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Biomechanical paradigm explaining how muscles work
In biomechanics, Hill's muscle model refers to the 3-element model consisting of a contractile element (CE) in series with a lightly-damped elastic spring
Hill's_muscle_model
Activation of tension-generating sites in muscle
Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle cells. In physiology, muscle contraction does not necessarily mean muscle
Muscle_contraction
One of three major types of muscle
Skeletal muscle (commonly referred to as muscle) is one of the three types of vertebrate muscle tissue, the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. They
Skeletal_muscle
Muscle in the back part of the lower leg
In humans and some other mammals, the soleus is a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the
Soleus_muscle
Explanation of muscle contraction
The sliding filament theory explains the mechanism of muscle contraction based on muscle proteins that slide past each other to generate movement. According
Sliding_filament_theory
Type of cell found in muscle tissue
A muscle cell, also known as a myocyte, is a mature contractile cell in the muscle of an animal. In humans and other vertebrates there are three types:
Muscle_cell
Physical symptom
according to the sliding filament model. Creatine phosphate stores energy so ATP can be rapidly regenerated within the muscle cells from adenosine diphosphate
Weakness
American actress and television personality (born 1963)
Housewives of Beverly Hills' for Season 5". UPI. Retrieved September 1, 2019. "How Lisa Rinna Saved "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills"". BuzzFeed News
Lisa_Rinna
experimental features of muscle contraction, such as the relation of tension to velocity as described by Hill's muscle model. He also studied mechanisms
Kirill_Tolpygo
Fourth stage of death
cause separation of the actin-myosin cross-bridges during relaxation of muscle. When oxygen is no longer present, the body may continue to produce ATP
Rigor_mortis
American model and fitness advocate
physical fitness expert. During the 1950s, she was a popular commercial model and pin-up girl. After marrying magazine publisher Joe Weider on April 24
Betty_Brosmer
Innervated muscle structure involved in reflex actions and proprioception
Muscle spindles are stretch receptors within the body of a skeletal muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle. They convey length
Muscle_spindle
Index of articles on biophysics
von Helmholtz Heterotrimeric G protein Hill's muscle model Hille equation Hodgkin cycle Hodgkin–Huxley model Homeoviscous adaptation Homologous desensitization
Index_of_biophysics_articles
British physiologist (1886–1977)
of the production of heat and mechanical work in muscles. Born in Bristol, the son of Jonathan Hill (1857–1924) and Ada Priscilla (née Rumney) (1861–1943)
Archibald_Hill
Muscle car
The Dodge Challenger is a full-size muscle car that was introduced in early 2008 originally as a rival to the evolved fifth-generation Ford Mustang and
Dodge_Challenger_(2008)
Mammalian and avian protein
myokine that is produced and released by myocytes and acts on muscle cells to inhibit muscle growth. Myostatin is a secreted growth differentiation factor
Myostatin
Muscular degenerative disease of the face, shoulder blades, and upper arms
diseases that cause degeneration of muscle and progressive weakness. Per the name, FSHD tends to sequentially weaken the muscles of the face, those that position
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Facioscapulohumeral_muscular_dystrophy
Canadian actress and model
Kennedy, publisher of MuscleMag, who convinced Pratt to try her hand at modelling and acting. Pratt quickly found success as a fitness model, gracing several
Victoria_Pratt
Diagram showing the proportion of a receptor bound to a ligand
Conversely, the Hill equation proper reflects the cellular or tissue response to the ligand: the physiological output of the system, such as muscle contraction
Hill_equation_(biochemistry)
Junction between motor neuron and muscle fiber
motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction. Muscles require innervation
Neuromuscular_junction
neural models of varied level of details, 3D mechanical models of triangle meshes, and use muscles, motors, receptive fields, stretch sensors and other transducers
AnimatLab
Two-seat sports car produced by American Motors Corporation
The AMC AMX is a two-seat GT-style muscle car produced by American Motors Corporation from 1968 through 1970. As one of just two American-built two-seaters
AMC_AMX
Conceptual framework in psychology
g. minimal maximal muscle contraction), it is often applicable to use a bounded function (such as the logistic function) to model the response. Similarly
Stimulus–response_model
Muscle car produced by Dodge
economical compact car. The third and most recent generation is a full-size muscle car that was introduced in early 2008 initially as a rival to the evolved
Dodge_Challenger
Motor vehicle
automobile manufacturer Chevrolet from 2010 to 2015 model years. It is the fifth distinct generation of the muscle/pony car to be produced since its original introduction
Chevrolet Camaro (fifth generation)
Chevrolet_Camaro_(fifth_generation)
Autoimmune disease resulting in skeletal muscle weakness
disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can
