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Places of survival during glaciation
Last Glacial Maximum refugia were places (refugia) in which humans and other species survived during the Last Glacial Period, around 25,000 to 18,000
Last_Glacial_Maximum_refugia
Geographic region during ice ages
A glacial refugium (plural glacial refugia) is a geographic region which made possible the survival of flora and fauna during ice ages and allowed for
Glacial_refugium
Circa 24,000–16,000 BCE; most recent era when ice sheets were at their greatest extent
The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), also referred to as the Last Glacial Coldest Period, was the most recent time during the Last Glacial Period where ice
Last_Glacial_Maximum
Location of an isolated population of a formerly-widespread species
anthropology, refugia often refers specifically to Last Glacial Maximum refugia, where some ancestral human populations may have been forced back to glacial refugia
Refugium_(population_biology)
Archaeogenetic name for an ancestral genetic component
Carpathians in the east, following the retreat of the ice sheet of the Last Glacial Maximum. It is closely associated and sometimes considered synonymous with
Western_hunter-gatherer
Population of a cold-adapted species remaining after its glacier habitat has receded
Ecological island Last Glacial Maximum refugia Nunatak hypothesis Rapoport's rule Relict (biology) Sky island Wrangel Island (home to last population of mammoths)
Glacial_relict
Topics referred to by the same term
relict population of a once widespread animal or plant species Last Glacial Maximum refugia specifically, in anthropology Refugium Range, a mountain range
Refugium
Continent
glacial periods were separated by more temperate and shorter interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years. The last cold episode of the last glacial
Europe
Subdivision of the Paleolithic, or Old Stone Age
the Maximum, most of Northern Europe was covered by an ice-sheet, forcing human populations into the areas known as Last Glacial Maximum refugia, including
Upper_Paleolithic
Species of deer
Isolation of tundra-adapted species Rangifer in Last Glacial Maximum refugia during the last glacial – the Wisconsin glaciation in North America and the
Reindeer
Third division (unofficial) of the Pleistocene Epoch
the cool Last Glacial Period, with temperatures gradually lowering throughout the period, reaching their lowest during the Last Glacial Maximum around 26–20
Late_Pleistocene
Archaeological industry of the European Upper Paleolithic
art at Altamira Franco-Cantabrian region Gravettian Last Glacial Maximum Last Glacial Maximum refugia One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates
Solutrean
beetle by the name of Gonioctena intermedia. Last Glacial Maximum refugia Refugium (population biology) Glacial refugium WILLIS, K; VANANDEL, T (December
Glacial_survival_hypothesis
A variety of glacial refugia have been identified that have allowed animal and plant populations to persist during ice age periods and re-colonize wider
Examples_of_ice_age_refugia
Spread of humans from Africa through the world
Neanderthal extinction, the Last Glacial Maximum forced northern hemisphere inhabitants to migrate to several shelters (refugia) until the end of this period
Early_human_migrations
and advanced north, following the retreating ice sheets of the Last Glacial Maximum that spanned between 26,500 and 19,000 years ago. A 2015 publication
Prehistoric_Europe
European Upper Paleolithic culture
was one of the last archaeological industries and cultures of the European Upper Paleolithic. It emerged after the Last Glacial Maximum around ~21,000
Epigravettian
Baltic Finnic ethnic group
credibility to the theory of the Last Glacial Maximum refugia. But this does not in any way corroborate or prove that these 'refugia' spoke Uralic/Finnic, as
Finns
Interglacial period which began 130,000 years ago
The Last Interglacial was the interglacial period that began about 130,000 years ago at the end of the Penultimate Glacial Period, and ended about 115
Last_Interglacial
Glacial age that occurred before the Last Glacial Period
The Penultimate Glacial Period (PGP) is the glacial period that occurred before the Last Glacial Period. The penultimate glacial period is officially unnamed
Penultimate_Glacial_Period
Geographical region of Asia and North America currently partly submerged
which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene epoch. The Ice Age reached its peak during the Last Glacial Maximum, when ice sheets began advancing
Beringia
Major ice sheet
it is currently understood that several small glacial refugia existed during the last glacial maximum below present sea level in the now-submerged Hecate
Cordilleran_ice_sheet
Interglacial period about 14,000 years ago
Holocene, globally it was a period of warming from the very cold Last Glacial Maximum, caused by a gradual increase in CO2 concentrations. A warming of
Bølling–Allerød_Interstadial
Prehistoric migration from Asia to the Americas
Siberia and western Alaska due to the lowering of sea level during the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 19,000 years ago). These populations expanded south of
Peopling_of_the_Americas
Biogeographic region of Southeast Asia
