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The IA-32 Execution Layer (IA-32 EL) is a software emulator in the form of a software driver that improves performance of 32-bit x86 applications running
IA-32_Execution_Layer
Microprocessor instruction set architecture
contemporaneous x86 processors. In 2005, Intel developed the IA-32 Execution Layer (IA-32 EL), a software emulator that provides better performance. With
IA-64
Form of binary recompilation
Corporation developed and implemented an IA-32 Execution Layer - a dynamic binary translator designed to support IA-32 applications on Itanium-based systems
Binary_translation
Standard for booting from a server
identifiers for six system types, including IA-64 and DEC Alpha. However, PXE v2.1 only completely covered IA-32. Despite this apparent lack of completeness
PXE_boot
Versions of Windows XP
wrote a software 32 to 64-bit translator dubbed the IA-32 Execution Layer. It allows real time translation of x86 32-bit instructions into IA-64 instructions
Windows_XP_editions
Microprocessor from Intel
emulation circuitry, in favor of the more efficient software-based IA-32 Execution Layer.[link removed] On October 25, 2005, Intel announced that the first
Montecito_(processor)
Implementation of the GNU toolchain for DOS
to run 16-bit code in IA-32 processors. Newer x86 CPUs with VT-x do support paged real mode and unrestricted guest mode execution. Free and open-source
DJGPP
Series of CPUs
Archived from the original on 28 April 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007. "IA-32 implementation: Centaur WinChip 2". SandPile.org. Archived from the original
WinChip
called.\n"); } return 0; } Each thread of execution in Windows IA-32 edition or the WoW64 emulation layer for the x86-64 version has a link to an undocumented
Microsoft-specific exception handling mechanisms
Microsoft-specific_exception_handling_mechanisms
64-bit extension of x86 architecture
radically different IA-64 architecture designed by Intel and Hewlett-Packard. The IA-64 architecture was backward-incompatible with IA-32, the 32-bit extension
X86-64
Edition of Windows XP for x86-64 computers, released in 2005
memory address space provided by the x86-64 64-bit extensions to the x86 IA-32 architecture, which was implemented by AMD as "AMD64", found in AMD's Opteron
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition
Windows_XP_Professional_x64_Edition
Hardware-assisted virtualization technology
"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Developer's Manual, Vol. 3C" (PDF). Intel. Retrieved 13 December 2015. If the 'unrestricted guest' VM-execution control is
Second Level Address Translation
Second_Level_Address_Translation
Family of microprocessor cores with ARM microarchitecture
the ARMv8-A profile, which supports both 64-bit and, in some cases, 32-bit execution. The Cortex-A series is distinct from Arm's Cortex-R and Cortex-M families
ARM_Cortex-A
Set of extensions to the x86 instruction set architecture
removed in 2019 and onward hardware in section 2.5 of its Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 1. Intel MPX introduces
Intel_MPX
Computer architecture bit width
XP 64-Bit Edition for the Itanium's IA-64 architecture; it could run 32-bit applications through an execution layer.[citation needed] 2003 Apple releases
64-bit_computing
High-throughput key–value database
dynamically compiled and linked for execution in the address space of each process. With the exception of the 32-bit implementation of GT.M for the x86
GT.M
Layer of hardware-level instructions or data structures
In computer architecture, microcode is a layer of low-level control data or instructions used to implement a processor's instruction set architecture
Microcode
Free software multimedia library
Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL) is a cross-platform software development library designed to provide a hardware abstraction layer for computer multimedia
Simple_DirectMedia_Layer
Operating system
access to the internal properties of objects in competing execution contexts. Above the kernel layer, A2 provides a set of modules providing unified abstractions
A2_(operating_system)
run on IA-32, x64, DEC Alpha, MIPS architecture, PowerPC, Itanium, ARMv7, and ARM64 processors, but currently supported versions run on IA-32, x64, ARMv7
Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions
Computer architecture to aid parallelism
instruction width is 32 bits or fewer. In contrast, one VLIW instruction encodes multiple operations, at least one operation for each execution unit of a device
Very_long_instruction_word
Efficiency improving technique for superscalar CPUs
hardware multithreading. SMT permits multiple independent threads of execution to better use the resources provided by modern processor architectures
Simultaneous_multithreading
Instructions directly executable by a computer
optional support of the PDP-11 instruction set. The IA-64 architecture includes optional support of the IA-32 instruction set. And, the PowerPC 615 can natively
Machine_code
1993 Microsoft operating system version
by Microsoft and mainly served as testing grounds for the 64-bit Itanium (IA-64) platform when no other Itanium hardware was available and was still in
Windows_NT_3.1
Subsystem for 32-bit Windows for running 16-bit DOS & Windows programs
all IA-32 editions of the Windows NT family since 1993 with the release of Windows NT 3.1. It allows execution of 16-bit Windows and 16-bit / 32-bit DOS
Virtual_DOS_machine
Windows compatibility software
Wine is a compatibility layer to allow application software and computer games developed for Microsoft Windows to run on Unix-like operating systems.