Myasthenia_gravis
Type of tissue that connects muscle to bone
dense fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. It sends the mechanical forces of muscle contraction to the skeletal system, while withstanding
Tendon
Largest known protein in human muscles
as a molecular spring that is responsible for the passive elasticity of muscle. It comprises 244 individually folded protein domains connected by unstructured
Titin
Brain process
upon exercise fatigue was modeled in terms of it being due to a mechanical failure of the exercising muscles ("peripheral muscle fatigue"). This failure
Central_governor
Regulation of movement within organisms possessing a nervous system
system. Motor control includes conscious voluntary movements, subconscious muscle memory and involuntary reflexes, as well as instinctual taxes. To control
Motor_control
American model and actress (born 1966)
Away Cindy Crawford's Best Modeling Advice". April 3, 2017. Flemming, Jack (August 11, 2021). "Cindy Crawford sells Beverly Hills Midcentury for $13.5 million"
Cindy_Crawford
Voice box, an organ in the neck of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILM) are spared from the lack of dystrophin and may serve as a useful model to study the mechanisms of muscle sparing in neuromuscular
Larynx
Arteries transporting blood to heart muscle
of coronary circulation, which transport oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The heart requires a continuous supply of oxygen to function and survive
Coronary_arteries
Chemical compound
vertebrates, facilitates recycling of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), primarily in muscle and brain tissue. Its phosphorylated form, phosphocreatine, donates phosphate
Creatine
Pathological, often painful, involuntary muscle contraction
is a sudden, involuntary, painful contraction of one or more skeletal muscles, or an overshortening of such associated with electrical activity. While
Skeletal_muscle_cramp
caused by mechanical failure of the exercising muscles ("peripheral fatigue"). Instead, the brain models the metabolic limits of the body to ensure that
Exercise_physiology
Eye structure
Huxley refined the model in the mid-1800s explaining how the ciliary muscle contracts rounding the lens to focus near and this model was popularized by
Lens_(vertebrate_anatomy)
Sheet of internal skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is the most important muscle of respiration
Thoracic_diaphragm
Reflexes in physiology
may refer to: The stretch reflex or muscle stretch reflex (MSR), when the stretch is created by a blow upon a muscle tendon. This is the commonly used definition
Tendon_reflex
Long bone that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum
and gives origin to the deltoid muscle. the posterior border is convex and gives attachment to the trapezius muscle. the inferior surface has a ridge
Clavicle
Rat used for scientific research
the thyroarytenoid muscle, the alar cricoarytenoid muscle, and the superior cricoarytenoid muscle, the other of the newly named muscle that ran from the
Laboratory_rat
American actress (born 1943)
American actress and model. She was nominated five times for an Emmy Award for her role as attorney Joyce Davenport in the TV police drama Hill Street Blues.
Veronica_Hamel
Wave-like animal movement method
salamander model. Siren lacertina, an aquatic salamander, utilizes swimming motions similar to the aforementioned fishes yet contains hypaxial muscle fibers
Undulatory_locomotion
Type of muscular dystrophy
affecting boys. The onset of muscle weakness typically begins around age four, with rapid progression. Initially, muscle loss occurs in the thighs and
Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy
Consolidating a motor task into memory through repetition
Muscle memory is a form of procedural memory that involves consolidating a specific motor task into memory through repetition, which has been used synonymously
Muscle_memory
Chemical compound
suxamethonium chloride include low blood pressure, increased saliva production, muscle pain, and rash. Possible serious side effects include malignant hyperthermia
Suxamethonium_chloride
Medical condition
high fever, confusion, rigid muscles, variable blood-pressure, sweating, and fast heart-rate. Complications may include muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis)
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome
Tendon at the back of the lower leg
attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone. These muscles, acting via the tendon, cause plantar flexion of
Achilles_tendon
which he declines. The Grease Monster is the main antagonist in "Gut Model". After Muscle Man puts plates, utensils and a microphone in the fry vat, he seemed
List of Regular Show characters
List_of_Regular_Show_characters
American fashion model (born 1982)
American fashion model, actress and television personality. She is best known as the winner of the first cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2003. Curry
Adrianne_Curry
Strength training
process of muscle elongation to challenge the muscles, which can lead to stronger muscles, faster muscle recovery, lower risk of injury, and increased
Eccentric_training
Mathematical concept
describing the kinetics of muscle phosphofructokinase. Hofmeyr, Jan-Hendrik S.; Cornish-Bowden, Athel (1997). "The reversible Hill equation: how to incorporate
