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Storms containing densities of energized electrons
Ionospheric storms are storms which contain varying densities of energised electrons in the ionosphere as produced from the Sun. Ionospheric storms are
Ionospheric_storm
Ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere
resonances Van Allen radiation belt Radio Earth–ionosphere waveguide Fading Ionospheric absorption Ionospheric scintillation Line-of-sight propagation Sferics
Ionosphere
Disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere
drifts and ionospheric conduction need to be taken into account. At polar regions, directly linked to the solar wind, large-scale ionospheric anomalies
Geomagnetic_storm
Layer of the Earth's atmosphere above the mesosphere and below the exosphere
of the ionospheric plasma and causes therefore a decrease of the electron density within the ionospheric F-layer (negative ionospheric storm). A contraction
Thermosphere
Project to analyze the ionosphere
researches the ionosphere – the highest, ionized part of Earth's atmosphere. The most prominent instrument at HAARP is the Ionospheric Research Instrument
High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
High-frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program
Geomagnetic storm indicator
sudden ionospheric disturbances (SID), which affect high frequency radio paths mostly at mid and low latitudes, the effects of ionospheric storms are more
K-index
of ionospheric electron density Determine the solar and geospace causes of small scale ionospheric irregularities Ionosphere Radiation Belt Storm Probes
Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes
Ionosphere-Thermosphere_Storm_Probes
Irina Zakharenkova; Matthias Förster (2015). "Ionospheric response to the 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm: A global multi-instrumental overview". Journal
List_of_solar_storms
Enhanced ionization of the ionosphere
A sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID) is any one of several ionospheric perturbations, resulting from abnormally high ionization/plasma density in the
Sudden ionospheric disturbance
Sudden_ionospheric_disturbance
Series of intense solar storms in 2024
The solar storms of May 2024 were a series of powerful solar storms with extreme solar flares and geomagnetic storm components that occurred from 10 to
May_2024_solar_storms
Eruption of electromagnetic radiation
ambient ionospheric electrons, are left with kinetic energies equal to the photon energy in excess of the ionization threshold. In the lower ionosphere where
Solar_flare
Global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges
source-ionospheric system geometry. The problem of inverting observations to simultaneously infer both the lightning source function and ionospheric structure
Schumann_resonances
Propagation of radio waves beyond the radio horizon
during geomagnetic storms. Skywave propagation on the sunlit side of the Earth can be entirely disrupted during sudden ionospheric disturbances. Because
Skywave
Atmospheric effect caused by the solar wind
into the ionosphere on one side of the pole and out on the other. In between, some of the current connects directly through the ionospheric E layer (125 km);
Aurora
Rare transient luminous events that occur over tops of thunder storms
lightning and ionospheric lightning are short-lived electrical-breakdown phenomena that occur well above the altitudes of normal lightning and storm clouds.