Wine_(software)
(Power 32); 5.1+ (Power 32/64) FreeBSD 4.10 (x86-32); FreeBSD 6.1+ (x86-32) 11.00+ (PA-RISC 32, IA-64) (x86-32, x86-64, IA-64, PPC 64, zSeries 32/64) 2
Comparison of open-source configuration management software
Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software
Computer operating system
the Windows NT family still ran on IA-32 up to Windows 10 (the server line of the Windows NT family still ran on IA-32 up to Windows Server 2008). With
Microsoft_Windows
Family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors
microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64). The Itanium architecture originated at Hewlett-Packard (HP), and was
Itanium
Type-1 hypervisor
Public License (GPL), version 2. Xen Project is currently available for the IA-32, x86-64 and ARM instruction sets. Xen Project runs in a more privileged
Xen
FAT Microkernel Yes SIS files FOTA Proprietary POSIX compatibility layer TrueOS IA-32, x86-64 UFS2, ext2, ext3, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, ReiserFS (read
Comparison of operating systems
Comparison_of_operating_systems
Free and open-source Unix-like operating system
PCI card to work without modifications, whether it is in a PCI slot on an IA-32, Alpha, PowerPC, SPARC, or other architecture with a PCI bus. Moreover,
NetBSD
Functional programming language
highly abstract, and yet allows precise extraction of time and space execution costs. This allows guaranteeing the bounded time and space demands of
Hume_(programming_language)
kernel.org. A realtime preemption overview. LWN. August 10, 2005 A proxy-execution baby step. LWN. July 29, 2025 Lightweight PI-futexes. kernel.org. Block
Comparison of operating system kernels
Comparison_of_operating_system_kernels
Microcode in x86 Intel processors
Microarchitecture of the Pentium 4 Processor" (PDF). Intel Technology Journal. No. Q1. IA-32 instruction bytes are then decoded into basic operations called uops (micro-operations)
Intel_microcode
Free and open-source Unix-like operating system
and 32-bit platforms no longer have Tier 1 support. IA-32 is a Tier 2 platform in FreeBSD 13 and 14 (but will be dropped in next version). 32-bit ARM
FreeBSD
Family of distributed open-source operating systems
designed with a layered architecture, consisting of four layers from the bottom to the top: the kernel layer, system service layer, framework layer, and application
OpenHarmony
1999 Microsoft operating system version
by Microsoft and mainly served as testing grounds for the 64-bit Itanium (IA-64) platform when no other Itanium hardware was available and was still in
Windows_2000
Family of operating systems for IBM PC compatibles
In all 32-bit (IA-32) editions of the Windows NT family since 1993, DOS emulation is provided by way of a virtual DOS machine (NTVDM). 64-bit (IA-64 and
DOS
Hardware timer used in personal computers
clock (RTC). Windows XP, when fitted with the latest hardware abstraction layer (HAL), can also use the processor's Time Stamp Counter (TSC), or ACPI Power
High_Precision_Event_Timer
Core of a computer operating system
International Symposium on Computer Architecture. ACM/IEEE. pp. 341–348. The IA-32 Architecture Software Developer's Manual, Volume 1: Basic Architecture (PDF)
Kernel_(operating_system)
Technical specification for firmware architecture
processor architectures: x86 (IA-32, x86-64) Itanium (IA-64) ARM (AArch32, AArch64) RISC-V (32-bit, 64-bit, 128-bit) LoongArch (32-bit, 64-bit) Unofficial UEFI
UEFI
Free and open source cross-platform software platform developed by Microsoft
the .NET Framework, a high-productivity, multilanguage development and execution environment for building and running Web services with important features
.NET
API of the MS-DOS operating system
General Software version FreeDOS – Free, open source DOS clone ReactOS (IA-32 and x86-64 versions) Windows 95 – contains MS-DOS 7.0 Windows 98 – contains
DOS_API
Source-level debugger
