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For chemical reactions, the iron oxide cycle (Fe3O4/FeO) is the original two-step thermochemical cycle proposed for use for hydrogen production. It is
Iron_oxide_cycle
Class of chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen
An iron oxide is a chemical compound composed of iron and oxygen. Several iron oxides are recognized. Often they are non-stoichiometric. Ferric oxyhydroxides
Iron_oxide
Cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle Copper–chlorine cycle Hydrosol-2 Hybrid sulfur cycle Iron oxide cycle Sulfur–iodine cycle Solar Hydrogen Production
Zinc–zinc_oxide_cycle
Thermochemical process used to produce hydrogen
Cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle Copper–chlorine cycle Hybrid sulfur cycle High-temperature electrolysis Iron oxide cycle Zinc–zinc oxide cycle Besenbruch
Sulfur–iodine_cycle
Thermochemical Cycle to produce Hydrogen from Water
materials. Cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle Hybrid sulfur cycle Iron oxide cycle Sulfur–iodine cycle Zinc–zinc oxide cycle Solar power for thermochemical
Copper–chlorine_cycle
Biogeochemical cycle of Fe2+/Fe3+
redox-active metal in nature. The cycling of iron between its +2 and +3 oxidation states is referred to as the iron cycle. This process can be entirely abiotic
Iron_cycle
Chemical compound with an oxygen atom
dissolution of ferric oxides is integral to geochemical phenomena such as the iron cycle. Because the M–O bonds are typically strong, metal oxides tend to be insoluble
Oxide
Chemical element with atomic number 26 (Fe)
its oxide layer. Iron forms various oxide and hydroxide compounds; the most common are iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4), and iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3). Iron(II)
Iron
Chemical reaction
hydrogen is not released but rather used ionically to drive the Calvin cycle. The reverse of water splitting is the basis of the hydrogen fuel cell.
Water_splitting
Interconnected biochemical reactions releasing energy
stored in nutrients through acetyl-CoA oxidation. The energy released is available in the form of ATP. The Krebs cycle is used by organisms that generate
Citric_acid_cycle
Device that produces hydrogen from steam
3Fe + 4CO2 The net chemical reaction is: CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 Iron oxide cycle Sponge iron reaction Water gas shift reaction Timeline of hydrogen technologies
Lane_hydrogen_producer
reaction). Cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle Copper–chlorine cycle Iron oxide cycle Sulfur–iodine cycle Zinc–zinc oxide cycle Lee E. Brecher and Christopher
Hybrid_sulfur_cycle
Chemical element with atomic number 1 (H)
cycles can be used for water splitting. Many of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc–zinc oxide cycle
Hydrogen
Cylindrical battery size
cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), and lithium iron phosphate (LFP Lithium iron phosphate battery). Different chemistries offer
18650_battery
Iron in its +2 oxidation state
In chemistry, iron(II) refers to the element iron in its +2 oxidation state. The adjective ferrous or the prefix ferro- is often used to specify such
Ferrous
Heat-sustained chemical process which decomposes water into hydrogen and oxygen
O2 Iron oxide cycle Cerium(IV) oxide-cerium(III) oxide cycle Copper-chlorine cycle Hybrid sulfur cycle Hydrosol-2 Sulfur-iodine cycle Zinc zinc-oxide cycle
Thermochemical_cycle
Bacteria deriving energy from dissolved iron
carrying out an important step in the biogeochemical cycle within the OMZ. The microbial ferrous iron oxidation metabolic strategy (found in Archaea and Bacteria)
Iron-oxidizing_bacteria
Chemical reaction with oxidation state changes
For example, in the rusting of iron the oxidation state of the iron atoms increases as the metal converts to an oxide. Meanwhile, oxygen is reduced as
Redox
Chemical process
reduction mode and an oxidation mode. FeO + H 2 ↔ Fe + H 2O Fe 3O 4 + H 2 ↔ 3FeO + H 2O The reformer sponge iron cycle is a two step cycle to produce hydrogen
Sponge_iron_reaction
Use of mirrors or lenses to heat a fluid for electricity generation
sulfur–iodine cycle, hybrid sulfur cycle, iron oxide cycle, copper–chlorine cycle, zinc–zinc oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle, or an alternative
