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Unwanted echoes in electronic systems
Clutter is the unwanted return (echoes) in electronic systems, particularly in reference to radars. Such echoes are typically returned from ground, sea
Clutter_(radar)
Object detection system using radio waves
ionospheric plasma. Radar clutter can degrade the ability of over-the-horizon radar to detect targets. Some clutter may also be caused by a long radar waveguide
Radar
Topics referred to by the same term
presentation Clutter (radar), unwanted echoes in electronic systems Chart clutter, redundant components in charts and graphs Visual clutter, or visual pollution
Clutter
Distance at which ground targets are hidden
depends on terrain, radar height, and signal processing. This concept is associated with the notions of radar shadow, the clutter zone, and the clear
Radar_horizon
Type of radar system
for discriminating aircraft from clutter. Besides the above conventional surveillance applications, pulse-Doppler radar has been successfully applied in
Pulse-Doppler_radar
Radar used to locate and monitor meteorological conditions
generate a probabilistic clutter map which assigns a likelihood of clutter to each radar pixel, can be used to capture persistent clutter. Another question is
Weather_radar
Microwave band RADAR used in maritime applications
operates better in sea clutter and rain than the X-band, however, the X-band has greater definition and accuracy in clear weather. Radar is a vital navigation
Marine_radar
Form of radar used to create images of landscapes
Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) is a form of radar that is used to create two-dimensional images or three-dimensional reconstructions of objects, such as
Synthetic-aperture_radar
Swedish early warning radar system family
moving targets at all altitudes and small surface targets in severe clutter. The radar has an instrumented range of 180 km (110 mi). Its roles include: Air
Giraffe_radar
US military transportable X-band surveillance radar
differentiation, or “range resolution,” between smaller objects, such as warheads, clutter, and decoys. Once information about the threat of missile is received,
AN/TPY-2_transportable_radar
Radar system device
A clutter fence is a device used with some radar systems to limit unwanted reflections from nearby objects reaching the receiver. These reflections could
Clutter_fence
Naval surface location radar
making radar clutter a significant problem. A considerable amount of research into clutter reduction was applied to the naval market. ASV Mk. II radar "Naval
Surface-search_radar
antenna. Clutter is considered a passive interference source, since it only appears in response to radar signals sent by the radar. Clutter is detected
Radar_signal_characteristics
Adaptive algorithm
adaptive algorithm used in radar systems to detect target returns against a background of noise, clutter and interference. In the radar receiver, the returning
Constant_false_alarm_rate
Form of electronic countermeasures
deceive a radar operator into believing that they are actually aircraft or missiles. They are especially dangerous because they can clutter up a radar with
Radar_jamming_and_deception
Military aircraft all-weather multimode radar family
targets and down at low-flying targets without being confused by ground clutter.[citation needed] The systems can detect and track aircraft and small high-speed
AN/APG-63_radar_family
Radar system capability
display overwhelms human operators and computing systems (see ground clutter). Radar systems of this type are essentially useless when pointed ‘down’ at
Look-down/shoot-down
Russian fighter jet radar
Synthetic Aperture Radar modes) modes with improved performance in intense clutter (radar) environments compared to its predecessor, the Bars system. In addition
Irbis-E
Long distance radar technology
has been used beginning in the 1990s. Radar clutter can degrade the ability of OTH to detect targets. Such clutter can be caused by atmospheric phenomena
Over-the-horizon_radar
Type of radar where a known stable frequency continuous wave radio energy is transmitted
immunity to interference from large stationary objects and slow-moving clutter. This makes it particularly useful for looking for objects against a background
Continuous-wave_radar
Type of radar equipment
eliminate the ground clutter that always has a null speed. Low-flying military plane with countermeasure alert for hostile radar track acquisition can
Doppler_radar
Airborne Early Warning and Control System used on a variety of aircraft platforms
hostile electronic warfare environment—in heavy radar clutter and at low target altitudes. The radar is capable of identifying friends or foes, and has
Erieye
Description of radar types, purposes and specifications
Surveillance Radar Harbour Surveillance Radar Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW) Radar Height Finder (HF) Radar Systems Gap Filler Radar Systems Targeting radars utilize
List_of_radar_types
Radar system for the area near an airport
features of the terrain (called "ground clutter"). Primary radar also cannot identify an aircraft; before secondary radar aircraft were identified by the controller
Airport_surveillance_radar
Part of air traffic control
