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Philosophical problem
In philosophy of mind, the hard problem of consciousness (or simply the hard problem) is to explain how and why organisms have qualia, phenomenal consciousness
Hard_problem_of_consciousness
2015 play by Tom Stoppard
The Hard Problem is a play by Tom Stoppard, first produced in 2015. The title refers to the hard problem of consciousness, which Stoppard defines as having
The_Hard_Problem
Topics referred to by the same term
Hard problem may refer to: The Hard Problem, a 2015 play by Tom Stoppard Hard problems, in computational complexity theory Hard problem of consciousness
Hard_problem
Complexity class
computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time
NP-hardness
Unsolved problem in computer science
Unsolved problem in computer science If the solution to a problem can be checked in polynomial time, must the problem be solvable in polynomial time? More
P_versus_NP_problem
Irish actor
National Theatre in January 2015 to play Spike in Sir Tom Stoppard's The Hard Problem, which ran until 17 May 2015 and also had a worldwide broadcast via NT
Damien_Molony
View that mind is a ubiquitous feature of reality
associated with the rise of logical positivism. Recent interest in the hard problem of consciousness and developments in the fields of neuroscience, psychology
Panpsychism
interpretation of dreams. Knowing the brain basis of consciousness reduces the Hard problem of consciousness in a significant way while the provision of an alternative
Dream_consciousness
Ability to make choices voluntarily
some, "Intricately related to the hard problem of consciousness, the hard problem of free will represents the core problem of conscious free will: Does conscious
Free_will
NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization
NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization, important in theoretical computer science and operations research. The travelling purchaser problem, the
Travelling_salesman_problem
Problem of communication when asking for help
involving substitution of an easy problem in place of a hard problem Einstellung effect – Predisposition to solve a problem in a specific manner even though
XY_problem
Theory within consciousness research
inevitable existence of consciousness) eventually runs into the so-called "hard problem". Rather than try to start from physical principles and arrive at consciousness
Integrated_information_theory
compatible to another person's in terms of structure and ratio. The hard problem of consciousness is the question of what consciousness is and why we
List of philosophical problems
List_of_philosophical_problems
Thought experiment in philosophy
against forms of physicalism and in defense of the hard problem of consciousness, which is the problem of accounting in physical terms for subjective, intrinsic
Philosophical_zombie
Conscious event, perception or practical knowledge
theories. In metaphysics, experience is involved in the mind–body problem and the hard problem of consciousness, both of which try to explain the relation between
Experience
NP-complete problem in computer science
is NP-hard, but can be solved efficiently in practice. The partition problem is a special case of two related problems: In the subset sum problem, the
Partition_problem
American actor (born 1978)
Records The Hard Problem By Tom Stoppard At UCLA". BroadwayWorld. Retrieved November 16, 2019. Cahill, Eddie (November 11, 2019). "The Hard Problem by Tom
Eddie_Cahill
Optimization problem in computer science
lattice-based cryptosystems: lattice problems are an example of NP-hard problems which have been shown to be average-case hard, providing a test case for the
Lattice_problem
Branch of philosophy
mind–body problem is a paradigmatic issue in philosophy of mind, although a number of other issues are addressed, such as the hard problem of consciousness
Philosophy_of_mind
Mathematical problem in operations research
optimization problem in mathematics that arises from applications in industry. In terms of computational complexity, the problem is an NP-hard problem reducible
Cutting_stock_problem
Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist (born 1966)
Academy of Arts and Sciences. Chalmers is best known for formulating the hard problem of consciousness, and for popularizing the philosophical zombie thought
David_Chalmers
American actor
the theater in 2016, when she played the role of Cathy Krohl in The Hard Problem at the Studio Center in Washington, D.C. At age 13 in 2018, she reprised
Katie_Beth_Hall
Unsolved problem in computational complexity theory
solution to a GI-hard problem would yield a polynomial-time solution to the graph isomorphism problem (and so all problems in GI). A problem X {\displaystyle
Graph_isomorphism_problem
mathematical problems, but on an ad-hoc constructions, in which the bits of the message are mixed to produce the hash. These are then believed to be hard to break
Security of cryptographic hash functions
Security_of_cryptographic_hash_functions
Unrelated vertices in graphs
. The optimization problem of finding such a set is called the maximum independent set problem. It is a strongly NP-hard problem. As such, it is unlikely
Independent set (graph theory)
Independent_set_(graph_theory)
Problem in combinatorial optimization
The traveling purchaser problem (TPP) is an NP-hard problem studied in operations research and theoretical computer science. Given a list of marketplaces
