes_athangensis
Species of eucalyptus
2–5 m (6 ft 7 in – 16 ft 5 in) high, 3–6 m (9.8–19.7 ft) wide and forms a lignotuber and has smooth bark. It has a spreading to erect, straggly habit with
Eucalyptus_pleurocarpa
Species of grass-like plant
produce seeds after two to three years. It can resprout basally from a lignotuber following fires. In Western Australia it is found in and around swamps
Fimbristylis_caespitosa
Genus of flowering plants
Several species which occur in areas where fire is frequent, have a lignotuber which resprouts after fire. Honeyeaters (Family Meliphagidae) and the
Beaufortia_(plant)
Species of plant native to eastern Australia
Victoria and New South Wales. It regenerates from fire by regrowing from a lignotuber. Lomatia fraseri grows as a tall shrub or small tree up to 8–11 metres
Lomatia_fraseri
Species of tree
both sexually by seed and asexually by sprouting of buds, layering, or lignotubers. Seed production begins at 10–15 years of age. Cones develop in the winter
Sequoia_sempervirens
Species of shrub in Western Australia
metre (3 ft) high, often with basal shoots arising from an underground lignotuber. It has woolly stems. The leaves are pinnatifid with five to nine leaflets
Banksia_xylothemelia
Species of eucalyptus
typically grows to a height of 3 to 12 metres (10 to 39 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, flaky bark on about half the lower part of the trunk, smooth
Eucalyptus_myriadena
Species of shrub native to eastern Australia
on the subspecies; subspecies paludosa regenerates from underground lignotubers, while plants of subspecies astrolux are killed by fire and regenerate
Banksia_paludosa
Species of shrub native to Australia
regenerates after bushfire by resprouting from its woody base, known as a lignotuber, as well as from seed. It was described by Richard Salisbury in 1796,
Isopogon_anethifolius
Variety of shrub from eastern Australia
other varieties of B. spinulosa, B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii lacks a lignotuber. B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii was first collected by Franz Sieber in
Banksia spinulosa var. cunninghamii
Banksia_spinulosa_var._cunninghamii
Species of tree
tree that typically grows to a height of 17–25 m (56–82 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous or flaky, greyish bark on the trunk and branches
Angophora_subvelutina
Topics referred to by the same term
habit of woody plants that grow with multiple stems from underground lignotubers Mallee (biogeographic region), a biogeographic region in southern Western
Mallee
Species of eucalyptus
tree that typically grows to a height of 15–20 m (49–66 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous, brown or greyish bark on the trunk and larger
Eucalyptus_yarraensis
Species of eucalyptus
tree that typically grows to a height of 10–12 m (30–40 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has hard, rough, compacted, grey to brown or black bark on the trunk
Eucalyptus_crenulata
Mixed woodland-grassland ecosystem
seedlings too small to be affected or as plants capable of re-sprouting from lignotubers and broken stumps. A population of woody plants equal to half or more
Savanna
Species of eucalyptus
slender tree that typically grows to a height of 18 m (59 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, greyish bark with some rough, fibrous or flaky bark near
Eucalyptus_pyrenea
Species of eucalyptus
a tree that typically grows to a height of 35 m (115 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, grey to black, sometimes flaky ironbark from the base of
Eucalyptus_fibrosa
Species of legume
is endemic to the north of Western Australia. It is a subshrub with a lignotuber at its base and many stems, narrowly elliptic, leathery phyllodes, spikes
Acacia_camptocarpa
Species of shrub in Western Australia
is a sprawling or erect shrub, up to 3 metres (10 ft) high, without a lignotuber. Leaves are 4 to 16 centimetres (1.6 to 6.3 in) long, and nine to 18 millimetres
Banksia_wonganensis
Species of plant
typically grows to a height of 12 to 15 metres (39 to 49 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, sometimes powdery white, cream-coloured or pale grey bark
Corymbia_torta
Species of shrub native to Western Australia
much-branched, spreading shrub to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high, and does not form a lignotuber. The stems are covered with fine reddish hair, and the fernlike leaves
Banksia_dryandroides
Species of eucalyptus
(4 ft 11 in – 16 ft 5 in), sometimes as high as 7 m (23 ft), and forms a lignotuber. It has a smooth textured white, grey, grey brown, grey-pink or brown
Eucalyptus_pachyphylla
Species of shrub endemic to New South Wales, Australia
multistemmed shrub to around 2 m (7 ft) with a woody base known as a lignotuber, from which it regrows after bushfire. It has stiff narrow leaves, and
Lambertia_formosa
Species of eucalyptus
