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Geographic region during ice ages
A glacial refugium (plural glacial refugia) is a geographic region which made possible the survival of flora and fauna during ice ages and allowed for
Glacial_refugium
Prehistoric European region
in this area. The region may have been a major refugium for Paleolithic peoples during the Last Glacial Maximum, apparently playing a major role as source
Franco-Cantabrian_region
Location of an isolated population of a formerly-widespread species
In population biology, a refugium (plural: refugia) is a location which supports a relict or isolated population of a once more widespread species. This
Refugium_(population_biology)
Topics referred to by the same term
supply Refugium (population biology), a location of an isolated or relict population of a once widespread animal or plant species Last Glacial Maximum
Refugium
Major ice sheet
mtDNA phylogeography: implications for morphology and the Haida Gwaii glacial refugium controversy. Evolution 51:1647–1653. Richard B. Waitt, Jr., and Robert
Cordilleran_ice_sheet
Geographical region of Asia and North America currently partly submerged
Patricia; Edwards, Mary E.; Anatoly, Lozhkin (2005). "Beringia as a glacial refugium for boreal trees and shrubs: New perspectives from mapped pollen data"
Beringia
Places of survival during glaciation
forest expanded and contracted throughout the glacial cycles. During the LGM, it withdrew to a refugium near the coast. A majority of the wet tropics
Last_Glacial_Maximum_refugia
Mountain range of the Gurktal Alps in Austria
by UNESCO. They were largely unglaciated in the Ice Age and were a glacial refugium. As westernmost part of the Gurktal Alps, the Nock Mountains are separated
Nock_Mountains
Species of plant
subcanopy tree of the yew family, Taxaceae. It is native to only a small glacial refugium in the southeastern United States, at the state border region of northern
Torreya_taxifolia
Subspecies of carnivore
mtDNA Phylogeography: Implications for Morphology and the Haida Gwaii Glacial Refugium Controversy". Evolution. 51 (5). Society for the Study of Evolution:
Ursus_americanus_carlottae
Species of conifer
single refugium in the southern portion of its range after the Last Glacial Maximum. Some studies have suggested the existence of an inland refugium during
Thuja_plicata
Genus of crested and the marbled newts
cristatus recolonized temperate Eurasia from an extra-Mediterranean glacial refugium". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 114 (3): 574–587. doi:10
Triturus
Swedish entomologist
special interest in biogeography. He was a strong proponent of the glacial refugium hypothesis and made use of the framework to explain the distribution
Carl_H._Lindroth
Mesolithic industry of the Franco-Cantabrian region
those who had not followed the herds of horse and reindeer out of the glacial refugium to new territory. As a result, Azilian tools and art were cruder and
Azilian
Archipelago in British Columbia, Canada
mtDNA phylogeography: implications for morphology and the Haida Gwaii glacial refugium controversy". Evolution. 51 (5): 1647–1653. Bibcode:1997Evolu..51.1647B
Haida_Gwaii
the last ice age, and Anatolia may be considered to be a potential glacial refugium for species of plants and animals in Europe. In the late Pleistocene
Anatolian_diagonal
Species of butterfly
Polyommatus coridon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from its Ponto-Mediterranean glacial refugium". Heredity. 89 (1): 20–26. Bibcode:2002Hered..89...20S. doi:10.1038/sj
Chalkhill_blue
Mountain range in Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic
rather a part of the Broumov Highlands. Not to be confused with a glacial refugium. Alfred Jahn's geomorphological studies of the Polish Sudetes in 1953
Sudetes
Species of amphibian
the Carpathians. This suggests that the Carpathians were a refugium during the Last Glacial Maximum. The northern crested newt then expanded its range
Northern_crested_newt
Underwater Valley in the English Channel
Hurd's Deep likely remained flooded by seawater. It might have been a glacial refugium. Hurd's Deep has an approximate length of 150 kilometres (80 nautical
Hurd's_Deep
Extinct species of elephant native to Europe and West Asia
"Life-history of Palaeoloxodon antiquus reveals Middle Pleistocene glacial refugium in the Megalopolis basin, Greece". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 1390
Straight-tusked_elephant
Greek paleoanthropologist
"Life-history of Palaeoloxodon antiquus reveals Middle Pleistocene glacial refugium in the Megalopolis basin, Greece". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 1390
Katerina_Harvati
the name of Gonioctena intermedia. Last Glacial Maximum refugia Refugium (population biology) Glacial refugium WILLIS, K; VANANDEL, T (December 2004).