Traveling_purchaser_problem
Combinatorial optimization problem
problem with a wide range of applications from finance and economics to machine learning. QUBO is an NP hard problem, and for many classical problems
Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization
Quadratic_unconstrained_binary_optimization
Ascribing an impossible property to a thing
Professor of Philosophy at the City University of New York, argues that the "hard problem of consciousness", as expressed by David Chalmers and others, rests on
Category_mistake
2021 book by Anil Seth
Seth's position on the hard problem of consciousness to fall in the middle between the two positions of either finding the hard problem to be meaningful or
Being You: A New Science of Consciousness
Being_You:_A_New_Science_of_Consciousness
Problem that is difficult or impossible to solve
In planning and policy, a wicked problem is a problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements
Wicked_problem
Open question in philosophy of how abstract minds interact with physical bodies
because consciousness has yet to be shown to be a process, and the "hard problem" of relating consciousness directly to brain activity remains elusive
Mind–body_problem
Totality of psychological phenomena
mind–body problem by arguing that it is based on an artificial dichotomy not present in the phenomenological description of experience. The hard problem of consciousness
Mind
Thought experiment on artificial intelligence
such questions as the mind–body problem, the problem of other minds, the symbol grounding problem, and the hard problem of consciousness. Searle identified
Chinese_room
English actress
centre stage again at National Theatre Live in Tom Stoppard's play The Hard Problem as Hilary. In 2015, Vinall was nominated for Best Supporting Performance
Olivia_Vinall
American cognitive psychologist and popular science author
terms of scientific explanation. Hoffman proposes a solution to the hard problem of consciousness by adopting the converse view that consciousness causes
Donald_D._Hoffman
NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization
The ring star problem (RSP) is a NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization. In a complete weighted mixed graph, the ring star problem aims to find
Ring_star_problem
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
security to a known hard problem would have a provable security reduction of the Merkle tree signature to that known hard problem. The Post-Quantum Cryptography
Post-quantum_cryptography
Hypothesis that reality could be a computer simulation
that implements the right computational structures and processes (see Hard problem of consciousness). Variations on the idea have also been featured in
Simulation_hypothesis
Hypothesis in computational complexity theory
that a problem has some hard instance (the problem is hard in the worst-case) is useless because it does not provide us with a way of generating hard instances
Computational hardness assumption
Computational_hardness_assumption
Model of consciousness
address the deeper problem of its nature, of what consciousness is, and of how any mental process whatsoever can be conscious: the hard problem of consciousness
Global_workspace_theory
Religious belief
neurobiologist and philosopher Owen Flanagan in his 2007 book The Really Hard Problem: Meaning in a Material World. Flanagan defines Jesusism as the "message"
Jesuism
2019 book by Philip Goff
presents a defense of the theory of panpsychism as the solution to the hard problem of consciousness. The title of the book refers to Galileo inaugurating
Galileo's_Error
Hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality
about the nature of phenomenal character, and offers a solution to the hard problem of consciousness. In contrast to this, weak representationalism does
Mental_representation
Combinatorial optimization problem
other to be placed close together. The problem is NP-hard, so there is no known algorithm for solving this problem in polynomial time, and even small instances
Quadratic_assignment_problem
Hypothetical process of digitally emulating a brain
described by Alexey Turchin. The main philosophical problem faced by mind uploading is the hard problem of consciousness: the difficulty of explaining how
Mind_uploading
Ability to readily identify logical or mathematical truth
potentially infinite nature of logical intuition posited by Gödel and the hard problem of consciousness posited by David Chalmers suggest that the realms of
Logical_intuition
Subfield of mathematical optimization
find near-optimal solutions to hard problems. The usual decision version is then an inadequate definition of the problem since it only specifies acceptable
Combinatorial_optimization
Inherent difficulty of computational problems
of a problem being hard for a complexity class. A problem X {\displaystyle X} is hard for a class of problems C {\displaystyle C} if every problem in C
Computational complexity theory
Computational_complexity_theory
Class of metaphysical theories in the philosophy of mind
mind–body problem and the hard problem of consciousness. The mind–body problem is the problem of explaining how mind relates to matter. The hard problem is a
Neutral_monism
Problem in cryptography
motivation for this problem is that many security systems use one-way functions: mathematical operations that are fast to compute, but hard to reverse. For