Upper-atmospheric_lightning
British physicist (1892–1965)
ground wave) was coming down from the ionosphere. The experiment he designed had two methods to show ionospheric influence and both allowed the height
Edward_Victor_Appleton
Electric field created by impact of solar wind onto the magnetosphere
ionospheric dynamo region. Thus, discharging currents flow via electric field-aligned currents (Birkeland currents) along Lm within the ionospheric dynamo
Magnetospheric electric convection field
Magnetospheric_electric_convection_field
Storm characterized by lightning
A thunderstorm, also known as an electrical storm or a lightning storm, is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and thunder. Relatively weak
Thunderstorm
Solar storms during solar cycle 20
magnetic storm". Adv. Space Res. 38 (2): 273–279. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..273L. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.070. Matsushita, S. (1976). "Ionospheric and thermospheric
August_1972_solar_storms
Radio instrument array in the Canadian Arctic
density of the ionosphere. Advanced digital ionosondes used in the CHAIN network are also able to measure the bulk motion of ionospheric plasma. Most of
Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network
Canadian_High_Arctic_Ionospheric_Network
2009 American television miniseries
the team to create a huge storm in Afghanistan which disables the Afghan rebels. But another blast of energy to the ionosphere only makes the situation
The_Storm_(miniseries)
Detail of the global positioning system
radio or other links to allow L1-only receivers to make ionospheric corrections. The ionospheric data are transmitted via satellite in Satellite Based Augmentation
Error analysis for the Global Positioning System
Error_analysis_for_the_Global_Positioning_System
Solar phenomenon
lower region (D-region) of the ionosphere (around 50–80 km in altitude). This area is particularly important to ionospheric radio communications because
Solar_particle_event
Extreme space-weather event
geomagnetic storm occurred as part of severe to extreme solar storms during early to middle March 1989, the most notable being a geomagnetic storm that struck
March_1989_geomagnetic_storm
Currents flowing along geomagnetic field lines
type of FAC can be found: Region 0 currents, going into and out of the ionospheric polar cap, the direction of which is decided by the direction of the
Birkeland_current
ion-acoustic wave - ionogram - ionosphere - ionospheric absorption - ionospheric reflection - ionospheric sounding - ionospheric storm - ITU model for indoor
Index of radio propagation articles
Index_of_radio_propagation_articles
South African electrical engineer
This information gives insight into what is occurring during an ionospheric storm. The ionosonde was used to provide a transmission frequency prediction
Trevor_Wadley
Solar storm on 14–16 July 2000
The Bastille Day solar storm was a powerful solar storm on 14–16 July 2000 during the solar maximum of solar cycle 23. The storm began on the national
Bastille_Day_solar_storm
Exceptionally powerful geomagnetic storm
and damaged equipment. Radio propagation was enhanced during the storm due to ionosphere involvement, however, enabling unusually good long-distance reception
May_1921_geomagnetic_storm
that the ionospheric conductance is spatially constant. Neither of these conditions holds strongly in the auroral region of the Earth's ionosphere. Fukushima
Fukushima's_Theorem
Very low frequency EM waves generated by lightning
with a VLF modulated power envelope into the D-region ionosphere, the conductivity of the ionospheric plasma can be modulated. This conductivity modulation
Whistler_(radio)
Behaviour of travelling radio waves
given to hobbyists (radio amateurs). The discovery around 1920 of the ionospheric reflection or skywave mechanism made the medium wave and short wave frequencies
Radio_propagation
Natural phenomena within the Sun's atmosphere
as Texas. A sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID) is an abnormally high ionization/plasma density in the D region of the ionosphere caused by a solar flare
Solar_phenomena
Branch of space physics and aeronomy
space weather, including geomagnetic storms and substorms, energization of the Van Allen radiation belts, ionospheric disturbances and scintillation of satellite-to-ground
Space_weather
International collaboration to study the ionosphere
studies of ionospheric and magnetospheric phenomena. From PACE, which was only able to determine a single component of the 2D ionospheric velocity, it
SuperDARN
Ground level manifestation of space weather