is a tree that typically grows to a height of 30 m (98 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, slightly powdery white, grey or pink bark, sometimes with
Eucalyptus_dorrigoensis
Species of plant endemic to Western Australia
growing to a height of 1 to 6 metres (3 to 20 ft) and does not form a lignotuber. It is multi-stemmed with branchlets densely covered in fine, flattened
Hakea_recurva
Species of shrub endemic to Western Australia
shrub that typically grows to a height of 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and forms a lignotuber. It has fissured, grey bark and branches densely covered with woolly hairs
Banksia_audax
Species of flowering plant
Western Australia. It is a small, spreading, dioecious shrub that forms a lignotuber, and has more or less erect, sharply-pointed branchlets, the leaves reduced
Allocasuarina_grevilleoides
Species of eucalyptus
that typically grows to a height of about 8 metres (26.2 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth grey, cream-coloured, white and orange bark that is shed
Eucalyptus_calcareana
Species of eucalyptus
mallee that typically grows to a height of 6–10 m (20–33 ft) and forms a lignotuber. Young plants and coppice regrowth have sessile leaves arranged in opposite
Eucalyptus_moorei
Shrub species endemic to Australia
(Lichenostomus melanops), bees, wasps and ants. Banksia canei lacks a lignotuber and appears to regenerate from bushfire by seed, although its response
Banksia_canei
Species of eucalyptus
that typically grows to a height of 15–30 m (49–98 ft) tall and forms a lignotuber. It has thick, fibrous, reddish brown to grey brown, longitudinally fissured
Eucalyptus_cinerea
Species of shrub endemic to Australia
the seeds. After bushfire, Banksia grossa regenerates from its woody lignotuber; bushfires also stimulate the release of seeds, which germinate after
Banksia_grossa
Species of eucalyptus
typically grows to a height of 3 to 5 metres (10 to 16 ft) and forms a lignotuber. The bark on the trunk and larger branches is fibrous to flaky but smooth
Eucalyptus_brevipes
Species of plant
height of 20–35 m (66–115 ft), rarely a mallee, and forms a lignotuber. These mallee lignotubers are not thick; only 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) top to bottom,
Corymbia_gummifera
Species of eucalyptus
grows to a height of 30 m (98 ft), or sometimes a mallee, that forms a lignotuber. It has grey, prickly, fibrous bark on the trunk and larger branches,
Eucalyptus_consideniana
Deformed tree outgrowth
Bibcode:1982CaJPP...4..357F. doi:10.1080/07060668209501277. James, Susanne (1984). "Lignotubers and Burls: Their Structure, Function and Ecological Significance in Mediterranean
Burl
Species of shrub endemic to Western Australia
shrub that typically grows to a height of 30–80 cm (12–31 in) and forms a lignotuber. Its leaves are egg-shaped to broadly oblong, 30–83 mm (1.2–3.3 in) long
Grevillea_microstyla
Species of flowering plant endemic to New Zealand
because they possess fire-adaptive traits like serotiny and storage lignotubers. It has been postulated that on arrival in New Zealand, L. scoparium
Mānuka
Plants able to survive fire by resprouting
major branches (epicormic shoots) or in belowground structures like lignotubers, bulbs, and other structures. Resprouters characterize chaparral, fynbos
Resprouter
Species of flowering plant
Although the Ceanothus subgenera vary in their preference to sprout from lignotubers (resprouting) versus seeds (nonsprouting) after fire, Ceanothus tomentosus
Ceanothus_tomentosus
Western Australia. Unlike the mallee, it is single-stemmed and lacks a lignotuber. Species of this form have a relatively long, slender trunk, steeply-angled
Mallet_(habit)
Genus of flowering plants
with a single thin trunk with a steeply branching habit but lacks both a lignotuber and epicormic buds. Eucalyptus astringens is an example of a mallet. A
Eucalyptus
Species of shrub endemic to Western Australia
10 in) high and 1 m (3 ft 3 in) wide with few branches and does not form a lignotuber. The leaves are arranged alternately, with distinct veins on the upper
Hakea_victoria
Species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae
of the next generation; resprouters survive fire, resprouting from a lignotuber or, more rarely, epicormic buds protected by thick bark. P. repens is
Protea_repens
Species of eucalyptus
tree that typically grows to a height of 8–28 m (26–92 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough bark on the trunk and branches. Young plants and coppice
Eucalyptus_elegans
stem structure or storage organ from which new growth arises. Compare lignotuber. caudiciform Stem-like or caudex-like; sometimes used to mean "pachycaul"
Glossary_of_botanical_terms
Species of tree
capable of sprouting from embedded buds near the base of the trunk (lignotubers, or basal chichi) in response to disturbances, such as soil erosion.
Ginkgo_biloba
Genus of trees
Lignotuber near ground level provides fire-resistant storage of sprouting buds.
