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Reaction occurring within an organism as a defence against a pathogen
An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous
Immune_response
Subsystem of the immune system
The adaptive immune system (AIS), also known as the acquired immune system or specific immune system, is a subsystem of the immune system that is composed
Adaptive_immune_system
Biological system protecting an organism against disease
of the immune system. The innate immune system provides a preconfigured response to broad groups of situations and stimuli. The adaptive immune system
Immune_system
Immunity strategy in living beings
adaptive immune system). The innate immune system is an alternate defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in plants, fungi, prokaryotes
Innate_immune_system
Immune response that does not involve antibodies
Cellular immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity, is an immune response that does not rely on the production of antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated
Cell-mediated_immunity
Aspect of immunity
Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules—including secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial
Humoral_immunity
Activation or suppression of the immune system to treat disease
designed to stimulate or guide the immune system to recognize and fight cancer, often by enhancing or restoring immune responses to eradicate malignant cells
Immunotherapy
State of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process
immunization. The immune system has innate and adaptive components. Innate immunity is present in all metazoans, immune responses: inflammatory responses and phagocytosis
Immunity_(medicine)
Immune response against an organism's own healthy cells
In immunology, autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other normal body constituents
Autoimmunity
Overreaction of the immune system to an antigen
Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction) is an immune response characterized by mechanisms that cause significant tissue damage or physiological
Hypersensitivity
Lack of or compromised immune system
substance use also depress the immune response. Heavy schedules of training and competition in athletes increases their risk of immune deficiencies. The cause
Immunodeficiency
Disorders of adaptive immune system
a condition causing disease that results from an anomalous response of the adaptive immune system, wherein it mistakenly targets and attacks healthy,
Autoimmune_disease
Concept in biology
have immune privilege (no immune response), meaning they are able to tolerate the introduction of antigens without eliciting an inflammatory immune response
Immune_privilege
State of unresponsiveness of the immune system
would otherwise trigger an immune response. It arises from prior exposure to a specific antigen and contrasts the immune system's conventional role in
Immune_tolerance
Immune response by adaptive immune system
Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen[citation
Polyclonal_B_cell_response
Immunotherapeutic company founded by Jonas Salk and Kevin Kimberlin
The Immune Response Corporation (IRC) was a pharmaceutical company that worked in the development of immunotherapeutic products. The firm was founded
The Immune Response Corporation
The_Immune_Response_Corporation
Protein(s) forming a major part of an organism's immune system
properties more similar to innate immune cells than adaptive, refers to IgM antibodies made independently of an immune response that demonstrate polyreactivity—i
Antibody
Tolerance of a fetus during pregnancy
the fetus and placenta during pregnancy. This tolerance counters the immune response that would normally result in the rejection of something foreign in
Immune_tolerance_in_pregnancy
Species of protozoan parasite
contain proteins for invasion and effectors for manipulating the hosts immune response. To inject them into host cells, T. gondii uses the apical complex
Toxoplasma_gondii
Physical effects resulting from activation of the immune system
Inflammation is a generic response, and therefore is considered a mechanism of innate immunity, not adaptive immunity. It involves immune cells, blood vessels
Inflammation
Viral disease affecting humans
body's ability to mount an immune response to the infection. Measles has been described as a "Trojan horse" infection as the immune system normally protects
Measles
Component of vaccines
immunology, an adjuvant is a substance that increases or modulates the immune response to a vaccine. The word "adjuvant" comes from the Latin word adiuvare
Immunologic_adjuvant
Type of allergic reaction
immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that have not been adequately cleared by innate immune cells, giving rise to an inflammatory response and
Type_III_hypersensitivity
Type of white blood cell
lymphocytes) are an important part of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response. T cells can be distinguished from other
T_cell
Branch of medicine studying the immune system
work on immunity". He pinned small thorns into starfish larvae and noticed unusual cells surrounding the thorns. This was the active response of the body
Immunology
Vaccine containing DNA
sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response. DNA vaccines work by injecting genetically engineered plasmid containing
DNA_vaccine
Dangerously low blood pressure due to damage from an organ infection
condition that occurs when sepsis, which is defined as an abnormal immune response to infection that leads to life-threatening organ dysfunction, leads
Septic_shock
Immune response to a benign substance
An allergic response is a hypersensitive immune reaction to a substance that normally is harmless or would not cause an immune response in everyone. An
Allergic_response
Psychological mechanisms against disease
activating a physiological immune response to pathogens is effective, but metabolically costly. Immune responses are activated at the expense of other
Behavioral_immune_system
Strength and type of immune response differ in males and females. Generally speaking, females have a stronger immune response than males. This results
Sexual dimorphism in human physiology
Sexual_dimorphism_in_human_physiology
Breakdown of immune system processes
eczema, and hemolytic anemia. unrestrained or unregulated immune response. IPEX (Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome)
Immune_dysregulation
Spectrum of conditions caused by HIV infection
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system. Without treatment, it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including
HIV/AIDS
Ability to produce a normal immune response to an antigen
immunology, immunocompetence is the ability of the body to produce a normal immune response following exposure to an antigen. Immunocompetence is the opposite
Immunocompetence
Response of the immune system to foreign materials in the human body
Capsular contracture is a response of the immune system to foreign materials in the human body. Medically, it occurs mostly in context of the complications
Capsular_contracture
Class of molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
health, primarily through interactions with the immune system. LPS is a potent activator of the immune system and is a pyrogen (agent that causes fever)
Lipopolysaccharide
in low potassium concentrations these are; Osmosis Ion Homeostasis Immune Response Growth Higher levels of potassium in the roots creates a greater amount
High Affinity K+ transporter HAK5
High_Affinity_K+_transporter_HAK5
Autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to the vacuole and degraded
key triggers of the innate immune response. Due to that, it can be seen as an immunomodulatory tool to keep the immune response in check. In addition to
Mitophagy
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
resulting in an expanded antigenic repertoire and a more diverse immune response. The ERAP1-ERAP2 complex can trim free peptides in the ER and may also
ERAP2
Ability of the immune system to quickly and specifically recognize an antigen
immune system to quickly and specifically recognize an antigen that the body has previously encountered and initiate a corresponding immune response.
Immunological_memory
Medical condition
jellyfish. Jellyfish stings can trigger a complex immune response in human skin similar to the response to pathogens or allergens. When jellyfish venom
Jellyfish_dermatitis
Type of cells of the immunological system
cells (scientific name leukocytes), also called immune cells or immunocytes, are cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against
White_blood_cell
Set of physiological feedback interactions
to stress and regulates many body processes, including digestion, immune responses, mood and emotions, sexual activity, and energy storage and expenditure
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal_axis
Drugs that modify immune system response
Biological response modifiers (BRMs) are substances that modify immune responses. They can be endogenous (produced naturally within the body) or exogenous
Biological_response_modifier
Physical barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules of animal testes
sperm enters the bloodstream, the immune system mounts an autoimmune response against the sperm, since the immune system has not been tolerized against
Blood–testis_barrier
Immune phenomenon
leaves the immune system "trapped" by the first response it has made to each antigen, and unable to mount potentially more effective responses during subsequent
Original_antigenic_sin
Physiological reaction to a perceived threat or harmful event
increases blood pressure, blood sugar, and suppresses the immune system. The initial response and subsequent reactions are triggered in an effort to create
Fight-or-flight_response
Human disease caused by paramyxovirus
in the endolymph. Hearing loss may also be caused indirectly by the immune response. In animal studies, MuV has been isolated from the vestibular ganglion
Mumps
Animal connective tissue cell
for immune mediators and proteins. These mediators of immune response enable the cellular communication with hematopoietic immune cells. The immune activity
Fibroblast
Immune system messenger protein which induces inflammation
(TNF), formerly known as TNF-α, is a chemical messenger produced by the immune system that induces inflammation. TNF is produced primarily by activated
Tumor_necrosis_factor
InterPro Family