magnetospheric-ionospheric current variations, resulting in the largest external magnetic field variations, occur during geomagnetic storms and it is then
Geomagnetically induced current
Geomagnetically_induced_current
radiation Ionocraft Ionogram Ionosonde Ionosphere Ionospheric heater Ionospheric pierce point Ionospheric storm Iosif Khriplovich Iraj Malekpour Iranian
Index_of_physics_articles_(I)
planet-wide dust storm in a particular Martian year are approximately one in three. Dust storms contribute to water loss on Mars. A study of dust storms with the
Climate_of_Mars
from currents in the ionosphere (ionospheric dynamo region) and magnetosphere, and some changes can be traced to geomagnetic storms or daily variations
Earth's_magnetic_field
Radio observatory in Lima, Peru
research areas of the observatories are: the stable equatorial ionosphere, ionospheric field aligned irregularities, the dynamics of the equatorial neutral
Jicamarca_Radio_Observatory
Solar windstorm
hurricane is a huge, funnel-like, spiral geomagnetic storm that occurs above the polar Ionosphere of Earth, during extremely quiet conditions. They are
Space_hurricane
Planned Chinese–European satellite
Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) is a spacecraft mission of the European Space Agency and the Chinese Academy of Sciences launched
SMILE_(spacecraft)
conditions. Therefore, it dominates ionospheric and thermospheric dynamics and causes ionospheric and thermospheric storms The magnetospheric electric convection
Ionospheric_dynamo_region
Remote observation of lightning strikes
10000 km from their origin. Moreover, the eigenfrequencies of the Earth-ionospheric waveguide, the Schumann resonances at about 7.5 Hz, are used to determine
Lightning_detector
Layer in ionosphere
New Zealand physicist and meteorologist Miles Barnett. As with other ionospheric sectors, 'layer' implies a concentration of plasma, while 'region' is
F_region
Weather modification conspiracy theory
single area. Others say that technologies similar to HAARP (a federal ionospheric research program, which was decommissioned in 2015), are being used to
California drought manipulation conspiracy theory
California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory
Professor of Electronic & Electronic Engineering
"GPS TEC and scintillation measurements from the polar ionosphere during the October 2003 storm". Geophysical Research Letters. 32 (12): n/a. Bibcode:2005GeoRL
Cathryn_Mitchell
Weather phenomenon involving electrostatic discharge
000 km from their origin. Moreover, the eigenfrequencies of the Earth-ionospheric waveguide, the Schumann resonances at about 7.5 Hz, are used to determine
Lightning
Gas layer surrounding Mars
conductive ionosphere induces electrodynamic currents, that have been mapped and studied in detail, using MAVEN. These currents can drive the ionospheric species
Atmosphere_of_Mars
Cubesats studying space weather
The Dynamic Ionosphere CubeSat Experiment (DICE) is a scientific mission consisting of two Miniaturized Satellites DICE-1 and DICE-2 flying in formation
Dynamic Ionosphere CubeSat Experiment
Dynamic_Ionosphere_CubeSat_Experiment
Scottish physicist and meteorologist (1828–1887)
Carrington observed. The resulting geomagnetic disturbance from the ionospheric currents occurs nearly simultaneously with the photon arrivals and lasts
Balfour_Stewart
Void between celestial bodies
can disturb two regions of geospace, the radiation belts and the ionosphere. These storms increase fluxes of energetic electrons that can permanently damage
Outer_space
Zone of energetic charged particles around the planet Earth
2016 study instead concluded that the zebra stripes were an imprint of ionospheric winds on radiation belts. The outer belt consists mainly of high-energy
Van_Allen_radiation_belt
System that enhances the accuracy of GPS receivers
signal pierced the ionosphere and, if it has received an ionospheric delay value for that location, corrects for the error the ionosphere created. While the
Wide_Area_Augmentation_System
Short term magnetosphere disturbance
from the "tail" of the magnetosphere and injected into the high latitude ionosphere. Visually, a substorm is seen as a sudden brightening and increased movement
Substorm
Former radio telescope in Puerto Rico, United States
3.2 TW (pulse peak) at 430 MHz, and 200 MW at 47 MHz, as well as an ionospheric modification facility operating at 5.1 and 8.175 MHz. The dish remained
Arecibo_Telescope
can estimate the amount of precipitating electrons in the ionosphere. With Sub-ionospheric Detection, a signal is sent from a VLF transmitter through
Electron_precipitation
Heliophysicist