Umbellularia
Species of plant native to Western Australia
Bushfire kills the maternal plant, which has neither thick bark nor lignotubers, but the subsequent shedding of seed allows the population to regenerate
Banksia_brownii
Species of shrub endemic to Western Australia
chrysophoenix has a lignotuber, almost straight leaf lobes and larger flower parts than the autonym; B. ionthocarpa subsp. ionthocarpa lacks a lignotuber, has gently
Banksia_ionthocarpa
Method of woodland management
sprouting Epicormic shoot Even aged timber management Fire ecology Layering Lignotuber Mallee (habit) Pollarding Pruning Fruit tree pruning Short rotation coppice
Coppicing
Species of eucalyptus
to a height of 5 m (16 ft), rarely a tree to 12 m (39 ft), and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth greyish bark, sometimes with rough, flaky or scaly bark
Eucalyptus_quadrans
Species of eucalyptus
typically grows to a height of 12–25 m (39–82 ft) but does not form a lignotuber. It has smooth white or greyish bark with occasional pale grey-yellow
Eucalyptus_transcontinentalis
Species of eucalyptus
tree that typically grows to a height of 25–30 m (82–98 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It is usually straight-trunked with reddish brown stringy or fibrous
Eucalyptus_mckieana
Species of eucalyptus
that grows to a height of 2–6 m (6 ft 7 in – 19 ft 8 in) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough fibrous or flaky greyish bark at the base, smooth greyish
Eucalyptus_roycei
Species of eucalyptus
typically grows to a height of 3 to 5 metres (10 to 16 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth grey, cream-cloloured or pinkish bark from the trunk to
Eucalyptus_beardiana
Short woody plant
burning, where many species of e.g. Banksia or Eucalyptus regrow from a lignotuber or caudex. heavily grazed or overgrazed ecosystems, such as tortoise turf
Subshrub
Species of eucalyptus
is a mallet that grows to a height of up to 5 metres (16 ft), lacks a lignotuber and only has leaves on the outer half of the stems. It has smooth, shiny
Eucalyptus_brandiana
Park in Santa Rosa, California, United States
This single Umbellularia lignotuber adjacent to Matanzas Creek supports multiple mature sprouts.
Doyle_Community_Park
Species of eucalyptus
(6 ft 7 in – 13 ft 1 in) but can be as tall as 7 m (23 ft), and forms a lignotuber. The bark is smooth and pale grey to salmon-brown in colour. Young plants
Eucalyptus_depauperata
Species of legume
year. It can be pruned to a desired shape and recovers from fire from a lignotuber. It is easily propagated from seed, following treatment by soaking in
Acacia_complanata
Genus of flowering plants
eastern Victoria. A. hispida buds & flowers A. hispida fruit A. hispida lignotuber regrowth after fire A. hispida opposite and decussate leaves "Angophora"
Angophora
Species of eucalyptus
typically grows to a height of 6–14 m (20–46 ft) but does not form a lignotuber. It has smooth light grey over cream bark that is shed in ribbons. Young
Eucalyptus_frenchiana
Species of eucalyptus
tree that typically grows to a height of 20–30 m (66–98 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has thick, rough, fibrous and flaky bark on the trunk and larger branches
Eucalyptus_olida
Species of tree endemic to southeastern Australia
under ideal conditions can grow as tall as 90 m (300 ft), and forms a lignotuber. The bark is usually smooth, white to cream-coloured but there are sometimes
Eucalyptus_globulus
Index of plants with the same common name
Western Australia. Unlike the mallee, it is single-stemmed and lacks a lignotuber. It has a dense canopy of leaves which often extends to near ground level
Marlock
Species of flowering plant native to Western Australia
typically grows to a height of 1–2 m (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) and forms a lignotuber. Its leaves are mostly arranged in clusters at the ends of branches, egg-shaped
Adenanthos_venosus
Species of shrub endemic to Western Australia
height of 2 m (6 ft 7 in) and has densely hairy stems but does not form a lignotuber. The leaves are broadly linear, mostly 50–80 mm (2.0–3.1 in) long and
Banksia_pallida
Subspecies of eucalyptus
mallee that typically grows to a height of 3–8 m (9.8–26.2 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It usually has rough, loose, fibrous or flaky bark at the base of the
Eucalyptus socialis subsp. victoriensis
Eucalyptus_socialis_subsp._victoriensis
Species of eucalyptus
grows to a height of 5 m (16 ft) or a tree to 9 m (30 ft), and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, greenish to grey or brown bark, sometimes hanging in short
Eucalyptus_pulverulenta
Species of eucalyptus
leaves and more bell-shaped gumnuts with protruding valves. It also has a lignotuber. The mountain blue gum (E. deanei) can be distinguished by its entirely
Eucalyptus_grandis
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