Concentrated_solar_power
Oven that burns off leftovers
bismuth, molybdenum, manganese, iron, nickel, tin, niobium, chromium, tungsten, rhenium, platinum, cobalt, and their oxides, either alone or in mixtures
Self-cleaning_oven
Type of rechargeable battery without cobalt
lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO 4 battery) or LFP battery (lithium ferrophosphate) is a type of lithium-ion battery using lithium iron phosphate
Lithium iron phosphate battery
Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery
Layered iron-rich sedimentary rock
units of sedimentary rock consisting of alternating layers of iron oxides and iron-poor chert. They can be up to several hundred meters in thickness and
Banded_iron_formation
Colourless non-flammable greenhouse gas
Nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide), commonly known as laughing gas or nitrous, among others, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen
Nitrous_oxide
Electrochemical cell using a metallic anode and oxygen cathode
the reduction of the iron oxide to metallic iron. The combination of both of these cycles is what makes the system operate as an iron–air rechargeable battery
Metal–air electrochemical cell
Metal–air_electrochemical_cell
Colorless gas with the formula NO
Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide, nitrogen mono-oxide, or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula NO. It is one of the principal oxides of nitrogen
Nitric_oxide
"ProCell Silver Oxide battery chemistry". Duracell. Archived from the original on 2009-12-20. Retrieved 2009-04-21. "Edison's non-toxic nickel-iron battery revived
Comparison of commercial battery types
Comparison_of_commercial_battery_types
Industrial production of molecular hydrogen
cycles which can be used for water splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide-cerium(III) oxide cycle,
Hydrogen_production
Type of rechargeable battery
The nickel–iron battery (NiFe battery) is a rechargeable battery having nickel(III) oxide-hydroxide positive plates and iron negative plates, with an
Nickel–iron_battery
Biogeochemical cycle of sulfur
microbial respiration. The global sulfur cycle involves the transformations of sulfur species through different oxidation states, which play an important role
Sulfur_cycle
Type of furnace once used widely for smelting iron from its oxides
smelting iron from its oxides. The bloomery was the earliest form of smelter capable of smelting iron. Bloomeries produce a porous mass of iron and slag
Bloomery
Biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms
nitrogen, ammonium (NH+4), nitrite (NO−2), nitrate (NO−3), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) or inorganic nitrogen gas (N2). Organic nitrogen may be in
Nitrogen_cycle
Type of furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals
carbon monoxide is the reducing agent for the iron ore and reacts with the iron oxide to produce molten iron and carbon dioxide. Depending on the temperature
Blast_furnace
Biochemical pathways used by microbes to satisfy energy needs
the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, iron-oxidizing
Microbial_metabolism
Paleoproterozoic surge in atmospheric oxygen
reducing capacity from ferrous iron, sulfur, hydrogen sulfide and atmospheric methane over nearly a billion years. The oxidative environmental change, compounded
Great_Oxidation_Event
Biogeochemical cycle
dissolution of iron and manganese (oxyhydr)oxides with subsequent release of associated phosphorus, which connects the phosphorus cycle to the iron cycle, and (iii)
Phosphorus_cycle
Chemical compound
Cerium(IV) oxide, also known as ceric oxide, ceric dioxide, ceria, cerium oxide or cerium dioxide, is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium. It is a
Cerium(IV)_oxide
Metabolic pathway
subsequently the citric acid cycle, producing carbon dioxide and the energetic electron donors NADH and FADH₂. Oxidative phosphorylation uses these molecules
Oxidative_phosphorylation
primary aluminium production. Primary aluminium is produced from aluminium oxide which is obtained from bauxite and excludes recycled aluminium. This is
Lists of countries by mineral production
Lists_of_countries_by_mineral_production
Iron (II) disulfide mineral