James and Darcy, two and a half years apart. Fox, Nicola Justine (1995). Ionospheric convection during substorms (PhD thesis). University of London. hdl:10044/1/104251
Nicola_Fox
Ejecta from the Sun's corona
geomagnetic perturbation, resulting presumably from a CME, was the solar storm of 1859. Also known as the Carrington Event, it disabled parts of the newly
Coronal_mass_ejection
Experiment to predict electrical storms
sounding rocket mission to better understand and predict the electrical storms in Earth's upper atmosphere. As part of this experiment, two rockets were
Equatorial_Vortex_Experiment
(ion wind) (coronal wind) ionosonde (chirpsounder) ionosphere ionospheric reflection ionospheric sounding iron cycle irradiance irradiation isobar isochore
Index_of_meteorology_articles
Electromagnetic wave phenomenon
1007/s00585-999-0095-4. Robert A. Helliwell (2006) [1965]. Whistlers and Related Ionospheric Phenomena. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-44572-0. Romero, R. (2008)
Dawn_chorus_(electromagnetic)
Reserved part of radio spectrum
distance (DX) propagation tends to be more difficult due to higher D layer ionospheric absorption. Long-distance propagation tends to occur only at night, and
Amateur radio frequency allocations
Amateur_radio_frequency_allocations
Study of the Earth's atmosphere
modeling involving atmospheric physics. The U.S. National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center also carries out studies of the high atmosphere. The Earth's magnetic
Atmospheric_science
South Korean satellite launched in 2023
SNIPE (Small scale magNetospheric and Ionospheric Plasma Experiments, Korean: 도요샛) is a CubeSat of South Korea. SNIPE 1, 2, 3, and 4 were launched with
SNIPE_(satellite)
Region where Earth's magnetic field is weakest relative to an idealised dipole
nanotesla at sea level, which corresponds to the dipolar magnetic field at ionospheric altitudes. However, the field itself varies in intensity as a gradient
South_Atlantic_Anomaly
Gas layer surrounding Jupiter
merging of three white ovals. Jupiter has powerful storms, often accompanied by lightning strikes. The storms are a result of moist convection in the atmosphere
Atmosphere_of_Jupiter
capability by a radio telescope operated from 25 MHz (the ionospheric cutoff) to 1,800 MHz by the Ionospheric Prediction Service at the Paul Wild Observatory in
Radio_Solar_Telescope_Network
Ammonium nitrate explosion in Lebanon
wave energy of the 2020 August 4 explosion in Beirut, Lebanon, from ionospheric disturbances". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 2793. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11
2020_Beirut_explosion
Fast-flowing atmospheric air current
east across the United States as an explanation for the behaviour of major storms. After the 1883 eruption of the Krakatoa volcano, weather watchers tracked
Jet_stream
Atmospheric phenomenon
"Direct measurements of ion drift velocity in the upper ionosphere during a magnetic storm". Cosmicheskie Issled. 11: 273. Bibcode:1973KosIs..11..273G
Subauroral_ion_drift
Heliophysicist
2005). "Dayside global ionospheric response to the major interplanetary events of October 29-30, 2003 "Halloween Storms": IONOSPHERIC RESPONSE OCTOBER 29-30
Janet_Kozyra
Town in Western Australia
Observatory, a defence science facility jointly operated with Australia's Ionospheric Prediction Service. The town is served by Learmonth Airport. In 1618
Exmouth,_Western_Australia
Unwanted echoes in electronic systems
other atmospheric phenomena, such as disturbances in the ionosphere caused by geomagnetic storms or other space weather events. This phenomenon is especially
Clutter_(radar)
Anomalous radio echo
this strange phenomenon, he wrote a letter to Norwegian physicist Carl Størmer, explaining the event: At the end of the summer of 1927 I repeatedly heard
Long_delayed_echo
British scientist
to disturbances in the ionosphere, most notably using records of the London Blitz World War II bombing raids and ionospheric measurements from Slough
Christopher_Scott_(scientist)
Eighth planet from the Sun
anticyclonic storm system spanning 13,000 km × 6,600 km (8,100 mi × 4,100 mi), was discovered by NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft. The storm resembled the
Neptune
Solar activity from September 1986 to August 1996
1989, a severe geomagnetic storm caused the collapse of Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system. The geomagnetic storm causing this event was itself
Solar_cycle_22
Long distance radar technology
path. These ground waves have the longest range over the sea. Like the ionospheric high-frequency systems, the received signal from these ground wave systems