Through cell signaling, interferon gamma plays a role in regulating the immune response of its target cell. A key signaling pathway that is activated by type
Interferon_gamma
Type of antibody
pathogenic. Neutralizing antibodies are part of the humoral response of the adaptive immune system against viruses, bacteria and microbial toxin. By binding
Neutralizing_antibody
Evolution of a pathogen allowing it to evade the host immune response
and inhibit parts of the innate immune response. A bacterium, Bordetella pertussis, is able to escape the immune response by inhibiting neutrophils and
Antigenic_escape
Tissue lining the surfaces of organs in animals
cells contribute to the mammalian immune system ("structural immunity"). Relevant aspects of the epithelial cell response to infections are encoded in the
Epithelium
Nematode
years; however, their presence in the bloodstream causes little to no immune response until death or degradation of the microfilariae or adult worms. The
Onchocerca_volvulus
Vertebrate natural glucocorticoid hormone
increases in response to stress and a low blood-glucose concentration. It functions to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, suppress the immune system
Cortisol
Human disease caused by parasitic worms called schistosomes
developing and worse presentation of dermatitis due to the stronger immune response. The round bumps are usually one to three centimeters across. Because
Schistosomiasis
Contagious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2
years after infection. The immune response by humans to SARS-CoV-2 virus occurs as a combination of the cell-mediated immunity and antibody production,
COVID-19
Type of immune cell
express receptors for those cytokines. These cells help polarize the immune response depending on the nature of the immunological insult (for example; virus
T_helper_cell
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
antibody and T-cell receptor genes, thus allowing the immune system to mount an immune response to virtually any foreign antigen. In Artemis-deficient
Artemis_(protein)
Preparation for acquired immunity to disease
host-related reasons if the host's immune system does not respond adequately or at all. Host-related lack of response occurs in an estimated 2–10% of individuals
Vaccine
Protozoan species of malaria parasite
haemozoin-containing RBCs cannot be attacked by phagocytes during the immune response to malaria. The phagocytes can ingest free haemozoins liberated after
Plasmodium_falciparum
This is a list of immune cells, also known as white blood cells, white cells, leukocytes, or leucocytes. They are cells involved in protecting the body
List_of_immune_cells
Cancer affecting Tasmanian devils
2007 investigation into the immune system of the devils found that when combatting other pathogens, the response from the immune system was normal, leading
Devil_facial_tumour_disease
Oral sex on the penis by a sexual partner
T-cell immune responses, suggesting that oral exposure to HIV may be sufficient to prime the immune system, although whether these responses confer any
Fellatio
Artificial stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer
can bind to antibody proteins or T-cell receptors, triggering an immune system response. The tumor antigens are often proteins or other macromolecules (e
Cancer_immunotherapy
Generally accepted theory published in 1900 to explain immune response in living cells
the immune response in living cells. Ehrlich theorized from very early in his career that chemical structure could be used to explain why the immune response
Side-chain_theory
Organ system in vertebrates complementary to the circulatory system
lymphoid system, is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system and complementary to the circulatory system. It consists of a large
Lymphatic_system
Mammalian protein found in humans
PD-L1 on hematopoietic versus nonhematopoietic cells in modulating immune responses are unclear. In an ancestor of tetrapod species, PD-L1 and PD-L2 arose
PD-L1
University College London. This immune "relaxation" is incorporated throughout the immune system, decreasing immune responses against harmless allergens,
Effects of parasitic worms on the immune system
Effects_of_parasitic_worms_on_the_immune_system
Branch of medicine that deals with immune responses associated with disease
immune responses associated with disease. It includes the study of the pathology of an organism, organ system, or disease with respect to the immune system
Immunopathology
Human protein and coding gene
inflammasome. The NLPR3 inflammasome triggers inflammation and an immune response, and causes cell death through pyroptosis or PANoptosis. Since its
NLRP3
Protein found in humans
utilizes the NHEJ pathway to promote antigen diversity in the mammalian immune system. Ku70 is key for sensing and responding to cytosolic DNA, which is
Ku70
Species of fluke
(instead of birds), the parasites die in the skin being entrapped by immune response. The clinical manifestation of such infection is known as a neglected
Trichobilharzia_regenti
Immune response to nonself antigens from members of the same species
Alloimmunity (sometimes called isoimmunity) is an immune response to nonself antigens from members of the same species, which are called alloantigens
Alloimmunity
Infectious disease caused by Borrelia bacteria, spread by ticks