benefit of neutralizing the acid released by pyrite oxidation and therefore slowing the oxidation cycle described above, thus reducing the likelihood of
Pyrite
Metal treatment process
tantalum. Iron or carbon steel metal exfoliates when oxidized under neutral or alkaline micro-electrolytic conditions; i.e., the iron oxide (actually
Anodizing
Steel alloy resistant to corrosion
combination of air and moisture. The resulting iron oxide surface layer is porous and fragile. In addition, as iron oxide occupies a larger volume than the original
Stainless_steel
By-product of smelting ores and used metals
mainly a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. Broadly, it can be classified as ferrous (co-products of processing iron and steel), ferroalloy (a
Slag
Cyclic compound (C2H4O)
and the chemical weapon mustard gas.[citation needed] The epoxy cycle of ethylene oxide is an almost regular triangle with bond angles of about 60° and
Ethylene_oxide
Series of reactions in cellular respiration
The Q cycle (named for quinol) describes a series of sequential oxidation and reduction of the lipophilic electron carrier Coenzyme Q (CoQ) between the
Q_cycle
Hydrogen exchange between the living and non-living world
Falkowski PG (June 2013). "Anoxic photochemical oxidation of siderite generates molecular hydrogen and iron oxides". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Hydrogen_cycle
White powder insoluble in water
Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnO. It is a white powder which is insoluble in water. ZnO is used as an additive in numerous materials
Zinc_oxide
Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide named in honor to the poet Goethe
also /ˈɡoʊθaɪt/) is a mineral of the diaspore group, consisting of iron(III) oxide-hydroxide, specifically the α-polymorph. It is found in soil and other
Goethite
Type of rechargeable battery
Similar ionic radii of lithium and iron allow them to mix in the cathode during battery cycling, costing cyclable charge. A downside of the larger ionic
Sodium-ion_battery
Chemical coordination complex of an iron ion chelated to a porphyrin
(guanyl cyclases, nitric oxide synthase), and microRNA processing (DGCR8). Heme is a coordination complex, consisting of an iron ion coordinated to a tetrapyrrole
Heme
Biogeochemical cycle
chromium cycle is the biogeochemical cycle of chromium through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere. Chromium has two common oxidation states
Chromium_cycle
Device used to filter water condensed from steam
and turbines. Both dissolved (i.e. silica) and suspended matter (ex. iron oxide particles from corrosion, also called 'crud'), as well as other contaminants
Condensate_polisher
Gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction with its environment
red-orange iron oxides, is perhaps the most familiar example of electrochemical corrosion. This type of corrosion typically produces oxides or salts of
Corrosion
Steelmaking method
pig iron into steel by blowing oxygen through a lance over the molten pig iron inside the converter. Exothermic heat is generated by the oxidation reactions
Basic_oxygen_steelmaking
Enzyme
It is the only enzyme that participates in both the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Histochemical analysis showing high succinate dehydrogenase
Succinate_dehydrogenase
PMC 5913250. PMID 29686300. Emerson D (2016). "The Irony of Iron - Biogenic Iron Oxides as an Iron Source to the Ocean". Frontiers in Microbiology. 6: 1502
Marine_biogeochemical_cycles
Bacteria using nitrate and nitrite as a terminal electron acceptor
(NIR), nitric oxide reductase (NOR) and nitrous oxide reductase (NOS), turning nitrogen oxides back to nitrogen gas (N2) or nitrous oxide (N2O). The reducing
Denitrifying_bacteria
Biogeochemical cycle
necessary element for biological processes. It is cycled through the Earth in similar ways to iron, but with distinct redox pathways. Human activities
Manganese_cycle
sulfur cycles, anaerobic ammonium oxidation with iron reduction, and sulfur-driven iron reduction highlight the interconnectedness of these cycles in terrestrial
Dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria
Dissimilatory_iron_reducing_bacteria
Biochemical reaction sequence
cycle which occurs in a wide variety of microbes and higher organisms. In contrast to the oxidative citric acid cycle, the reverse or reductive cycle