Over-the-horizon_radar
Atmospheric optical phenomenon, which appears as a light ribbon in the sky
(20 August 2018). "On the Origin of STEVE: Particle Precipitation or Ionospheric Skyglow?". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (16): 7968. Bibcode:2018GeoRL
STEVE
Continuous movement of charge carriers
charge carriers, such as ions, between an upper conductive layer (often an ionosphere) and surface. The global circuit concept is closely related to atmospheric
Global atmospheric electrical circuit
Global_atmospheric_electrical_circuit
Layer of gasses surrounding the moon Titan
approach in Titan's atmosphere. Ionosphere: Titan's ionosphere is also more complex than Earth's, with the main ionosphere at an altitude of 1,200 km (750 mi)
Atmosphere_of_Titan
Electricity in planetary atmospheres
movement of charge between the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere is known as the global atmospheric electrical circuit. Atmospheric electricity
Atmospheric_electricity
Magnetospheric phenomenon
It therefore has a large effect on the electrodynamics of geomagnetic storms. The ring current system consists of a band, at a distance of 3 to 8 RE
Ring_current
Amateur radio frequency band
noise: The same ionospheric refraction that makes long-distance shortwave propagation possible also traps terrestrial noise under the ionosphere, preventing
80-meter_band
Loud sound reported to come from the sky
often manifests as a banging, reoccurring thunderous rumbles (where no storms are active), sonic boom from jet engines (where there are no signs of aircraft)
Skyquake
American animated television series
was working under Storm Shadow's orders. Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow engage in a fight to the death, a fight that ends with Storm Shadow's defeat. Over
G.I._Joe:_Resolute
Radio propagation due to unusual conditions
Earth's surface has multiple causes, including atmospheric ducting, ionospheric reflection and refraction, and reflection from water bodies and terrestrial
Anomalous_propagation
Fifth planet from the Sun
Knowles, K. L.; de Pater, I.; Fouchet, T.; Fry, P. H. (June 21, 2024). "Ionospheric irregularities at Jupiter observed by JWST". Nature Astronomy. 8 (8):
Jupiter
American physicist
incorporate the important effects of ionospheric turbulence into planetary scale simulations of the coupled magnetosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere. He has also
Meers_Oppenheim
Type of radio propagation
to 200 km various ionospheric layers also behave like dielectrics and are heavily dependent on the influence of the Sun. Ionospheric layers are not neutral
Non-line-of-sight_propagation
when the storm cell is on the near horizon (within 26 km or 16 mi) there may be some distant activity, a strike can occur and as the storm is so far
List_of_lightning_phenomena
Discoveries about the magnetosphere
expand Birkeland's notion of a "polar magnetic storm", now named "magnetic substorm." 1971 - Ionospheric O+ ions found among energetic particles trapped
Magnetosphere_chronology
Gas layer surrounding Uranus
Lockyer, and Charles Trépied observed a bright, elongated spot (presumably a storm) circling the equator of the planet. The key to deciphering Uranus's spectrum
Atmosphere_of_Uranus
the nature of Hurricane Helene and Hurricane Milton, and about the post-storm disaster recoveries. False information was spread by multiple politicians
Misinformation about the 2024 Atlantic hurricane season
Misinformation_about_the_2024_Atlantic_hurricane_season
Gas layer surrounding Venus
v2 layers is O2+ ion, whereas the v3 layer consists of O+ ions. The ionospheric plasma is observed to be in motion; solar photoionization on the dayside
Atmosphere_of_Venus
Solar activity from December 2008 to December 2019
solar radiation storm of cycle 24. The proton storm event was minor, rating at S1, and was easily absorbed by the Earth's ionosphere. On 6 November 2010
Solar_cycle_24
Solar windstorm
tornadoes form roughly every three hours and take only a minute to reach the ionosphere. Power transformers and other man-made constructs are susceptible to damage
Space_tornado
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
telemetry signal occurred due to ionospheric effects. Insufficient ground observations on the electron content of the ionosphere prevented correcting the data
Explorer_6
3–30 MHz range of the electromagnetic spectrum
Because radio waves in this band can be reflected back to Earth by the ionosphere layer in the atmosphere – a method known as "skip" or "skywave" propagation –
High_frequency
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