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German–American physicist (1928–2024)
Herbert Kroemer (German: [ˈhɛʁbɛʁt ˈkʁøːmɐ] ; August 25, 1928 – March 8, 2024) was a German–American physicist who, along with Zhores Alferov, received
Herbert_Kroemer
Surname list
Kroemer or Krömer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Guido Kroemer (born 1961), cell biologist Herbert Kroemer (1928-2024), a professor
Kroemer
Public university in Jena, Germany
six Nobel Prize winners, most recently in 2000 when Jena graduate Herbert Kroemer won the Nobel Prize for physics. It was renamed after the poet Friedrich
University_of_Jena
Concept in quantum mechanics
double heterostructure concept was proposed in 1963 independently by Herbert Kroemer and by Zhores Alferov and Rudolf Kazarinov. In 1970, Leo Esaki and
Quantum_well
the base to reduce the charge carrier base transit time. Invented by Herbert Kroemer at the Central Bureau of Telecommunications Technology of the German
Drift-field_transistor
Calendar year
Literature – Gao Xingjian Peace – Kim Dae-jung Physics – Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, and Jack Kilby Physiology or Medicine – Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard
2000
Differentiating positive and negative zero
Center. Archived from the original on Aug 4, 2009. Kittel, Charles and Herbert Kroemer (1980). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 462
Signed_zero
Transistor using different semiconductor materials
Detailed theory of heterojunction bipolar transistor was developed by Herbert Kroemer in 1957. The principal difference between the BJT and HBT is in the
Heterojunction bipolar transistor
Heterojunction_bipolar_transistor
Hans Krebs – Biochemistry; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 Herbert Kroemer – Physics – Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 Wolfgang Krull – Mathematics
List of University of Göttingen people
List_of_University_of_Göttingen_people
State in Germany
tendre sœur" for the Kunstfest art festival, Weimar, summer 1995 Herbert Kroemer (1928-2024), German-American physicist, co-laureate of the Nobel Prize
Thuringia
Public university in California, US
in Physics (2004) Alan J. Heeger, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2000) Herbert Kroemer, Nobel Prize in Physics (2000) Walter Kohn, Nobel Prize in Chemistry
University of California, Santa Barbara
University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara
Award presented by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2024. "Herbert Kroemer - IEEE Awards". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
IEEE_Medal_of_Honor
American electrical engineer (1923–2005)
Jerry Merryman and James H. Van Tassel. Shared with Zhores Alferov and Herbert Kroemer. Harper, Charles A., ed. (2004). Electronic materials and processes
Jack_Kilby
Chemical element with atomic number 51 (Sb)
ISBN 978-0-8155-1237-0. Maiti, C. K. (2008). Selected Works of Professor Herbert Kroemer. World Scientific, 2008. p. 101. ISBN 978-981-270-901-1. Committee
Antimony
Quantity in solid state thermodynamics
(1): 261–266. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02443. Kittel, Charles; Herbert Kroemer (1980-01-15). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman. p. 357.
Fermi_level
Calendar year
Nations (1988). ABN correspondence. p. 47. Herbert Kroemer (May 9, 2008). Selected Works Of Professor Herbert Kroemer. World Scientific. p. 76. ISBN 978-981-4474-68-9
1928
Médecins Sans Frontières Robert Mundell 2000 Jack Kilby; Zhores Alferov; Herbert Kroemer Alan J. Heeger; Alan MacDiarmid; Hideki Shirakawa Arvid Carlsson; Paul
List_of_Nobel_laureates
Russian physicist (1930–2019)
filed a patent application proposing double-heterostructure lasers; Herbert Kroemer independently filed a US patent several months later. In 1966, Alferov's
Zhores_Alferov
semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics." Herbert Kroemer United States Jack S. Kilby "For his part in the invention of the integrated
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics
Crystal growth process
of Stranski–Krastanov growth for ATG. Colin P. Flynn Arthur Gossard Herbert Kroemer Ben G. Streetman High-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) Heterojunction
Molecular-beam_epitaxy
Transistor that uses both electrons and holes as charge carriers
Drift-field transistor – high-speed bipolar junction transistor. Invented by Herbert Kroemer at the Central Bureau of Telecommunications Technology of the German
Bipolar_junction_transistor
Scientific misconduct scandal
Supriyo Datta of Purdue University, Herwig Kogelnik of Bell Labs, Herbert Kroemer of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Don Monroe of Agere
Schön_scandal
Theodor W. Hänsch, Physics, 2005 Wolfgang Ketterle, Physics, 2001 Herbert Kroemer, Physics, 2000 Günter Blobel*, Physiology or Medicine, 1999 Günter