Reversible_Hill_equation
Chemical compound
with muscle wasting due to cancer or HIV/AIDS. In healthy adults, supplementation with HMB has been shown to increase exercise-induced gains in muscle size
Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid
Β-Hydroxy_β-methylbutyric_acid
Spontaneous oscillation in tone of blood vessel walls
the voltage-dependent coupled model. In this model, high gap junction coupling is present between the vascular smooth muscle cells, the endothelial cells
Vasomotion
Motor vehicle
special Ford muscle car performance engine era. At mid-year, Ford offered a slightly detuned Boss 351 engine, which could be ordered with any model. A total
Ford Mustang (first generation)
Ford_Mustang_(first_generation)
Anti-hypertension medication
direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant and acts as a vasodilator primarily in resistance arterioles, also known as the smooth muscle of the arterial bed
Hydralazine
Bone structure of the thorax
extrinsic skeletal muscles of the neck, upper limbs, upper abdomen and back, and together with the overlying skin and associated fascia and muscles, makes up the
Rib_cage
Type of paralyzing anesthetic including lepto- and pachycurares
the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis of the affected skeletal muscles. This is accomplished via their action on the post-synaptic acetylcholine
Neuromuscular-blocking_drug
Bone that connects the humerus and clavicle
three groups of muscles: intrinsic, extrinsic, and stabilizing and rotating muscles. The intrinsic muscles of the scapula include the muscles of the rotator
Scapula
American actor (born 1940)
Mattar, George (February 2005). "AMC Invades Germany – circa 1979". Hemmings Muscle Machines. Retrieved April 20, 2013. "When the Americans Conquered the Nurburgring
James_Brolin
Negative-pressure mechanical respirator
in the enclosed space to stimulate breathing. It assists breathing when muscle control is lost, or the work of breathing exceeds the person's ability.
Iron_lung
Muscle contraction in the middle ear in response to loud sound
middle-ear-muscle reflex (MEM reflex, MEMR), attenuation reflex, cochleostapedial reflex or intra-aural reflex) is an involuntary muscle contraction
Acoustic_reflex
External genitalia of the female mammal
been used synonymously with vulva. Pelvic floor muscles support the structures of the vulva. Other muscles of the urogenital triangle also give support.
Vulva
Extinct order of dragonfly-like animals
allometric model suggests that the power a unit of griffenfly muscle mass could produce must have scaled up about equally with the muscle mass itself
Meganisoptera
Simplified representations of communication
Models of communication simplify or represent the process of communication. Most communication models try to describe both verbal and non-verbal communication
Models_of_communication
Exercise to improve strength
basis. This is conceptually a parallel model, as several exercises are done each day and thus multiple muscles are developed simultaneously. It is also
Strength_training
Historic site in Muscle Shoals, Alabama
Enterprises) Studios is a recording studio located at 603 East Avalon Avenue in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, United States, an area of northern Alabama known as the
FAME_Studios
American actor, model, and professional wrestler (born 1974)
had sustained. Quinlan competed as a muscle model at the 2010 FAME World Championships "WNSO Muscle & FAME Model" and BodyProud Wellness Convention held
Stoneface_Quinlan
many muscle elements have been modeled with detailed muscle model theory described by Hill, A.V. in 1938.[full citation needed] The muscle model contains
Computer-aided_ergonomics
Vertebrate organ through which food passes to the stomach
epithelium is visible as a zig-zag line. Most of the muscle is smooth muscle although striated muscle predominates in its upper third. It has two muscular
Esophagus
2026 Marvel Studios film
takes—a feat Cretton felt demonstrated "how much control Tom has over every muscle in his body". Brand New Day is the first film to have particular sequences
Spider-Man:_Brand_New_Day
Reciprocating internal combustion engine
Hurricane". Autoweek. Retrieved 26 March 2022. https://www.dodge.com/dodge-muscle/sixpack.html retrieved 2026 Jan 3 "Jeep Hurricane I-6 Engine Deep Dive:
Stellantis_Hurricane_engine
Receptor models to explain drug behavior
introduced the concept of a receptive substance on the surface of skeletal muscle that mediated the action of a drug. Langley postulated that these receptive
Receptor_theory
American actress and model (born 1971)
Denise Lee Richards (born February 17, 1971) is an American actress, model and television personality. She rose to prominence with roles in the science
Denise_Richards
Sensory organ of vision
changed for near focus (accommodation) and is controlled by the ciliary muscle. Between the two lenses (the cornea and the crystalline lens), there are
Human_eye
Α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins
gluconeogenesis to the liver instead of the muscle, and all available ATP in the muscle can be devoted to muscle contraction. It is a catabolic pathway, and
Alanine
Physical activity that improves health
weight loss or maintenance, to aid growth and improve strength, develop muscles and the cardiovascular system, hone athletic skills, improve health, or