information to identify radar returns from aircraft (known as targets) and to distinguish those returns from ground clutter. The system consists of transponders
Air traffic control radar beacon system
Air_traffic_control_radar_beacon_system
Military aircraft fire-control radar
In uplook mode, the radar uses a low Pulse-Repetition Frequency (PRF) for medium- and high-altitude target detection in low clutter, while downlook mode
AN/APG-66
and without ground clutter, a primary advantage of microwave radar. Designated SCR-520, this was America's first microwave radar. It saw limited service
Radar_in_World_War_II
Mode of radar operation
indication (STI) is a mode of operation for radar that enables the operator to discriminate between a target and clutter. In contrast to another mode, moving
Stationary_target_indication
Type of phased-array radar
against a mechanically scanned radar that would filter out the low closing speed of the perpendicular flight as ground clutter while the AESA swivels 40 degrees
Active electronically scanned array
Active_electronically_scanned_array
from targets to better detect moving targets in the presence of clutter. Monopulse radar (also called simultaneous lobing) was conceived by Robert Page
History_of_radar
New radar technology
noise, e.g., due to ground clutter. Related to the above, there is considerable media speculation of the use of quantum radar as a potential anti-stealth
Quantum_radar
Radar signal processing technique
target indication (MTI) is a mode of operation of a radar to discriminate a target against the clutter. It describes a variety of techniques used for finding
Moving_target_indication
effective detection of targets at low altitude in both ECM and natural clutter environments. The general designer of the JY-9 is academician of Chinese
JY-9_Radar
Array of antennas creating a steerable beam
requires a phase impulse that degrades sub-clutter visibility performance on Doppler radar and Pulse-Doppler radar. As an example, Yttrium iron garnet phase
Phased_array
Signal processing technique used in radar
1973, it has theoretical roots dating back to 1959. For ground-based radar, cluttered returns tend to be at DC, making them easily discriminated by Moving
Space-time adaptive processing
Space-time_adaptive_processing
Naval 3D PESA Aegis radar system
discovered that the false alarm rate was high because the radar would pick up swarms of insects and clutter from mountainous terrain. The solution was to allow
AN/SPY-1
Rada type by frequency
digital signal processing to these bands in order to reduce radar clutter. If the radar wavelength is roughly twice the size of the target, a half-wave
Low-frequency_radar
Long range aircraft warning radar
12°. Based on WWII technology, the 965 was subject to considerable radar clutter from waves. The Type 965Q and 965R were improvements on the 965M and
Type_965_radar
Doppler weather radar system
has a narrower beam than traditional radar systems, and that it uses a set of algorithms to reduce ground clutter. TDWR uses a carrier wave in the frequency
Terminal Doppler Weather Radar
Terminal_Doppler_Weather_Radar
American surface-to-air missile family
helps separate targets from ground clutter. It operates in the 500 to 1,000 MHz (C-band) frequency range with radar pulse power of 450 kW. Range (source
MIM-23_Hawk
United States airport surveillance radar
reflectivity measurements taken by eliminating the amount of ground clutter picked up by the radar sweeps. The WSP provided velocity imagery, as well as full resolution
ASR-9
Type of chart
overwhelming. Further, when using radar charts with multiple dimensions or samples, the radar chart may become cluttered and harder to interpret as the number
Radar_chart
Soviet long-range radar
the P-10 and legacy P-8 radar were equipped with improved clutter suppression equipment allowing for cancellation of clutter moving up to 30 m/s, cancellation
P-10_radar
operator, as in radar systems, the related term minimum discernible signal may be used. This includes additional factors like clutter and the lifetime
Minimum_detectable_signal
Radar system
waves (called in general ground clutter), distance to the horizon (due to the curvature of the Earth), elevation of the radar antenna, height of the target
CXAM_radar
; Tong, K. F.; Griffiths, H. D.; Daniels, D. J. (8 December 2013). "Radar clutter suppression and target discrimination using twin inverted pulses". Proceedings
Twin_inverted_pulse_radar
L-band AESA 3D air search radar
interference and clutter rejection systems. The system was originally developed as part of the "Seek Igloo/Seek Frost" effort to replace the older radar systems
AN/FPS-117
Soviet early warning radar
filter (moving target indicator) to remove passive clutter (by up to 50 dB), the first such radar in the Soviet Union. Finally by 1974, the modernisation
P-15_radar
Subdiscipline of measurement and signature intelligence
should compensate for the reduced clutter rejection caused by accepting mortar signatures. Standard TPQ-36/37 radars are semi-manual in their plotting
Radar_MASINT
Cruise missile
such that the missile could be flown down in ground clutter (radar) thus nearly invisible to radar detection. Eventually, all A model GAM-77s were given
AGM-28_Hound_Dog
Radar warning receiver used in WW2
Interception) radar into Coastal Command aircraft for use as the Mk II "1+1⁄2-metre ASV". The radar suffered from problems due to land clutter and inability