List of Nobel laureates by country
List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country
German Nobel laureates were living outside Germany; for example, Herbert Kroemer and Gerd Binnig worked abroad while retaining German citizenship, whereas
List of German Nobel laureates
List_of_German_Nobel_laureates
Type of energy
materials. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-05794-9. OCLC 46538642. Herbert Kroemer, "Quasi-Electric Fields and Band Offsets: Teaching Electrons New Tricks"
Work_function
List of self-identified nonreligious Nobel laureates
"Herbert Kroemer - Science Video Interview". Vega Science Trust. Retrieved 2020-05-10.: Interviewer: "You have no belief in a afterlife?" Kroemer: "That's
List of nonreligious Nobel laureates
List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates
Electronics research-and-development company
electronics. In the mid-1950s, while working at the RCA Laboratories, Herbert Kroemer developed key aspects of his theories of heterostructure physics for
Sarnoff_Corporation
Change in energies of a thermodynamic system with respect to particle number
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-879285-7. Kittel, Charles; Herbert Kroemer (1980-01-15). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1088-2
Chemical_potential
August 2019. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000. Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby". Nobel Media AB. 2000. Retrieved 2012-05-01. Lojek
Invention of the integrated circuit
Invention_of_the_integrated_circuit
1109/lics52264.2021.9470703, ISBN 978-1-6654-4895-6 Charles Kittel and Herbert Kroemer (1980). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman Company. p. 53.
Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)
Semiconductor laser
Heterojunctions (formed from heterostructures) had been recognized by Herbert Kroemer, while working at RCA Laboratories in the mid-1950s, as having unique
Laser_diode
University of Sheffield Michael Kremer Economics 2019 Harvard University Herbert Kroemer Physics 2000 University of California, Santa Barbara August Krogh Physiology
List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation
List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation
Interface between two layers or regions of dissimilar semiconductors
Lasers: Using heterojunctions in lasers was first proposed in 1963 when Herbert Kroemer, a prominent scientist in this field, suggested that population inversion
Heterojunction
Number of available physical states per energy unit
Circuits. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2003. Kittel, Charles and Herbert Kroemer. Thermal Physics. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1980 Sze, Simon
Density_of_states
Germany (1893–1983) Lawrence M. Krauss – United States (born 1954) Herbert Kroemer – Germany (1928–2024), Nobel laureate August Krönig – Germany (1822–1879)
List_of_physicists
Physical quantity of ideal and quantum gases
ISSN 0143-0807. S2CID 250870934. Retrieved 2021-08-17. Charles Kittel; Herbert Kroemer (1980). Thermal Physics (2 ed.). W. H. Freeman. p. 73. ISBN 978-0716710882
Thermal_de_Broglie_wavelength
winding. Alan Kotok PDP-10 John D. Kraus Radio telescope, antennas Herbert Kroemer Heterostructures and semiconductor physics Gabriel Kron Diakoptics
List_of_electrical_engineers
American physicist (1916–2019)
Berkeley Physics Course 1969: Thermal Physics, 2nd ed. 1980 (with Herbert Kroemer) ISBN 0-7167-1088-9 Antiferroelectricity Ferromagnetic resonance Single
Charles_Kittel
Austrian-German physicist (1906–1983)
Archived 2007-03-16 at the Wayback Machine – Assistant to Sommerfeld, 1930 Kroemer – Nobel Prize Laureate Calogeracos, A.; Dombey, N. (September 1999). "History
Fritz_Sauter
Concept in thermodynamics
(thermodynamics) Phase transition Joule–Thomson effect Charles Kittel and Herbert Kroemer (1980). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-1088-9
Inversion_temperature
1960s decimal computer
of DTL using "drift" transistors (a type of transistor invented by Herbert Kroemer in 1953) for their speed, that IBM referred to as SDTDL (Saturated
IBM_1401
Idealization of a large number of atomic-sized systems
Statistical Mechanics. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Kittel, Charles; Herbert Kroemer (1980). Thermal Physics, Second Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman
Ensemble (mathematical physics)
Ensemble_(mathematical_physics)
Gas-like collection of photons
Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10250-4. Kittel, Charles; Herbert Kroemer (1980-01-15). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1088-2
Photon_gas
ideal gas approximation shall not hold no further. Charles Kittel; Herbert Kroemer (1980). Thermal Physics (2 ed.). W. H. Freeman. pp. 73–77. ISBN 978-0716710882
Quantum_concentration
Day of the year