AVR, H8/300, Altera Nios/Nios II, System/370, System/390, x86 (32-bit and 64-bit), IA-64 "Itanium", Motorola 68k, MIPS, PA-RISC, PowerPC, RISC-V, SuperH
GNU_Debugger
Computer programming paradigm
290–305. doi:10.1007/3-540-48319-5_19. ISBN 978-3-540-48319-9. "Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Optimization Reference Manual Volume 1". Intel. Retrieved
Stream_processing
Compiler backend for multiple programming languages
instruction sets, including IA-32, x86-64, ARM, Qualcomm Hexagon, LoongArch, M68K, MIPS, NVIDIA Parallel Thread Execution (PTX, also named NVPTX in LLVM
LLVM
Standard file format for executables, object code, shared libraries, and core dumps
header table The segments contain information that is needed for run time execution of the file, while sections contain important data for linking and relocation
Executable and Linkable Format
Executable_and_Linkable_Format
Software that manages computer hardware resources
Interface. No Starch Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-59327-220-3. "Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual" (PDF). Intel Corporation. September
Operating_system
Line of Intel server and workstation processors
(QPI) bus. The Xeon brand has been maintained over several generations of IA-32 and x86-64 processors. The P6-based models added the Xeon moniker to the
Xeon
Former multimedia software
back. MP3: Support for decoding and playback of streaming MPEG-2 Audio Layer III (MP3) audio was introduced in Flash Player 4. MP3 files can be accessed
Adobe_Flash_Player
Intel microprocessor
on modified P54C Cache on a stick (COASt), L2 cache modules for Pentium IA-32 instruction set architecture (ISA) Intel 82497 cache controller "Product
Pentium_(original)
Multitasking operating system written in Oberon
are named Native Oberon. There are native versions for the Ceres, Intel IA-32, and ARM platforms. In 2013, Niklaus Wirth adapted the basic system as described
Oberon_(operating_system)
Deep learning library
Construct a flattening layer. self.linear_relu_stack = nn.Sequential( # Construct a stack of layers. nn.Linear(28 * 28, 512), # Linear Layers have an input and
PyTorch
Real-time operating system
Modular, componentized architecture using a layered build system with the ability to update each layer of code independently VxWorks microkernel (a full
VxWorks
Operating system kernel designed as a replacement for Unix
filesystem calls. The storage server will work as a wrapping layer, similar to the block layer of Linux. The equivalent of VFS of Linux is achieved by libdiskfs
GNU_Hurd
Series of Microsoft operating systems
Partial Unicode support can be installed on Windows 9x via the Microsoft Layer for Unicode. Windows 9x does not natively support NTFS or HPFS; however
Windows_9x
Software platform developed by Microsoft
provides a language-neutral platform for application development and execution. By implementing the core aspects of .NET Framework within the scope of
.NET_Framework
Study of human activity based on materials left behind
authors, and conceptual language". Internet Archaeology (42). doi:10.11141/ia.42.8. Sinclair, A. (2022). "Archaeological Research 2014 to 2021: an examination
Archaeology
Version of Windows Server, released in 2009
that got a service pack from Microsoft and the final version that supports IA-64 and processors without PAE, SSE2 and NX (although a 2018 update dropped
Windows_Server_2008_R2
2006 Microsoft operating system version
Microsoft. Most new features were prominently based on a new presentation layer codenamed Avalon, a new communications architecture codenamed Indigo, and
Windows_Vista
Scripting language created in 1994
available Microsoft Windows binary distributions were 32-bit IA-32 builds, requiring Windows 32-bit compatibility mode while using Internet Information
PHP
Enterprise-class, type-1 hypervisor for deploying and serving virtual computers
According to the README file, "This module contains the Linux emulation layer used by the vmkernel." The vmkernel uses the device drivers: net/e100 net/e1000