Glacial_survival_hypothesis
Extinct species of bird
dunelands, and shrublands. During the Last Glacial Maximum, it was confined to a single glacial refugium, from which its range expanded during the Holocene
Eastern_moa
Species of amphibian
postglacial colonization into the British Isles, and evidence for an Irish glacial refugium". Heredity. 102 (5): 490–496. Bibcode:2009Hered.102..490T. doi:10.1038/hdy
Common_frog
Species of amphibian
R.J. (2022). "Late Pleistocene palaeoenvironments and a possible glacial refugium on northern Vancouver Island, Canada: Evidence for the viability of
Wandering_salamander
DNA analysis of Sami populations
late Pleistocene/early Holocene expansion from a Franco-Cantabrian glacial refugium. However, subsequent studies found that haplogroup V is also significantly
Genetic_studies_on_Sami
Species of tree (walnut)
Kyrgyzstan (these now thought to be of cultivated origin). Another native glacial refugium population with high genetic diversity is found on the southern fringes
Juglans_regia
Species of gastropod
Balashov I. & Kijashko P. (2017). "Relic land snails in the Caucasian glacial refugium: a first non-fossil record of Vallonia tenuilabris from Western Eurasia"
Vallonia_tenuilabris
Species of rodent
Water Vole (Arvicola sapidus): evidence for refugia within the Iberian glacial refugium?". Molecular Ecology. 18 (17): 3652–3667. Bibcode:2009MolEc..18.3652C
Southwestern_water_vole
as indicating that eastern moa expanded from a single glacial refugium following the Last Glacial Maximum. A study on the bone histology of extant and
2022 in archosaur paleontology
2022_in_archosaur_paleontology
Prehistoric biome
years. The eastern part of the Altai-Sayan region forms a refugium. In both the Last Glacial Maximum and modern times, the eastern Altai-Sayan region has
Mammoth_steppe
Species of bird
results actually show a recent population expansion from a single glacial refugium, therefore the current populations are homogeneous in terms of genetics
Black-throated_blue_warbler
Area on the northern coast of Spain
Stone Age. A narrow coastal strip was a glacial refugium, never covered by glaciers during the Last Glacial Maximum, and appears to have been densely
Vasco-Cantabria
Species of flowering plant
Carpathians during the last glacial maximum (LGM). This in turn suggests that the Carpathians served as a glacial refugium for plant species during the
Syringa_josikaea
level during the last glacial period, it is suspected that the exposed continental shelf played a large role in acting as a refugium to many different organisms
Examples_of_ice_age_refugia
Overview of genetic research on Pleistocene epoch archaic and early modern humans"
Europe until c. 14 kya, possibly expanding from a southwest European glacial refugium. Following the Bølling-Allerød warming (c. 14 kya), GoyetQ2 ancestry
Genetic history of Pleistocene humans
Genetic_history_of_Pleistocene_humans
Species of butterfly
Tanana River valley area of Alaska. This valley, or part of it, was a glacial refugium during the last ice age. O. tanana inhabits clearings in boreal spruce
Oeneis_tanana
Gibraltarian zoologist, paleoanthropologist and palaeontologist
Lived: A Study of Neanderthal and Modern Human Behavioural Ecology in a Glacial Refugium. Oxbow Books. 2012. ISBN 978-1842172650. The Fortifications of Gibraltar
Clive_Finlayson
Species of flowering plant
pp. Brunsfeld, Steven J., and Jack Sullivan. "A multi-compartmented glacial refugium in the northern Rocky Mountains: evidence from the phylogeography of
Cardamine_constancei
Chinese ichthyologist
serendipitously in the vicinity of Qinling Mountains (considered to be a glacial refugium roughly in central part of China), which is later named Brachymystax
Li_Sizhong_(ichthyologist)
Species of mouse
restricted to a relatively small refugium on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, it managed to persist in this refugium for millions of years, throughout
Iranian_edible_dormouse
National park in Peru
occupied by PNYCH is considered a "Pleistocene refuge", (similar to a Glacial refugium), meaning it harbors relict forests as a result of geographic isolation
Yanachaga–Chemillén National Park
Yanachaga–Chemillén_National_Park
Edwards, Mary E.; Lozhkin, Anatoly V. (2005-04-29). "Beringia as a glacial refugium for boreal trees and shrubs: new perspectives from mapped pollen data"