1928 – Karl Korte, American composer and academic (died 2022) 1928 – Herbert Kroemer, German-American physicist, engineer, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
August_25
Comparison of a wide range of probabilities
punctuation characters = 64, 64199749 ≈ 10360,783. Kittel, Charles and Herbert Kroemer (1980). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman Company. p. 53. ISBN 0-7167-1088-9
Orders of magnitude (probability)
Orders_of_magnitude_(probability)
Award of the IEEE
past recipients are: 1971 John L. Moll 1972 Charles W. Mueller 1973 Herbert Kroemer 1974 Andrew S. Grove 1975 Jacques I. Pankove 1976 Marion E. Hines 1977
J._J._Ebers_Award
Vera Rubin, née Cooper (died 2016), American astronomer. August 25 – Herbert Kroemer, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate. September 7 – Donald
1928_in_science
Alferov shared the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics with Jack S. Kilby and Herbert Kroemer, both American physicists, for "basic work on information and communication
List of Russian Nobel laureates
List_of_Russian_Nobel_laureates
Small IBM scientific computer released in 1959
(RTL) using "drift" transistors (a type of transistor invented by Herbert Kroemer in 1953) for their speed, that IBM referred to as Saturated Drift Transistor
IBM_1620
Overview of Germany's handling with science and technology
Theodor W. Hänsch, Physics, 2005 Wolfgang Ketterle, Physics, 2001 Herbert Kroemer, Physics, 2000 Günter Blobel, Physiology or Medicine, 1999 Horst L
Science and technology in Germany
Science_and_technology_in_Germany
American political activist and attorney. Kali Kalo, 97, Greek actress. Herbert Kroemer, 95, German-American physicist, Nobel laureate (2000). Tommy McAvoy
Deaths_in_March_2024
Office within the United States Department of the Army
Chemistry in 2000 Alan MacDiarmid: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000 Herbert Kroemer: The Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 Eric Cornell: The Nobel Prize in
Army_Research_Office
electronics. He is an inventor of the heterotransistor and co-winner (with Herbert Kroemer and Jack Kilby) of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics. Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995):
List of atheists in science and technology
List_of_atheists_in_science_and_technology
engineer, who built the first functioning submarine in the world. Herbert Kroemer: Physicist, shared the Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 for developing semiconductor
List of German inventors and discoverers
List_of_German_inventors_and_discoverers
Spain, opens to the public. Nobel Prizes Physics – Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kroemer - Jack Kilby Chemistry – Alan J Heeger, Alan G MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa
2000_in_science
semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics" Herbert Kroemer (1928–2024) German Jack Kilby (1923–2005) American "for his part in
2000_Nobel_Prizes
Intensive quantity, heat capacity per amount of substance
physics. McGraw-Hill. pp. 253–254. ISBN 9780070518001. Charles Kittel; Herbert Kroemer (2000). Thermal physics. Freeman. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7167-1088-2. Textbook:
Molar_heat_capacity
Gunn in 1962, and were thus named the "Gunn effect", but physicist Herbert Kroemer pointed out in 1964 that Gunn's observations could be explained by
Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum_theory
Laser diode in which the active region is so narrow that quantum confinement occurs
proposed in 1963 by Herbert Kroemer and simultaneously (in 1963) by Zh. I. Alferov and R. F. Kazarinov in the U.S.S.R. Alferov and Kroemer shared a Nobel Prize
Quantum_well_laser
for space launches. 2000s Heterotransistor By Zhores Alfyorov with Herbert Kroemer 2000 Livermorium Collaboration between Lawrence Livermore National
Timeline of Russian innovation
Timeline_of_Russian_innovation
Bark scale by Eberhard Zwicker 1963: Proposition of heterojunction by Herbert Kroemer 1980: Quantum Hall effect by Klaus von Klitzing 1980s: Atomic force
List of German inventions and discoveries
List_of_German_inventions_and_discoveries
Adolf Kratzer Karl Kraus Dirk Kreimer Kurt Kremer Erich Kretschmann Herbert Kroemer August Krönig Bernd J. Kröger Ralph Kronig Eckhard Krotscheck Rudolf
List_of_German_physicists
Technology 2014 Robert H. Kraichnan (died 2008) No Affiliation 2000 Herbert Kroemer (died 2024) University of California, Santa Barbara 2003 Rolf W. Landauer
List of members of the National Academy of Sciences (applied physical sciences)
List_of_members_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_(applied_physical_sciences)
Physicist, engineer and inventor
Hill, NJ. He and his team built upon the Nobel Prize winning work of Herbert Kroemer, who proposed graded band-gap base GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors
Roger_Malik