Exercise
Car model built by Chrysler Corporation
Mueller, Mike (2009). The Complete Book of Classic Dodge and Plymouth Muscle: Every model from 1960 to 1974. Motorbooks. ISBN 978-0-7603-4477-4. "Early Barracuda
Plymouth_Barracuda
Muscle relaxant medication
adrenergic receptor agonist, similar to clonidine, that is used to treat muscle spasticity due to spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and spastic cerebral
Tizanidine
Medication made up of antibodies against the tetanus toxin
used to treat tetanus along with antibiotics and muscle relaxants. It is given by injection into a muscle. Part of the dose is injected at the site of the
Anti-tetanus_immunoglobulin
Psychological concepts by Sigmund Freud
agents in the psychic apparatus, outlined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche. The three agents are theoretical constructs that Freud employed
Id,_ego_and_superego
American glamour model and actress (born 1985)
pursuing modeling full-time. Skinner has appeared in pictorials and features in Maxim USA, Maxim in Spain, FHM (USA), Maxim Belgium, Muscle & Fitness
Cora_Skinner
Human disease caused by deficiency of a muscle enzyme
metabolic disorder, one of the metabolic myopathies, more specifically a muscle glycogen storage disease, caused by a deficiency of myophosphorylase. Its
Glycogen storage disease type V
Glycogen_storage_disease_type_V
Chemical compound
alternative to succimer. It is given by slow injection into a vein or into a muscle. For lead encephalopathy sodium calcium edetate is typically used together
Sodium_calcium_edetate
Class of enzymes
is expressed extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries
Lactate_dehydrogenase
Characters in a Video Game Franchise
share the same facial structure, polygon count and voice actor; only the muscle structure differs. Takayoshi designed Angela to appear older than her intended
List of Silent Hill 2 characters
List_of_Silent_Hill_2_characters
Compact car produced by American Motors Corporation (1870-1977)
360 cu in (5.9 L) V8 engine as standard, making it a compact-sized muscle car. For the 1973 model year, a semi-fastback hatchback coupe with fold-down rear seats
AMC_Hornet
American bodybuilder and internet personality (1970–2017)
issue of Muscle Sport magazine. Piana had a cameo appearance as Hulk in an episode of the television series Scrubs, and played an oiled-up muscle man named
Rich_Piana
Process of heat production within organisms
endothelial or muscle cells). Ultimately, this could lead to new therapeutic methods for treating morbid obesity or severe diabetes. The proposed model is purely
Thermogenesis
Characteristic of human females
cumulative product of a woman's bone structure along with the distribution of muscle and fat on the body. Female figures are typically narrower at the waist
Female_body_shape
Medication to prevent nausea and vomiting
gastroenteritis. It can be given orally (by mouth), intramuscularly (injection into a muscle), or intravenously (injection into a vein). Common side effects include
Ondansetron
Relationship between stroke volume and end diastolic volume
observed in striated muscle, including for example skeletal muscles, arthropod muscle and cardiac (heart) muscle. As striated muscle is stretched, active
Frank–Starling_law
Neurological movement disorder
neurological hyperkinetic movement disorder in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions occur involuntarily, resulting in twisting and repetitive movements
Dystonia
that produces a form beyond that of Super Saiyan - evidenced by increased muscle size and an intense golden aura. As an Ascended Super Saiyan, Vegeta makes
List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes
List_of_Dragon_Ball_Z_Kai_episodes
Disease in which fibrous connective tissue turns into bone
extremely rare connective tissue disease. Fibrous connective tissue such as muscle, tendons, and ligaments ossify into bone tissue. The condition ultimately
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Fibrodysplasia_ossificans_progressiva
followed by death from hypoxia within minutes. Exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness is not caused by lactic acid build-up. Muscular lactic acid levels
List of common misconceptions about science, technology, and mathematics
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_science,_technology,_and_mathematics
Swedish actor and martial artist (born 1957)
This innovation, associating the muscle image with the Vietnam experience, is carried over into other contemporary muscle films." Another said, "fine performances
Dolph_Lundgren
Measure of organism response to stimulus
classical Hill equation. The Hill equation is a logistic function with respect to the logarithm of the dose and is similar to a logit model. A generalized
Dose–response_relationship
Physical substance of the human organism
legs, and feet. The internal human body includes organs, teeth, bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels and blood, lymphatic vessels and lymph
Human_body
Cardiac hormone which increases renal sodium excretion
increasing renal sodium excretion. ANP is synthesized and secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the atria in the heart. These cells contain volume
Atrial_natriuretic_peptide
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