Climate and vegetation interactions in the Arctic
Climate_and_vegetation_interactions_in_the_Arctic
Abrupt climatic cooling event during the last glacial retreat
abrupt climatic cooling event, or stadial, which occurred during the last glacial retreat. The time period to which the layer corresponds is poorly defined
Oldest_Dryas
Nature preserve in Illinois, US
prevailing northern exposure and heavy tree cover make the site a glacial refugium that supports species that would typically be found in more northern
Mitchell's Grove Nature Preserve
Mitchell's_Grove_Nature_Preserve
Mountain range in Canada
western side of Moresby Island Vancouver Island Ranges, on Vancouver Island: Refugium Range: On the Brooks Peninsula Sophia Range: On Nootka Island, on the peninsula
Insular_Mountains
Forest
respectively. It is proposed that the Lost Pines population was the western refugium for P. taeda during Pleistocene glaciation and that East Texas P. taeda
Lost_Pines_Forest
Extinct species of canine mammal
effects of the Wisconsin glaciation and is thought to have been an Ice Age refugium for animals and cold-sensitive plants. By 24,000 YBP, the abundance of
Dire_wolf
Austrian entomologist (1883–1975)
Museum. Holdhaus worked on the Coleoptera of glacial refugia, postglacial range expansions and “Massifs de Refugium”. He recognised that the distribution of
Karl_Holdhaus
Subspecies of brown bear found in Southeast Alaska
land masses. The study was also looking at the possibility of refugium during the Last Glacial Maximum, in which the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered much of
ABC_Islands_bear
Spread of humans from Africa across the world
may have crossed the Wallace Line, with Wallacea serving as their last refugium. Homo erectus had crossed the Lombok gap reaching as far as Flores, but
Early_human_migrations
Surviving remnant of a natural phenomenon
dictionary definition of relict at Wiktionary Endemism Hysteresis Living fossil Refugium (population biology) Relic Palaeochannel Lalueza-Fox, C.; Gilbert, M.T
Relict
UNESCO World Heritage Site
glacial cycles during the Quaternary ice ages. The Colchic rainforests are some of the oldest broad-leafed forests in western Eurasia. As a refugium during
Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands
Colchic_Rainforests_and_Wetlands
Extinct species of mammoth
"Ecological Structure of Recent and Last Glacial Mammalian Faunas in Northern Eurasia: The Case of Altai-Sayan Refugium". PLOS ONE. 9 (1) e85056. Bibcode:2014PLoSO
Woolly_mammoth
Species of reptile
separate glacial refugia. The larger Wooroonooran refugium maintained higher diversity through the glacial period than the southern Tableland refugium and
Prickly_forest_skink
dubbed west European hunter-gatherer (WHG) emerged from the Solutrean refugium during the European Mesolithic. These Mesolithic hunter-gatherer cultures
Genetic_history_of_Europe
Extinct species of mammal
occasions after glacial periods. It has been suggested that this colonisation took place along the Danube from a hypothetical refugium most likely situated
Bubalus_murrensis
Species of rodent
on Fennoscandia and Novaya Zemlya. Novaya Zemlya may have served as a refugium for cold-adapted terrestrial fauna such as L. lemmus during the Pleistocene
Norway_lemming
Subspecies of carnivore
which have been separated since the Wisconsinan. The northern (or boreal) refugium occurs in Alaska and western Canada and consists of the large subspecies
American_red_fox
Extinct North American wolf
"Ecological Structure of Recent and Last Glacial Mammalian Faunas in Northern Eurasia: The Case of Altai-Sayan Refugium". PLOS ONE. 9 (1) e85056. Bibcode:2014PLoSO
Beringian_wolf
Plateau in Altai Republic, Russia
"Ecological Structure of Recent and Last Glacial Mammalian Faunas in Northern Eurasia: The Case of Altai-Sayan Refugium". PLOS ONE. 9 (1) e85056. Bibcode:2014PLoSO
Ukok_Plateau
Rockshelter and archaeological site in Ethiopia
refugium for hunter-gatherering peoples during the cold and arid period of MIS 4. This makes it an important research site for testing the "refugium theory
Mochena_Borago
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
"High-resolution mtDNA evidence for the late-glacial resettlement of Europe from an Iberian refugium". Genome Research. 15 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1101/gr
Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)
Possible shape of human incisor teeth
role in nutrient transfer in breast milk during the era of the Beringian refugium, also determines the degree to which teeth shovel. In an interview, Dr
Shovel-shaped_incisors
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
"High-resolution mtDNA evidence for the late-glacial resettlement of Europe from an Iberian refugium". Genome Research. 15 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1101/gr
Haplogroup_H5_(mtDNA)
Extinct species of human
Early Upper Palaeolithic in Crimea (Ukraine)—A Review of the Neanderthal Refugium Hypothesis". Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology. 7 (1): 27. Bibcode:2024JPalA
Neanderthal
Species of rodent
of 600 to 1,000 meters. During the last Ice Age, it survived in three glacial refuges, including in the Northern Alps. There are 23 museum specimens
Bavarian_pine_vole
Forests in the temperate zone
Caucasian spruce (Picea orientalis) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). The refugium is the largest throughout the Western Asian / near Eastern region. The
Temperate_rainforest
Town in Zarqa Governorate, Jordan
constant source of water throughout this period, and probably acted as a refugium for humans and other animals at times when the surrounding area dried out
Azraq,_Jordan
Extinct lineage of the grey wolf
"Ecological Structure of Recent and Last Glacial Mammalian Faunas in Northern Eurasia: The Case of Altai-Sayan Refugium". PLOS ONE. 9 (1) e85056. Bibcode:2014PLoSO
Pleistocene_wolf
Geographic or environmental feature
refugia for boreal species stranded by warming climates since the last glacial period. In other cases, localized populations of plants and animals tend
Sky_island
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
haplogroup N roughly 30,000 years ago (just prior to or during the Last Glacial Maximum). It is in turn ancestral to subclades X2 and X1, which arose c
Haplogroup_X_(mtDNA)
mitochondrial DNA lineage, likely as a result of expansion across Europe from a refugium in southwestern France, and evidence of rapid decline in the effective
2026_in_paleomammalogy
Species of bird
arose from a population of snow geese that were isolated by glacial advance or in a refugium that remained ice free. Measurements: Male Length: 23.2–25
Ross's_goose
City in Washington, United States
temperatures. It is thought that, during glacial periods of the Quaternary, the Chehalis River was a major refugium for aquatic species, as was the west coast
Aberdeen,_Washington
Irregularly funnel shaped sinkhole in Montenegro
in the Orjen mountain range located in Montenegro. It creates a major refugium to arcto-alpine and alpine biota in a region with warm winters. As the
Opuvani_do
Species of flowering plant
simply explained by survival through the last ice age in a single, small refugium followed by slow recolonisation of nearby peaks once the glaciers had retreated
Androsace_brevis
Region in central Asia
on earth. Its stability over time suggests that it may have acted as a refugium for mammoth steppe fauna both during and between ice ages.[better source needed]
Altai-Sayan_region
Comune in Apulia, Italy
Italy was ice-free at least along the coast in the Last Glacial Maximum, and acted as a refugium for Late Paleolithic humans. The area of Monopoli was inhabited
Monopoli
Peninsula located in northern Antarctica
according to current research. As a result, this region was probably the last refugium for plants and animals that had inhabited Antarctica after it separated
Antarctic_Peninsula
Species of flowering plant
Ranges of western North America, was a refugium isolated by glacial ice and outwash channels during the last glacial period. Viola flettii is one of seven
Viola_flettii
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion of the United States
several contributing factors, especially that the area was an unglaciated refugium for many species. It shares species with the high elevation Appalachian-Blue
Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests
Appalachian_mixed_mesophytic_forests
Extinct genus of proboscideans
the ability to transverse uneven terrain in a karstic and mountainous refugium (PDF). Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 80th Annual Meeting. p. 166.