Reverse_Krebs_cycle
Functions of nitric oxide in organisms
Biological functions of nitric oxide are roles that nitric oxide plays within biology. Nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide) is a molecule and chemical compound
Biological functions of nitric oxide
Biological_functions_of_nitric_oxide
Red-colored seep of saltwater flowing from Taylor Glacier in Antarctica
Blood Falls is an outflow of an iron(III) oxide–tainted plume of saltwater, flowing from the tongue of Taylor Glacier onto the ice-covered surface of
Blood_Falls
Chemical compound
Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Pr6O11 that is insoluble in water. It has a cubic fluorite structure. It is the
Praseodymium(III,IV)_oxide
Industrial process for ammonia production
finely divided iron bound to an iron oxide carrier containing promoters possibly including aluminium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, potassium hydroxide
Haber_process
Biological oxidation of ammonia/ammonium to nitrate
the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via the intermediary nitrite. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil. The process
Nitrification
Coordination complex containing an oxo ligand
stabilize high oxidation states of a metal. They are also found in several metalloproteins, for example in molybdenum cofactors and in many iron-containing
Transition_metal_oxo_complex
Lithium-ion battery cathode material
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (abbreviated as Li-NMC, LNMC, NMC, or NCM) are mixed metal oxides of lithium, nickel, manganese and cobalt with
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides
Lithium_nickel_manganese_cobalt_oxides
a layered oxide (such as lithium cobalt oxide), a polyanion (such as lithium iron phosphate) or a spinel (such as lithium manganese oxide). More experimental
Lithium-ion battery components
Lithium-ion_battery_components
Process for hardening steel
This last step optimizes the corrosion resistance by creating a layer of iron oxide about 3 to 4 micrometers thick. It also gives the workpiece a black finish
Quench_polish_quench
Sub-discipline of chemistry
iron(III) oxide or colloidal iron hydroxide; cobalt carbonate, copper carbonate, nickel carbonate; and iron(II) carbonate. Working with an iron oxide
Photogeochemistry
Type of flow battery technology
the oxidation of iron(II) by oxygen and hydrogen peroxide in concentrated chloride solutions – A re-evaluation and comparison with the oxidation of copper(I)"
Iron_redox_flow_battery
Type of rechargeable battery
the lithium cobalt oxide positive electrode material with a lithium metal phosphate such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP) improves cycle counts, shelf life
Lithium-ion_battery
Historic district in Pennsylvania, United States
iron oxide, reacting chemically to produce iron and carbon dioxide, which leaks out of the furnace at the top. In the beginning of the reaction cycle
Cornwall_Iron_Furnace
Abnormal accumulation of iron in the body
organ damage is oxidative stress, as elevated intracellular iron levels increase free radical formation via the Fenton reaction. Iron overload is often
Iron_overload
Process of treating the surface of cooking vessels with oil
food sticking. Some cast-iron and carbon steel cookware is pre-seasoned by manufacturers to protect the pan from oxidation (rust), but will need to be
Seasoning_(cookware)
Waste product from the production of alumina
alumina using the Bayer process. It is composed of various oxide compounds, including the iron oxides which give its red colour. Over 97% of the alumina produced
Red_mud
contrast, in low-temperature surface environments, iron oxides have a limited impact on the lithium cycle. Rivers eventually feed into the ocean, providing
Lithium_cycle
Chemical compound, [NH3OH]Cl
intermediate in nitrification (biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite) and in anammox (biological oxidation of nitrite and ammonium into dinitrogen
Hydroxylammonium_chloride
Cathode material for lithium batteries
Coating LFP with inorganic oxides can also improve the electrochemical performance of LFP. Substituting other metals for the iron or lithium in LiFePO 4 can
Lithium_iron_phosphate
Strongly oxidizing solution of hydrogen peroxide mixed with dissolved iron as catalyst