Java, and Sumatra have served as refugia for the flora and fauna of Sundaland during multiple glacial periods in the last million years, and are serving
Sundaland
Earliest anatomically modern humans in Europe and West Asia
Solutrean in the west, due to major climatic degradation during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), peaking 21,000 years ago. As Europe warmed, the Solutrean
Cro-Magnon
Abrupt climatic cooling event during the last glacial retreat
Species were mainly Arctic but during the Glacial Maximum, the warmer weather species had withdrawn into refugia and began to repopulate Europe in the Oldest
Oldest_Dryas
Last glacial period in southern Chile
The last glacial period and its associated glaciation is known in southern Chile as the Llanquihue glaciation (Spanish: Glaciación de Llanquihue). Its
Llanquihue_glaciation
Biogeographic realm
moved quickly from refugia with the receding glaciers, becoming one of the first large mammals to recolonize the land. The Last Glacial Period ended about
Holarctic_realm
have occurred from one or a few southern glacial refugia. This is in contrast to the multiple glacial refugia present throughout the American West (Stone
List of mammals of New England
List_of_mammals_of_New_England
Geological region in the Midwestern US
Area was never covered by ice during the Last Glacial Period, so the area lacks the characteristic glacial deposits known as drift. Its landscape is
Driftless_Area
Genus of crested and the marbled newts
showed that during the Last Glacial Maximum, around 21,000 years ago, crested and marbled newts likely survived in warmer refugia mainly in southern Europe
Triturus
paleoecological record that plant ranges shifted northward, after the last glacial maximum, at a faster rate than the seed dispersal rates commonly occur. Rare
Reid's paradox of rapid plant migration
Reid's_paradox_of_rapid_plant_migration
Pleistocene leopard subspecies
Berlin in northern Germany. During the Last Glacial Maximum, leopards persisted in relatively temperate glacial refugia in the Iberian, Italian and Balkan
European_leopard
Species of moss
genetic diversity across its range, having survived the Last Glacial Maximum in multiple European refugia. The species serves as the specific host for the fungal
Sphagnum_squarrosum
the Last Glacial Maximum". As the glaciers receded from about 16,000–13,000 years ago, Europe began to be slowly repopulated by people from refugia, leaving
Genetic_history_of_Europe
Lake under a glacier
created before the advance of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum. However, two subglacial lakes were identified via RES in bedrock
Subglacial_lake
Genus of deer
periods during the Last Glacial Period it was present in central Europe, but during the Last Glacial Maximum it retreated to refugia in the Iberian Peninsula
Capreolus
Study of human demography in prehistory
Michelle C.; Collard, Mark (December 2013). "Human refugia in Australia during the Last Glacial Maximum and Terminal Pleistocene: a geospatial analysis of
Prehistoric_demography
Subspecies of brown bear found in Southeast Alaska
study was also looking at the possibility of refugium during the Last Glacial Maximum, in which the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered much of the Pacific coast
ABC_Islands_bear
Holocene climate period during which northern Africa was wetter than today
African monsoon, and increased greenhouse gases. During the preceding Last Glacial Maximum, the Sahara contained extensive dune fields and was mostly uninhabited
African_humid_period
Underwater Valley in the English Channel
Jim; Bennett, K.D. (2008). "Phylogeographic insights into cryptic glacial refugia". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 23 (10): 564–571. Bibcode:2008TEcoE
Hurd's_Deep
Subspecies of carnivore
France and Belgium during the Last Glacial Maximum as well, indicating they were not as restricted to southern refugia as previously thought. Modern research
Eurasian_brown_bear
(2024). "Hot spring oases in the periglacial desert as the Last Glacial Maximum refugia for temperate trees in Central Europe". Science Advances. 10
2024_in_paleobotany
Species of insect
Zealand. It is thought that its distribution restricted at the Last Glacial Maximum to refugia in the northern North Island and the east coast of the South
Clitarchus_hookeri
Long-term future of planet Earth
Milankovitch's theory predicts that the planet will continue to undergo glacial periods at least until the Quaternary glaciation comes to an end. These
Future_of_Earth
Species of carnivore
richardsonii). The islands are thought to have been glacial refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum, with both species of ermine being isolated on the
Haida_ermine
Extinction of large animals at the end of the last Ice Age
species may have survived considerably later in New Guinea, until the Last Glacial Maximum, or even into the mid Holocene for some taxa. Marsupials All remaining
Late_Pleistocene_extinctions
Alternative theories on the peopling of the Americas
This would mean that humans were occupying North America during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) – a theory that had previously been dismissed. Though it is
Alternatives to the Clovis First theory
Alternatives_to_the_Clovis_First_theory
and ice once existed even in this equatorial region during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). During this period, global temperatures were estimated to be