Diffie–Hellman_problem
Awareness of internal and external existence
understanding P-consciousness is much more challenging: he calls this the hard problem of consciousness. Some philosophers believe that Block's two types of
Consciousness
complexity, an NP-complete (or NP-hard) problem is weakly NP-complete (or weakly NP-hard) if there is an algorithm for the problem whose running time is polynomial
Weak_NP-completeness
American philosopher
has been cited as a precursor to David Chalmers's formulation of the hard problem of consciousness. Levine is also the author of several popular and academic
Joseph_Levine_(philosopher)
Provider of information for software testing
known as the oracle problem or test oracle problem, which some consider a relatively hard problem, and involves working with problems related to controllability
Test_oracle
On domino tiling after removing two corners
relaxation. In 1964, John McCarthy proposed the mutilated chessboard as a hard problem for automated proof systems, formulating it in first-order logic and
Mutilated_chessboard_problem
Decision problem in computer science
SSP is NP-hard. The complexity of the best known algorithms is exponential in the smaller of the two parameters n and L. The problem is NP-hard even when
Subset_sum_problem
Type of AI with wide-ranging abilities
AGI developers before the test is administered. A problem is informally called "AI-complete" or "AI-hard" if it is believed that AGI would be needed to solve
Artificial general intelligence
Artificial_general_intelligence
Observation that perception requires more computation than reasoning
of thirty-five years of AI research is that the hard problems are easy and the easy problems are hard". One possible explanation of the paradox, offered
Moravec's_paradox
Subtopic of natural language processing in artificial intelligence
deals with machine reading comprehension. NLU has been considered an AI-hard problem. There is considerable commercial interest in the field because of its
Natural language understanding
Natural_language_understanding
American writer
Mind. Key subjects of Conscious include free will, panpsychism and the hard problem of consciousness. In March 2025 she published her audio documentary series
Annaka_Harris
Subdivision of vertices into disjoint sets
and maximum cut problems. Typically, graph partition problems fall under the category of NP-hard problems. Solutions to these problems are generally derived
Graph_partition
Type of regression analysis
is an NP-hard problem. Nevertheless, if the sought-for equation is not too complex it is possible to solve the symbolic regression problem exactly by
Symbolic_regression
British actor (born 1953)
London, and in 2015 in the world premiere production of Stoppard's The Hard Problem. Jonathan Coy at IMDb The Unseen Hook at the Internet Movie Database
Jonathan_Coy
1996 philosophy book by David Chalmers
they claim to have solved the "hard problem of consciousness", when really all they have solved are certain "easy problems of consciousness". Chalmers believes
The_Conscious_Mind
American actor
January 2019, O'Shea played the role of Spike in Tom Stoppard's The Hard Problem at the Lincoln Center. In November 2020, O'Shea was cast in a recurring
Christopher_O'Shea
Philosophical position on the mind-body problem
philosophical position proposing that the hard problem of consciousness cannot be resolved by humans. The unresolvable problem is how to explain the existence of
New_mysterianism
American sci-fi television series
3 Body Problem is an American science fiction television series created by David Benioff, D. B. Weiss, and Alexander Woo. It is the third adaptation of
3_Body_Problem_(TV_series)
Use of tape machine record head as playback head in order to sync with new recording
Three problems had to be solved: mechanical alignment, switching of the record track to playback mode and multitrack erase head. The hard problem was the
Sel-Sync
2014 book by Stanislas Dehaene
consciousness but feels that the hard problem remains unresolved. Like Kalat, Hutson finds Dehaene's dismissal of the hard problem unjustified because consciousness
Consciousness_and_the_Brain
Type of computational problem
possible to define FNP-hard problems analogous to NP-hard problems: A problem R {\displaystyle R} is FNP-hard if every problem in FNP can be reduced to
Function_problem
Interdisciplinary scientific study of cognitive processes
Chalmers, who advocates Dualism and is also known for articulating the hard problem of consciousness, and Douglas Hofstadter, famous for writing Gödel, Escher
Cognitive_science
Unanswered question in the study of consciousness
binding problem is the problem of how objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience. The binding problem refers
Binding_problem
Research into the problem of consciousness
Neurophenomenology refers to a scientific research program aimed at addressing the hard problem of consciousness in a pragmatic way. It combines neuroscience with phenomenology
Neurophenomenology
Epistemological problem
consciousness Binding problem Boltzmann brain Brain in a vat Chinese room Dream argument Ethics of uncertain sentience Explanatory gap Hard problem of consciousness
Problem_of_other_minds
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Problems in need of solutions range from
Problem_solving
Branch of computational complexity theory