Mastodon
influx of sea water even slower. In its natural state a flad functions as a refugium for species of the order Charales that are seemingly endangered in more
Gloe_lake
State park and historic site in Florida, United States
square kilometres (49,000 acres). The Apalachicola valley served as a refugium for T. taxifola during the last ice age, when its range shrank due to cooler
Torreya_State_Park
Supercontinent from the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic eras
China, one of the few continental areas not merged with Pangaea, as a refugium. There were three major phases in the break-up of Pangaea. The Atlantic
Pangaea
Ireland until c. 400 AD
in southwestern Europe, and faunal remains suggest the existence of a refugium in Iberia that extended into southern France. Species originally attracted
Prehistoric_Ireland
Species of plant
period and survived through the ensuing glacial periods since much of Beringia remained an unglaciated refugium. Today it is found at lower elevations
Boykinia_richardsonii
Sullivan, C.; Leighton, L. R. (2026). "Geohistorical data reveal an ice age refugium with implications for modern conservation". Communications Earth & Environment
2026_in_paleobotany
Medium-sized wild cat
Slough, B. G.; Mowat, G. (1996). "Lynx population dynamics in an untrapped refugium". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 60 (4): 946–961. doi:10.2307/3802397
Canada_lynx
Species of mammal
which have been separated since the Wisconsinan. The northern (or boreal) refugium occurs in Alaska and western Canada, and consists of the larger subspecies
Red_fox
Species of wild cat
Southeast Asia, effectively forcing surviving populations into an ecological refugium in South China and Indochina. Following this near-extinction event, the
Asian_golden_cat
Species of flowering plant
Smilax (Smilacaceae): Combined AFLP and cpDNA data support a northern refugium in the Driftless Area". American Journal of Botany. 100 (4): 801–814. doi:10
Smilax_herbacea
Species of hooved mammal
of Turkey were facilitated by Roman-era trade networks. The only other refugium found was one in the Balkans, whose surviving descendants are significantly
European_fallow_deer
Species of amphibian
Zieliński, P.; Dudek, K.; et al. (2015). "The dissection of a Pleistocene refugium: phylogeography of the smooth newt, Lissotriton vulgaris, in the Balkans"
Smooth_newt
Species of large cat
Modern tiger populations originated from a refugium in Indochina and spread across Asia after the Last Glacial Maximum. As they colonised northeastern China
Tiger
Subspecies of deer
but with relatively small teeth — originated in a small Western Europe refugium and was a likely ancestor of R. fennicus. R. guettardi persisted into the
Finnish_forest_reindeer
Species of cat native to Africa and Asia
& Cuenca-Bescós, G. (2013). "The Iberian Peninsula, the last European refugium of Panthera pardus Linnaeus 1758 during the Upper Pleistocene". Quaternaire
Leopard
Caldera in Alaska
southern coastal Beringian land bridge: cryptic refugium or pseudorefugium for woody plants during the Last Glacial Maximum?". Journal of Biogeography. 44 (7):
Mount_Aniakchak
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