and an iron catalyst (typically iron(II) sulfate, FeSO4). It is used to oxidize contaminants or waste water as part of an advanced oxidation process
Fenton's_reagent
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation, a microbial process of the nitrogen cycle
abbreviation for ‘anaerobic ammonium oxidation’, is a globally important microbial process of the nitrogen cycle that takes place in many natural environments
Anammox
Insufficient level of copper in the body, leading to anaemia and nervous symptoms
and in amine oxidases. These enzymes catalyze reactions for oxidative phosphorylation, iron transportation, antioxidant and free radical scavenging and
Copper_deficiency
nano-sized transition-metal oxides as conversion anode materials. The metals used were cobalt, nickel, copper, and iron, which proved to have capacities
Research in lithium-ion batteries
Research_in_lithium-ion_batteries
(2008). "Microbial Contribution to Global Iodine Cycling: Volatilization, Accumulation, Reduction, Oxidation, and Sorption of Iodine". Microbes and Environments
Iodine_cycle
battery Deep-cycle battery Flooded battery VRLA battery AGM battery Gel battery UltraBattery Lithium-ion battery Lithium-ion lithium cobalt oxide battery (ICR)
List_of_battery_types
Chemical element with atomic number 25 (Mn)
Internal cycling such as photo-reduction from UV radiation can also elevate levels by speeding up the dissolution of Mn-oxides and oxidative scavenging
Manganese
Class of enzymes
carry out a single electron transfer to produce nitric oxide. There are several types of iron based enzymes. Cytochrome cd1, or Pseudomonas cytochrome
Nitrite_reductase
Metal-joining technique
filler alloys produce brittle phosphides if used on iron or nickel. As a general rule, longer brazing cycles should use less active fluxes than short brazing
Brazing
Mineral concretion found on the sea bottom
of iron and manganese oxides followed by repeated redox cycles of reductive dissolution and oxidative precipitation. The oscillating redox cycle is controlled
Manganese_nodule
The selenium cycle is a biological cycle of selenium similar to the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Within the cycle, there are organisms which
Selenium_cycle
Synthetic pigment
by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts. It has the chemical formula Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3. It consists of Fe3+ cations, where iron is in the oxidation state
Prussian_blue
Historic pillar in the Mehrauli district of Delhi, India
film at the iron-rust interface. The presence of second-phase particles (slag and unreduced iron oxides) in the microstructure of the iron, that of high
Iron_pillar_of_Delhi
of iron being absorbed each day, because the human body recycles its hemoglobin for the iron content. Microbial growth may be assisted by oxidation of
Iron_in_biology
Nitric oxide dioxygenase (EC 1.14.12.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrate (NO− 3) . The net reaction for the
Nitric_oxide_dioxygenase
Technique in chemistry and manufacturing
emissions. Electrolysis of iron would eliminate direct CO2 emissions. The electrolysis of iron has been demonstrated in molten oxide salts using a platinum
Electrolysis
Space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle produces NADH and FADH2 through oxidation that will be reduced in oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondrial_matrix
Chemical compound
for a metal chelation, induction of G1 phase cell cycle arrest, and preventing induction of nitric oxide synthase. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate binds zinc
Pyrrolidine_dithiocarbamate
Battery electric mid-size crossover SUV
a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cell chemistry, and the second pack uses CATL's cells based on lithium iron phosphate chemistry. The Fisker Ocean
Fisker_Ocean
Colored cement bands in sedimentary rocks
cycle. Though Liesegang rings are considered a frequent occurrence in sedimentary rocks, rings composed of iron oxide can also occur in
Liesegang_rings_(geology)
Fast rechargeable lithium ion battery
battery, or lithium-titanium-oxide (LTO) battery, is type of rechargeable battery that has the advantages of a longer cycle life, a wider range of operating
Lithium-titanate_battery
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