allows the classification of NP-hard problems on a finer scale than in the classical setting, where the complexity of a problem is only measured as a function
Parameterized_complexity
Inability to describe conscious experiences in solely physical or structural terms
explanation for experience and qualia) is known as "the hard problem". The hardness of the problem is such that mysterians believe it can never be solved
Explanatory_gap
Study of general and fundamental questions
functional or causal roles they play. The mind-body problem is closely related to the hard problem of consciousness, which asks how the physical brain
Philosophy
However, artificial intelligence for a game such as Magic is an extremely hard problem, and such software usually must be continuously updated to stay current
Magic: The Gathering video games
Magic:_The_Gathering_video_games
Operations research problem, paradigm of constrained scheduling problems
the nurse scheduling problem in its current form was introduced in two parallel publications in 1976. It is known to have NP-hard complexity. Conventionally
Nurse_scheduling_problem
Problem a computer might be able to solve
each city exactly once and returns to the origin city." It is an NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization, important in operations research and theoretical
Computational_problem
If there is a polynomial time algorithm for unambiguous-SAT, then NP equals RP
implies that the Boolean satisfiability problem, which is NP-complete, remains a computationally hard problem even if the input instances are promised
Valiant–Vazirani_theorem
Problem in computer science
In computability theory, the halting problem is the decision problem of, given an arbitrary computer program and an input, determining whether said program
Halting_problem
Minimum-cost tree with exactly k vertices
this tree is NP-hard, but it can be approximated to within a constant approximation ratio in polynomial time. The input to the problem consists of an undirected
K-minimum_spanning_tree
Unicode character
Hard hyphen Non-breaking space Word divider Word joiner Zero-width space Word wrap Jukka Korpela (January 2011). "Soft hyphen (SHY) – a hard problem?"
Soft_hyphen
Hindu monk
he reflects on contributions of Vedanta to the conversation on the Hard problem of consciousness. Fortune India mentions Sarvapriyananda as "one of the
Swami_Sarvapriyananda
1988 film by John McTiernan
Die Hard is a 1988 American action film directed by John McTiernan and written by Jeb Stuart and Steven E. de Souza, based on the 1979 novel Nothing Lasts
Die_Hard
Methodic assignment of colors to elements of a graph
Vertex coloring is often used to introduce graph coloring problems, since other coloring problems can be transformed into a vertex coloring instance. For
Graph_coloring
Artificial intelligence (AI) program
AlphaGeometry is an artificial intelligence (AI) program that can solve hard problems in Euclidean geometry. The system comprises a data-driven large language
AlphaGeometry
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
lattice problems, and Cynthia Dwork showed that a certain average-case lattice problem, known as short integer solutions (SIS), is at least as hard to solve
Lattice-based_cryptography
Instances of subjective experience
as a refutation of physicalism, and in defense of the hard problem of consciousness (the problem of accounting for, in physical terms, subjective, intrinsic
Qualia
Punctuation mark used to join words
English; rules and recommendations Jukka Korpela, Soft hyphen (SHY)—a hard problem? (See also his article on word breaking, line breaks, and special characters
Hyphen
Theories proposing consciousness as an electromagnetic phenomenon
consciousness. Chalmers is skeptical that any new physics can resolve the hard problem of consciousness. He argues that quantum theories of consciousness suffer
Electromagnetic theories of consciousness
Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness
On short connecting nets with added points
giving rise to a multitude of Steiner tree problem variants. Most versions of the Steiner tree problem are NP-hard, but some restricted cases can be solved
Steiner_tree_problem
Node labeling problem in graph theory
special cases of the quadratic bottleneck assignment problem. The bandwidth problem is NP-hard, even for some special cases. Regarding the existence
Graph_bandwidth
Thought experiment in the philosophy of mind
qualia laden and others are not (Chalmers' "hard problem") but at least it narrows the scope of the problem" (p. 25). Jackson's argument is meant to support
Knowledge_argument
23 mathematical problems stated in 1900
Hilbert's problems are 23 problems in mathematics published by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1900. They were all unsolved at the time, and several
Hilbert's_problems
Lattice-based cryptosystem
cryptosystem makes use of the fact that the closest vector problem can be a hard problem. This system was published in 1997 by Oded Goldreich, Shafi
GGH_encryption_scheme
Problem in computer science
{\displaystyle {\displaystyle s\neq 0^{n}}} . Intuitively, this is a hard problem to solve in a "classical" way, even if one uses randomness and accepts
Simon's_problem
American software industry commentator
of them", told them "I'm smarter than you" and then "gave them an NP-hard problem and went home". He later told critics of these tweets to "get into Google
Patrick_Shyu
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