Economics, 2004 Walter Kohn, Nobel Prize recipient, Chemistry, 1998 Herbert Kroemer, Nobel Prize recipient, Physics, 2000 John Robert Schrieffer, Nobel
List of University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
List_of_University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara_faculty
Carl Joachim Classen, German classical scholar (d. 2013) 25 August – Herbert Kroemer, German physicist 8 November – Ursula Haverbeck, neo-Nazi activist
1928_in_Germany
Engineering school at the University of California, Santa Barbara
Chemistry "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers", Herbert Kroemer, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and of Materials
UC Santa Barbara College of Engineering
UC_Santa_Barbara_College_of_Engineering
SR17 Georg Simon Ohm, German physicist JPL · 24750 24751 Kroemer 1992 SS24 Herbert Kroemer, German-American physicist and Nobelist JPL · 24751 24753
Meanings of minor-planet names: 24001–25000
Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_24001–25000
German physicist
Georg Dehmelt, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989, and Herbert Kroemer, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000. Richard Becker Theorie
Richard_Becker_(physicist)
N. David Mermin, Herbert Wagner and independently by Pierre Hohenberg. 1966–1968 – Zhores Alferov and independently Herbert Kroemer created the first
Timeline of condensed matter physics
Timeline_of_condensed_matter_physics
List of some notable people who have lived in the U.S. State of Colorado
1968) – physicist; created the first fermionic condensate in 2003 Herbert Kroemer (1928–2024) – physicist and electrical engineer; 2000 Nobel laureate
List_of_people_from_Colorado
American physicist and educator (1922–2018)
Rubin Braunstein describing work at RCA on YouTube. Family video. Herbert Kroemer, whose office at RCA adjoined Braunstein's and who later won the Nobel
Rubin_Braunstein
(2000–2004) (b. 1933) Lucas Samaras, 87, Greek-born artist (b. 1936) March 8 Herbert Kroemer, 95, German-American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (2000) (b. 1928)
2024 deaths in the United States (January–March)
2024_deaths_in_the_United_States_(January–March)
British physicist
able to determine the underlying physical process. In December 1964, Herbert Kroemer claimed that the Gunn effect was based upon the Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum
J._B._Gunn
(1930–2019) Soviet Union Russian Federation heterotransistor (with Herbert Kroemer), continuous-wave-operating diode laser (with Dmitri Garbuzov) Genrich
List_of_Russian_inventors
Russian-born American inventor
studied heterojunctions in semiconductors. In 2000, Zhores Alferov and Herbert Kroemer were awarded the Nobel Prize for their pioneering work. The achievement
Dmitri_Z._Garbuzov
Colorado Tweet Kimball Kiowa County, Colorado Kit Carson County, Colorado Herbert Kroemer La Plata County, Colorado Lake County, Colorado Lakes of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
Index_of_Colorado-related_articles
Foundation. Retrieved September 16, 2007. The Nobel Foundation (2007). "Herbert Kroemer: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved
History of the University of California, Santa Barbara
History_of_the_University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara
Month of 1964
hand-held computers, possible. Kilby, along with Zhores Alferov and Herbert Kroemer, would receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000. The burned remains
June_1964
Dutch physicist (1910–1991)
career in education and research". Past recipients are Lester Eastmann, Herbert Kroemer (Nobel Prize in Physics winner), Michael Shur, Marvin H. White, James
Aldert_van_der_Ziel
Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara
Chemistry), and Walter Kohn (1998, Chemistry). Physics Nobel Prize winners Herbert Kroemer (2000) and Shuji Nakamura (2014) are both professors of Electrical
Department of Physics (University of California, Santa Barbara)
Department_of_Physics_(University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara)
Award conferred by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Robert D. Burnham, William Streifer, and Donald R. Scifres 1986 – Herbert Kroemer 1987 – Dennis D. Buss, Richard A. Chapman, and Michael A. Kinch 1988
IEEE_Andrew_S._Grove_Award
Month of 1928
Lloyd Wright married his third wife Olga Lazovich in San Diego. Born: Herbert Kroemer, professor of electrical and computer engineering, in Weimar, Germany
August_1928
Biard For outstand contributions in the field of optoelectronics 1970 Herbert Kroemer For the invention of the drift transistor and other semiconductor devices
List of fellows of IEEE Electron Devices Society
List_of_fellows_of_IEEE_Electron_Devices_Society
Wolfgang Kaiser Larry Kevan Edward A. Knapp Daniel S. Koltun Jan Korringa Herbert Kroemer John A. Kuehner Richard L. Lander Dietrich W. J. Langer Linwood L.