Biodiversity_of_Borneo
Species of flowering plant
western North America. These three regions were free of glacial ice during the Last Glacial Maximum approximately 25,000–21,000 years ago. Consequently,
Smelowskia_americana
Species of fish
structuring reflects colonization from two glacial refugia, formed when the cooler climate during the last glacial period restricted this species to lower
Opsariichthys_pachycephalus
Ecological communities abruptly losing biodiversity, often irreversibly
the collapse of Lake Baikal and Lake Hovsgol ecosystems during the Last Glacial Maximum. Today, the ongoing Holocene extinction is caused primarily by human
Ecosystem_collapse
Species of flowering plant
the last glacial period and harbour most of the species' rare alleles. From these refugia A. scabra expanded northwards after the Last Glacial Maximum, most
Arabis_scabra
Species of rodent
"Phylogeography of Southern Water Vole (Arvicola sapidus): evidence for refugia within the Iberian glacial refugium?". Molecular Ecology. 18 (17): 3652–3667. Bibcode:2009MolEc
Southwestern_water_vole
Extinct genus of bears
during the Last Glacial Maximum, with four distinct lineages across five haplotypes intermingled with eastern Beringian specimens. The last common ancestor
Arctodus
period coincides with the gradual retreat of glacial climatic conditions between the Last Glacial Maximum and the start of the Holocene, and it is characterised
Epipalaeolithic_Near_East
Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
the last glaciation. It is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan (Lobov 2009). It may have survived the last glacial maximum, in
Haplogroup_R1
Large rainforest in South America
mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum. However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival
Amazon_rainforest
Extinct species of mammal
to be the ancestor of modern American bison (Bison bison). During the Last Glacial Period, steppe bison continued to inhabit Alaska and Yukon, separated
Steppe_bison
Temperate forest ecoregion in Chile and Argentina
Chile (such as Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park) as remains of the Last Glacial Maximum. To the south lies the Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregion. The
Valdivian_temperate_forests
Subspecies of carnivore
has been separated from all other red fox populations since the last glacial maximum and may possess unique ecological or physiological adaptations. Although
American_red_fox
Species of moss
likely colonised northern Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum, rather than surviving in glacial refugia. The species shows relatively low genetic variation
Sphagnum_wulfianum
Rockshelter and archaeological site in Ethiopia
last glacial maximum. However, 19 charcoal dates from the site showed the archaeologists that the rockshelter may not yield information about refugia
Mochena_Borago
Species of amphibian
probably confined to small refugial areas in the Carpathians during the Last Glacial Maximum. While the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the
Northern_crested_newt
Colonisation of the European continent
original Cro-Magnon population after they re-peopled Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum. EEF represents the introgression of Near Eastern populations during
Hominid_dispersals_in_Europe
Extinct species of large cattle
the aurochs was widespread across Europe, but during glacial periods retreated into southern refugia in the Iberian, Italian and Balkan peninsulas. Landscapes
Aurochs
Supercontinent from the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic eras
crust, may have reduced the number of islands that could have served as refugia for marine species. Species diversity may have already been reduced prior
Pangaea
Native animals of Europe
moved quickly from refugia with the receding glaciers, becoming one of the first large mammals to recolonize the land. The last glacial period ended about
Fauna_of_Europe
Genus of North American cicadas
phylogeographic relationships reflect the effects of repeated contraction into glacial refugia (small islands of suitable habitat) and subsequent re-expansion during
Periodical_cicadas
Ongoing extinction event caused by human activity
A. (2004). "The Yana RHS site: Humans in the Arctic before the Last Glacial Maximum". Science. 303 (5654): 52–56. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...52P. doi:10
Holocene_extinction
(2026). "Early colonization before inundation consistent with northern glacial refugia in Southern Doggerland revealed by sedimentary ancient DNA". Proceedings
2026_in_paleomammalogy
reaching an extreme during the Last Glacial Maximum, when forests did not reach north of 55°N except for areas where cryptic refugia occurred within Beringia
Climate and vegetation interactions in the Arctic
Climate_and_vegetation_interactions_in_the_Arctic
Plant species in the broomrape family
Genetic evidence and climate modeling indicate that during the Last Glacial Maximum fern-leaved lousewort was found both in areas around the ice sheet
Pedicularis_asplenifolia
Study of the distribution of lichens
restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. Quaternary glacial cycles repeatedly forced ranges to contract into refugia and then expand again. As a result, present