VMware_ESX
Computer software installed on multiple computing platforms
bytecode. Some software platforms are: Android (ARM64) ChromeOS (ARM32, ARM64, IA-32, x86-64) Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) by Microsoft, implemented
Cross-platform_software
Quickly accessible working storage available as part of a digital processor
Intel. 1987. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-23. "Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer Manuals". Intel. 4 December 2019. "AMD64
Processor_register
King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 486 to 465 BC
Organization of Xerxes' Army". Iranica Antiqua. 27: 149–167. doi:10.2143/ia.27.0.2002126. Boardman, John (1988). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. V
Xerxes_I
Atari TOS Atari MultiTOS Contiki (for 8-bit, ST, Portfolio) XTS-400 BeOS BeIA BeOS r5.1d0 magnussoft ZETA (based on BeOS r5.1d0 source code, developed by
List_of_operating_systems
American semiconductor design company
technologies existed in the 1990s: Wabi for Solaris and Linux, FX!32 for Alpha and IA-32 EL for Itanium, open-source DAISY, the Mac 68K emulator for the
Transmeta
Boot loader for Microsoft Windows
based on the x86 IA-32 platform lacked any kind of ARC support (as they predate the creation of the ARC specification), an additional layer was added specifically
NTLDR
American multinational technology company
took over primary design responsibility. The resulting implementation of the IA-64 64-bit architecture was the Itanium, finally introduced in June 2001. The
Intel
Process of starting a computer
initial values of CS:IP, causes instruction execution to begin at physical address FFFFFFF0H. "Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual"
Booting
Amount of useful work accomplished by a computer
requestor. Most consumers pick a computer architecture (normally Intel IA-32 architecture) to be able to run a large base of pre-existing, pre-compiled
Computer_performance
Computer software project
ARM, MIPS (in 32-bit mode only), SPARC, PowerPC, z/Architecture, IA-32, x86-64 and IA-64 for 64-bit modes. The code generator is exposed in three modes:
Mono_(software)
Instruction for x86 microprocessors
Descriptors 77h, 7Eh, 8Dh are documented for the IA-32 operation mode of Itanium 2 only. Under the IA-32 operation mode of Itanium 2, the L3 cache size
CPUID
Layer of protection in computer systems
operating system. The IOPL (I/O Privilege level) flag is a flag found on all IA-32 compatible x86 CPUs. It occupies bits 12 and 13 in the FLAGS register. In
Protection_ring
Firmware for hardware initialization and OS runtime services
result, instruction fetching begins from address 0FFFFFFF0H. "Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual" (PDF). Intel. May 2012. Section
BIOS
Successor to the Intel 386
1989. In fall of 1991, Intel introduced the 50 MHz i486 DX using the three layer 800 nm process CHMOS-V technology. They were available for US$665 in 1,000-unit
I486
Cross-platform machine-code compiler
machines A, B, and C, one uses machine A (e.g. running Windows XP on an IA-32 processor) to build a cross compiler that runs on machine B (e.g. running
Cross_compiler
Computer memory management technique
providing memory protection. In the Intel 80386 and later IA-32 processors, the segments reside in a 32-bit linear, paged address space. Segments can be moved
Virtual_memory
List of concepts in artificial intelligence
exact solution. hidden layer A layer of neurons in an artificial neural network that is neither an input layer nor an output layer. hyper-heuristic A heuristic
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
Jewish rebellion against Roman rule (132–136 CE)
and the revolt's disastrous outcomes. Rabbinic texts also record the execution of leading sages and the post-revolt religious persecutions. Archaeological
Bar_Kokhba_Revolt
Computers derived from the IBM PC