List of fellows of the American Physical Society (1972–1997)
List_of_fellows_of_the_American_Physical_Society_(1972–1997)
American physical chemist (born 1929)
solution to the problem was proposed by Herbert Kroemer in 1963 &ndash: a double heterojunction laser. However, Kroemer failed to suggest that a suitable combination
Morton_B._Panish
Ohio State University 1972 Henry Kressel Warburg Pincus, LLC 1980 Herbert Kroemer (died 2024) University of California, Santa Barbara 1997 Mark H. Kryder
List of members of the National Academy of Engineering (electronics)
List_of_members_of_the_National_Academy_of_Engineering_(electronics)
Branch of physics
Callen, Herbert B. (1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-86256-8. Kroemer, Herbert; Kittel
Thermal_physics
Goldstein Herbert Gursky Herbert Huppert Herbert Kroemer Herbert L. Anderson Herbert Mataré Herbert S. Green Herbert Walther Herbert Wilson Herbert York Herbig–Haro
Index_of_physics_articles_(H)
Classical physics prediction that black body radiation grows unbounded with frequency
91–118. Bibcode:1911AnP...341...91E. doi:10.1002/andp.19113411106. Kroemer, Herbert; Kittel, Charles (1980). "Chapter 4". Thermal Physics (2 ed.). W. H
Ultraviolet_catastrophe
History of semiconductor light source
1892–1893. Bibcode:1955PhRv...99.1892B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.99.1892. Kroemer, Herbert (Sep 16, 2013). "The Double-Heterostructure Concept: How It Got Started"
History_of_the_LED
Physical constant relating particle kinetic energy with temperature
doi:10.1007/s11018-005-0195-9. S2CID 118726162. Kittel, Charles; Kroemer, Herbert (1980). Thermal physics (2nd ed.). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. p
Boltzmann_constant
Idealized thermodynamic cycle
Wiley & Sons. pp. 541–548. ISBN 978-0-471-02456-9. Kittel, Charles; Kroemer, Herbert (1980). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-1088-2
Carnot_cycle
Lowest theoretical temperature
from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010. Kittel, C.; Kroemer, H. (1980). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman. pp. 460–463. ISBN 978-0-7167-1088-2
Absolute_zero
Highest particle energy in a Fermi gas at absolute zero
State Physics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-083993-1. Kroemer, Herbert; Kittel, Charles (1980). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman Company
Fermi_energy
Counterintuitive result in probability
Course. Springer. pp. 97–100. ISBN 0-387-22833-0. Kittel, Charles; Kroemer, Herbert (1980). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman Company
Infinite_monkey_theorem
Property of a thermodynamic system
Understanding Boltzmann's Entropy. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03861-4. Kroemer, Herbert; Charles Kittel (1980). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman Company
Entropy
Chemical compound
1146–1147. Bibcode:1955PhRv..100.1146G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.100.1146. Kroemer, Herbert (1957). "Theory of a Wide-Gap Emitter for Transistors". Proceedings
Silicon–germanium
Measure of the coldness of a system
71.1142F. doi:10.1119/1.1593658. ISSN 0002-9505. Kittel, Charles; Kroemer, Herbert (1980), Thermal Physics (2 ed.), United States of America: W. H. Freeman
Thermodynamic_beta
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HERBERT KROEMER