Lichen_biogeography
Rock art in Western Australia
the Kimberley. The fossil record of climate and vegetation at the last glacial maximum is sparse, but still clear enough to provide an overview. When the
Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings
Subspecies of carnivore
predominance in this region for over 40,000 years before and after the last glacial maximum. A comparison of current and past frequencies indicated that in Europe
Italian_wolf
Subspecies of deer
dry, periglacial environments.” It dispersed westward during the last glacial maximum (21,000 – 18,000 years BP), mixed with and replaced local European
Finnish_forest_reindeer
Species of lichen
genetic evidence suggests the species may have survived the Last Glacial Maximum in coastal refugia near its present range before expanding onto newly deglaciated
Thamnolia_tundrae
Extinct species of archaic human
(namely Peking Man) could suggest that they were retreating to warmer refugia during glacial periods, but the precise age of the Peking Man fossils is poorly
Homo_erectus
Species of carnivore
thought to have diverged during the Last Glacial Maximum after being isolated from one another in glacial refugia. Seven subspecies have been recognized
Pacific_marten
Species of mammal
been isolated from all other red fox populations since at least the last glacial maximum and may have developed unique ecological or physiological adaptations
Red_fox
the high tropical Andes (3800 m, 20°S): Implications for the local last glacial maximum". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 377–378: 260–275. Bibcode:2013E&PSL
Central_Andean_Pluvial_Event
Island in Petersburg Borough, Alaska, United States
Thomas A.; Baichtal, James F.; VanSistine, D. Paco. "MAP OF GLACIAL LIMITS AND POSSIBLE REFUGIA IN THE SOUTHERN ALEXANDER ARCHIPELAGO, ALASKA, DURING THE
Coronation_Island_(Alaska)
Species of deer
the last ice age, it was present in central Europe, but during the Last Glacial Maximum it retreated to refugia in the Iberian Peninsula (two refugia here)
Roe_deer
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
"Internal diversification of mitochondrial haplogroup R0a reveals post-last glacial maximum demographic expansions in South Arabia". Molecular Biology and Evolution
Haplogroup_R0
area during the last 46,000 years, as well as of existence of cool and humid refugia in subtropical China during the Last Glacial Maximum, is presented
2026_in_paleobotany
Europe. These clusters may have been the result of expansion from glacial refugia, an adaptation to local environments, and landscape fragmentation and
Evolution_of_the_wolf
"Stasis in late Quaternary birds from the La Brea tar pits during the last glacial-interglacial cycle" (PDF). New Mexico Museum of Natural History Bulletin
Paleobiota of the La Brea Tar Pits
Paleobiota_of_the_La_Brea_Tar_Pits
Species of hooved mammal
the Last Glacial Period (115,000-11,700 years ago) the range of the species collapsed due to unfavourable climate conditions, surviving in refugia in Anatolia
European_fallow_deer
Species of flowering plant
ago, corresponding with the Last Glacial Maximum. However, this data might be marred with interbreeding spurred by refugia populations lacking conspecific
Aquilegia_amurensis
Overview of genetic research on Pleistocene epoch archaic and early modern humans"
include a Zlatý Kůň-related component. During the Last Glacial Maximum, Fournol groups retreated to refugia in southern France and Iberia, where the Solutrean
Genetic history of Pleistocene humans
Genetic_history_of_Pleistocene_humans
Species of conifer
range after the Last Glacial Maximum. Some studies have suggested the existence of an inland refugium during the Last Glacial Maximum, likely in central
Thuja_plicata
Russian island in the Arctic Ocean
Alexei N.; Orlova, Lyobov A., "The Dynamic of Mammoth Distribution in the Last Refugia in Beringia", Second World of Elephants Congress, (Hot Springs: Mammoth
Wrangel_Island
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion of the United States
microclimates and soils all constituting microhabitats allowing many refugia areas and relict species to survive and thrive. The climate varies from
Appalachian–Blue Ridge forests
Appalachian–Blue_Ridge_forests
intra-European expansion from the Franco-Cantabrian region after the last glacial maximum, c. 13,000 years ago. Recent studies have shown that Italy played
Genetic_history_of_Italy
interpreted as possible evidence of local persistence of shallow-water refugia for stalked crinoids after the ecological restructuring associated with
2026_in_paleontology
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
T2d appear to have a Near Eastern origin around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and more recent dispersals into Europe. Most of T2c comprises
Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)
Species of amphibian
persisting in refugia in California and Vancouver Island. Vancouver Island is known to have been ice-free during the last glacial maximum, and did serve
Wandering_salamander
Relatively small body of standing water
that dry up each year, thereby killing resident fish, provide important refugia for amphibian breeding. Ponds that dry up completely each year are often
Pond
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