Metox_radar_detector
Hong Kong meteorologist (1939–2008)
title of his doctoral thesis was "A ground clutter processor for the Royal Observatory's 10-cm meteorological radar". In the 1960s, Lee taught for a while
Peter_Lee_Jung-sum
Device for generating microwaves
moving target indication and removing "clutter" from the radar display. The magnetron remains in use in some radar systems, but has become much more common
Cavity_magnetron
Airborne early warning and control aircraft based on Boeing 707 airframe
impossible due to the inability to discriminate an aircraft's track from ground clutter. Contracts were issued to Boeing, Douglas, and Lockheed, the latter being
Boeing_E-3_Sentry
Soviet long-range radar
the P-10 and legacy P-8 radar were equipped with improved clutter suppression equipment allowing for cancellation of clutter moving up to 30 m/s, cancellation
P-8_radar
Airborne system of surveillance radar plus command and control functions
being the first AEW to use a pulse-Doppler radar, which allowed it to track targets normally lost in ground clutter. Previously, low-flying aircraft could
Airborne early warning and control
Airborne_early_warning_and_control
Chinese air defense radar system
range and determine their parameters, tracking them even through surface clutter and ECM jamming. It utilizes a frequency-agile mode with 31 different frequencies
JY-14_Radar
Chinese weapon identification radar
The SLC-2 Radar is a Chinese active electronically scanned array counter-battery radar designed to locate hostile artillery, rocket and ground-to-ground
SLC-2_Radar
Radar system of the United States used to monitor internal and border airspace
capability that enables the radar to detect aircraft attempting to elude detection by flying at low altitudes, advanced clutter reduction via hardware and
Air_Route_Surveillance_Radar
Soviet early warning radar
P-12 the radar features automatic frequency control with four pre-set operating frequencies, moving target indicator to eliminate passive clutter and active
P-18_radar
Military radar
(STAP)' architecture to suppress jamming, clutter or other sources of electromagnetic interference. The radar antenna consists of a group of horizontally
AN/APY-9
American surface-to-air missile system since 1981
AN/MPQ-65 Radar. The radar examines the track's size, speed, altitude, and heading, and decides whether or not it is a legitimate track or "clutter" created
MIM-104_Patriot
Fleet of truck-mounted weather radars
of each. C-band radars have longer ranges than X-band radars and are less susceptible to clutter, meaning they can scan through more precipitation and
Doppler_on_Wheels
Radar countermeasure
Filtering of Chaff Clutter from Single-Polarization Doppler Radar Data". journals.ametsoc.org. Retrieved 2026-03-04. Chaff - Radar Countermeasures, at
Chaff_(countermeasure)
antenna - celestial equator - cellular telephony - Chapman function - clutter (radar) - co-channel interference - coherence bandwidth - coherence time -
Index of radio propagation articles
Index_of_radio_propagation_articles
Airborne all-weather multi-mode X-band pulse-Doppler radar
the APG-70 radar used in the F-15E Strike Eagle, providing significant improvements in (digital) processing speed, mode flexibility, clutter rejection
AN/AWG-9
Cantrell; G.C. Tavik, Clutter filtering and processing techniques for EMI detection and angle measurement in pulse Doppler radars, 2021, doi:10.1109/NRC
Dwell_time_(radar)
Technical design of the components of a radar and its operation
Radar clutter is platform-dependent. Examples of platforms are airborne, car-borne, ship-borne, space-borne, and ground-based platforms. The radar frequency
Radar_engineering
Counter-battery radar
acceptance trials and the radar was stated to be ready for production. After user trials by the Indian Army in severe electronic clutter and "high density fire
Swathi_Weapon_Locating_Radar
British company
products that Kelvin Hughes sell include SharpEye, a solid state radar with clutter management and Doppler processing. The Kelvin connection is based
Hensoldt_UK
Network of weather radars operated by the NWS
NEXRAD or Nexrad (Next-Generation Radar) is a network of 159 high-resolution S-band Doppler weather radars operated by the National Weather Service (NWS)
NEXRAD
surveillance radars may operate in areas with high clutter levels. In the range of frequencies used almost all objects return some reflection from the radar, as
Perimeter_surveillance_radar
Mobile surveillance radar
INDRA radar for ground controlled interception of targets. The radar uses pulse compression for detection of low flying aircraft in heavy ground clutter with
Indian_Doppler_Radar
Doppler radar designed for the Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft
operation of the radar is as follows: First, the radar transmits in 'Velocity Search' (VS) mode to detect approaching targets even in ground clutter. If targets
Euroradar_CAPTOR
British WWII anti-submarine search radar
Radar, Air-to-Surface Vessel, Mark III, or ASV Mk. III for short, was a surface search radar system used by RAF Coastal Command during World War II. It
ASV_Mark_III_radar
American integrated naval weapons system
uses computers and radars to track and guide weapons to destroy enemy targets. It was developed by the Missile and Surface Radar Division of RCA, and