Intel deviated with its NetBurst architecture for the Pentium 4 CPUs and the IA-64 architecture for the Itanium set of server CPUs. AMD developed AMD64, the
IBM_PC_compatible
Form of 3D computer interaction merging the real world with virtual objects
Design of Eyewear Displays. PM388. SPIE Press. ISBN 9781510688339. Kazerouni, I.A. (2022). "A survey of state-of-the-art on visual SLAM". Expert Systems with
Augmented_reality
Version history of the Linux kernel
documentation". docs.kernel.org. Retrieved 31 May 2026. "NVIDIA Improves Block Layer Peer-To-Peer DMA In Linux 6.19". www.phoronix.com. Retrieved 31 May 2026
Linux_kernel_version_history
Line of desktop and mobile microprocessors produced by Intel
Intel Pentium III Processor, informally PIII or P3) brand refers to Intel's 32-bit x86 desktop and mobile CPUs based on the sixth-generation P6 microarchitecture
Pentium_III
480 BC engagement of the Greco-Persian Wars
Organization of Xerxes' Army" (PDF). Iranica Antiqua. XXVII: 149–167. doi:10.2143/ia.27.0.2002126. Morris, Ian Macgregor (2000). "To Make a New Thermopylae: Hellenism
Battle_of_Thermopylae
Britain under Roman rule (43 AD – c. 410 AD)
Britain". Internet Archaeology. 1. Council for British Archaeology. doi:10.11141/ia.1.6. Wacher, John (1995). The Towns of Roman Britain (2nd revised ed.). Routledge
Roman_Britain
2015 Microsoft operating system version
since Version 1809 (x86-64 only), DVD-ROM DL (Double-layer DVD-ROM) instead of DVD-ROM SL (Single-layer DVD-ROM). For Windows 10 since Version 1809 (x86-64
Windows_10
Integrated development environment by Microsoft
itself is only available as a 32-bit application, Visual C++ 2005 supports compiling for x86-64 (AMD64 and Intel 64) as well as IA-64 (Itanium). The Platform
Visual_Studio
AMR – For GSM and UMTS based mobile phones MP1 – MPEG Layer 1 MP2 – MPEG Layer 2 MP3 – MPEG Layer 3 SPX – Speex (Ogg project, specialized for voice, low
List_of_file_formats
French artist (1848–1903)
paintings depicting Tahitian life such as Fatata te Miti (By the Sea) and Ia Orana Maria (Ave Maria), the latter to become his most prized Tahitian painting
Paul_Gauguin
Set of computer software and specifications
written in the Java programming language. A Java platform includes an execution engine (called a virtual machine), a compiler and a set of libraries;
Java_(software_platform)
Irish-American New Testament scholar (born 1934)
part of the Coptic Gospel of Thomas to the 50s AD, as well as the first layer of the hypothetical Q Document (in this he is heavily dependent on the work
John_Dominic_Crossan
Austroasiatic language
the adjacent uplands, possibly to escape Chinese encroachment. The oldest layer of loans from Chinese into northern Vietic (which would become the Viet–Mường
Vietnamese_language
History of the FreeBSD operating system
advanced multiprocessor and application threading, and for the UltraSPARC and IA-64 platforms. The first 5-STABLE release was 5.3 (5.0 through 5.2.1 were cut
FreeBSD_version_history
Greek island in the Aegean Sea
material culture from outside. The eruption occurred during the "Late Minoan IA" period of Minoan chronology at Crete and the "Late Cycladic I" period in
Santorini
Discontinued Microsoft security software
2006. Retrieved 16 December 2006. "Firewall and Windows OneCare – a multi-layered defense". Windows Live OneCare Team Blog. 31 January 2006. Archived from
Windows_Live_OneCare
Brand of graphics hardware and software
in their time, including a few Direct3D 8.1-compliant features such as 8-layer multitexturing (not 8-pass) and Environment Mapped Bump Mapping (EMBM);
PowerVR
Family of second-generation microkernels
group developed L4Ka::Hazelnut, a C++ version of the kernel that ran on IA-32- and ARM-based machines. The effort was a success, performance was still
L4_microkernel_family
Operating system microkernel
included in the microkernel. Other architectures based on hardware abstraction layer or exokernels could move the drivers out of the microkernel. The main difference
Mach_(kernel)
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