production of B. burgdorferi antibodies by the immune system. The spirochetes may avoid the immune response by decreasing expression of surface proteins
Lyme_disease
Alveolar macrophages whose characteristics have been affected by smoking
cellularity, phenotypes, immune response, and other functions, have been affected upon the exposure to cigarettes. These altered immune cells are derived from
Smoker's_macrophages
Bacterial or fungal infection of blood
different from sepsis, which is characterized by severe inflammatory or immune responses of the host organism to pathogens. Bacteria can enter the bloodstream
Bloodstream_infection
Technique to study cell migration
top layer of skin is scraped off making it possible to identify the immune response that would occur with a diminished physical barrier in the host, and
Skin_window_technique
Type of vaccine
uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. The vaccine delivers molecules of antigen-encoding mRNA into cells
MRNA_vaccine
Intravascular immunity describes the immune response in the bloodstream, and its role is to fight and prevent the spread of pathogens. Components of intravascular
Intravascular_immunity
Protein-coding gene in humans
in inflammation and immune response. The encoded type 2 transmembrane protein may play a role in inflammatory and immune response. Multiple transcript
CLEC4A
Layer of cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels
communication with hematopoietic immune cells. Endothelial cells encode important features of the structural cell immune response in the epigenome and can therefore
Endothelium
Parasitic creature
their hosts' typical immune responses, others seem to alter the immune response itself. For example, the typical immune response in rodents is characterized
Behavior-altering_parasite
Antibody isotype
switching and maturation of the antibody response, thus they participate predominantly in the secondary immune response. IgG is secreted as a monomer, which
Immunoglobulin_G
Protein-coding gene in humans
cells provides a link between CTAG1B, the innate immune system, and possibly the adaptive immune response against CTAG1B. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000184033
CTAG1B
Inflammation of nervous tissue
innate immune cells that are activated in response to these cues. The CNS is typically an immunologically privileged site because peripheral immune cells
Neuroinflammation
Long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine
they also possess several immune receptors that can recognize chitin and its degradation products, initiating an immune response. Chitin is sensed mostly
Chitin
Molecule triggering an immune response
T-cell receptor. The presence of antigens in the body may trigger an immune response. Antigens can be proteins, peptides (amino acid chains), polysaccharides
Antigen
Oily mixture of plant compounds
Dermatitis is mediated by an acquired immune response. Urushiol is too small to directly activate an immune response. Instead, it attaches to certain proteins
Urushiol
Any macroparasitic disease caused by helminths
eyes. Signs of the body's immune response may include eosinophilia, edema, and arthritis. An example of the immune response is the hypersensitivity reaction
Helminthiasis
Species of bacteria
and long-lasting responses. The innate immune system allows for a rapid, non-specific response to a pathogen. While the adaptive immunes system allows for
Borrelia_burgdorferi
Bacterial protein
maintain flagellar stability. Mammals often have acquired immune responses (T-cell and antibody responses) to flagellated bacterium, which occur frequently to
Flagellin
Pattern of immune response
Type 2 inflammation (or type 2 immunity) is a pattern of immune response. Its physiological function is to defend the body against helminths, but a dysregulation
Type_2_inflammation
Ability of a foreign substance to provoke an immune response
ability of a foreign substance, such as an antigen, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or other animal. It may be wanted or unwanted:
Immunogenicity
Species of virus
and reduce the migration of immune cells into the lungs of infected individuals. G protein also alters host immune response by inhibiting signaling from
Respiratory_syncytial_virus
Species of bacterium
maintaining immune tolerance and preventing excessive inflammatory response in the gut mucosa. Due to its adaptability and interaction with the host immune and
Bacteroides_thetaiotaomicron
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the infecting virus. Immune responses can also be produced by vaccines, which
Virus
Immune system of the human eye
pieces of invading pathogens and use them to elicit an immune response. Cell-mediated immune responses are much slower acting but more efficient, but can
Ocular_immune_system
Unprogrammed cell death caused by external cell injury
mole rats release interferon-beta (which the immune system normally uses to counter viruses) in response to over-proliferation of cells caused by the
Necrosis
American physician and immunologist
bacteria that stimulate the body's immune system. This is best exemplified by his research on the immune response to streptococcal polysaccharides. This
Richard_M._Krause
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