Aegis_Combat_System
Military S-band tactical 3D phased array search radar
AN/TPS-43. The TPS-70 tactical radar provides reliability, sensitivity, and accuracy, even in the face of jamming and high-clutter conditions. It is being replaced
AN/TPS-70
Area of research in signal processing
determine location(s) of source(s), cancel interference, suppress ground clutter. Radar systems used basically to detect objects by using radio waves. The range
Array_processing
Type of aircraft radar
designated ASH (air-surface, model H), was a lightweight 3-cm airborne radar developed during World War II for combined air-to-air interception and surface
AN/APS-4_search_radar
WWII German radar equipment
the surface, also known a clutter would have been an issue. FuMO 2 - Calis B: Improved version of the FuMO 1 - similar clutter problems but improved transmitter
Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine radar equipment of World War II
Luftwaffe_and_Kriegsmarine_radar_equipment_of_World_War_II
Radar component
the presence of non-uniformly distributed clutter, missed detections or false alarms. In the real world, a radar tracker typically faces a combination of
Radar_tracker
Electronic circuit to automatically adjust signal strength
application of AGC is in radar systems, as a method of overcoming unwanted clutter echoes. This method relies on the fact that clutter returns far outnumber
Automatic_gain_control
Family of aircraft radar systems
coordinates, range and speed. The radar has a look-down/shoot-down capability for air targets against a cluttered or water background and a variety of
Zhuk_(radar)
Italian electrical engineer
electrical engineer focused on signal processing for radar detection, radar clutter modeling, and cognitive radar. She is a professor in the Department of Information
Maria_Greco
Multisite radar
poor detection performance if only a single radar is used. One notable area of interest is in sea clutter, and how diversity in reflectivity and Doppler
Multistatic_radar
Type 965, "particularly in picking out targets against a background of clutter and interference produced by unwanted returns or enemy jamming." Beam Width:
Type_1022_radar
Equipment to measure wind conditions
A wind profiler is a type of weather observing equipment that uses radar, sound waves (SODAR), or lasers (LIDAR) to detect the wind speed and direction
Wind_profiler
Naval 2D long-range air search radar
determination on each target, each scan. Improved clutter rejection Electronics portal List of radars List of military electronics of the United States
AN/SPS-49
Mobile surface-to-air missile air defense
20 targets,[better source needed] and is resistant to false returns of clutter in mountainous terrain. It can perform the functions of a command post
S-400_missile_system
Chinese stealth fighter aircraft
hide and strike enemy critical platforms in an airspace with background clutter caused by non-stealth fighters and other electromagnetic noise. In March
Chengdu_J-20
Avionics feature on military aircraft
clutter. False alarm rate and/or probability of warning is therefore a huge problem against surface-to-air missiles due to high IR background clutter
Missile approach warning system
Missile_approach_warning_system
Soviet long-range radar
was the first Russian radar system to use the coherent cancellation moving target indicator (MTI) method to eliminate ground clutter. The P-12 "Spoon Rest
P-12_radar
Interceptor aircraft
other targets against ground clutter Until 2000, it was the world's only fighter in service equipped with phased array radar, when the Mitsubishi F-2 entered
Mikoyan_MiG-31
Radio propagation due to unusual conditions
subtract the reflectivity data having a null speed and clean the radar images. Ground, sea clutter and the energy spike from the sun setting can be distinguished
Anomalous_propagation
Electronic method for digitally capturing and retransmitting RF signals
"Advances in the testing and evaluation of airborne radar through realtime simulation of synthetic clutter," 48th Annual AOC International Symposium and Convention
Digital radio frequency memory
Digital_radio_frequency_memory
Shipborne multifunction PESA radar
As with all phased array radars it is difficult to jam or interfere with and can work in the presence of intense clutter. EMPAR is compatible with the
EMPAR
Early type of computer memory
with World War II radar research, as a system to reduce clutter from reflections from the ground and other non-moving objects. A radar system consists principally
Delay-line_memory
Radar model series by Texas Instruments
in high clutter area such as in cities. Development of AN/APQ-99 for RF-4C, incorporating experience gained from AN/APQ-116 and other radars in the family
AN/APQ-116_radar_family
Indian radar network
with a radar cross-section of 1 square meters within a 20 km range. A single Coastal Surveillance Radar can spot a vessel even among a clutter of vessels
Integrated Coastal Surveillance System
Integrated_Coastal_Surveillance_System
Chinese fire-control radar
False Alarm Rate) Antinodding, anti clutter capability (A well advertised feature of the RTN family) Chinese radars Naval Weaponry of the People's Liberation
Type_347_radar
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