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Australian Aboriginal language
Gujambal (Guyambal, Kwiambal) is a possible extinct Australian Aboriginal language. It is documented only in a wordlist from 1887. 'Gambuwal' may have
Guyambal_language
Extinct Aboriginal language of Victoria, Australia
other variant spellings, is an extinct and reviving Aboriginal Australian language traditionally spoken by the Boonwurrung people of the Kulin nation of central
Bunurong_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
classify it as a Wiradjuric language. Glottolog states that Wafer and Lissarrague (2008) have classed Bigambul, Guyambal and Yugambal together. Some words
Bigambul_language
Proposed group of Australian Aboriginal languages
Yugambalic † Guyambal † Yugambal-Bigambal † Yugambal † Bigambul † Wafer, James William; Lissarrague, Amanda (2008). A handbook of Aboriginal languages of New
East Queensland Border languages
East_Queensland_Border_languages
Australian Aboriginal language of the Yolngu group spoken in the Northern Territory
is one of the Yolŋu languages spoken by Aboriginal Australians in the Northern Territory, Australia. Although all Yolŋu languages are mutually intelligible
Dhuwal_language
Family of Australian Aboriginal languages
includes the languages of the Yolŋu clans, who are Aboriginal peoples of northeast Arnhem Land in northern Australia. The family of languages includes the
Yolŋu_languages
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
also been grouped with Yagara, Janday, Guyambal and Bigambal. As late as 1855, people speaking the Jukambal language were encountered living on the Macintyre
Yugambal_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Australian Aboriginal language of the Pama–Nyungan family once spoken by the Ngamini and related peoples. RMW Dixon (2002), Australian Languages: Their Nature
Ngamini_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Mayi-Kulan is an extinct Mayi language formerly spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia. Mayi-Kulan and its dialects may be dialects
Mayi-Kulan_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Wik-Me'nh is a Paman language of the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia. Y53 Wik Me'anh at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian
Wik-Me'nh_language
Australian Aboriginal language
(Tagalaka, Dagalag) is a poorly attested, extinct Australian Aboriginal language of Queensland. The Tagalaka inhabited the area, estimated at 3,900 square
Tagalaka_language
Pama–Nyungan language of Western Australia
Pama–Nyungan language of Western Australia. It has recently been classified as the closest relative of the Nyungar languages. Kalarko–Mirniny language Mirning
Galaagu_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Aboriginal language. It was spoken by the Yaygir people in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales. There are attempts to revitalise the language, including
Yaygir_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Urradhi is a Paman language of the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, and is apparently extinct. It forms a group of closely related and highly
Uradhi_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Adowen, Gun-djawan), also known as Kumertuo, is a moribund Gunwinyguan language spoken only by elders in Arnhem Land, Australia. /ɾ/ can be heard as either
Jawoyn_language
Australian Aboriginal language
(Dhaŋu, Dangu) and Djangu (Djaŋu) constitute an Australian Aboriginal language of the Yolŋu group, spoken by the Dhaŋu and Djaŋu people in Australia's
Dhangu-Djangu_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Yinjibarndi is a Pama–Nyungan language spoken by the Yindjibarndi people of the Pilbara region in north-western Australia. Yinjibarndi is mutually intelligible
Yinjibarndi_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Gubbi Gubbi, also spelt Kabi Kabi, is a language of Queensland in Australia, formerly spoken by the Kabi Kabi people of South-east Queensland. The main
Gubbi_Gubbi_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Gurdjar (Kurtjar) is a Paman language of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. There are two dialects, Gurdjar proper (Gunggara, Kunggara), and
Gurdjar_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
an Australian Aboriginal language, the traditional language of the Darkinyung people. While no audio recordings of the language survive, several researchers
Darkinyung_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
extinct Australian Aboriginal language of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia. Speakers of the language were recorded as inhabiting the
Uwinymil_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Australian Aboriginal language, of Queensland, Australia. It is one of several geographically transitional "Karna–Mari fringe" languages that have not been
Kalali_language
Pama–Nyungan language spoken in Australia
Woiwurrung, Taungurung and Boonwurrung are Aboriginal languages of the Kulin nation of Central Victoria. Woiwurrung was spoken by the Woiwurrung and related
Woiwurrung–Taungurung language
Woiwurrung–Taungurung_language
Southwestern Australian Aboriginal language
Noongar (/ˈnʊŋɑːr/), also Nyungar (/ˈnjʊŋɡɑːr/), is an Australian Aboriginal language or dialect continuum, spoken by some members of the Noongar community and
Noongar_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
the similar-sounding Ndrangith language and Ndwa'ngith language. Y39 Ndra'ngith at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute
Ndra'ngith_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
language of New South Wales. Since 2017, there has been a revival program underway to bring the language back. Once included in the Kuric languages,
Anewan_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Yuyu (Yirau) is an extinct language or dialect cluster of southern South Australia. Walsh treats Yuyu as a language with Ngawait, Erawirung, Ngintait,
Yuyu_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Aboriginal language of the Paman family spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of North Queensland, Australia by the Ayapathu people. The Ayabadhu language region
Ayabadhu_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Meanjin), is an extinct language of Queensland in Australia. The people it is spoken by are called the Nunukul, but the language is called Moondjan. According
Nunukul_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Gugubera (Koko Pera), or Kok-Kaper, is a Paman language of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, in Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021). "Cultural
Koko-Bera_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Warrgamay is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of northeast Queensland. It was closely related to Dyirbal. It is also known as Waragamai, Wargamay
Warrgamay_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Kureinji is an extinct language of southwest New South Wales. It is also called Keramin and Kemendok, though it is not clear if these are dialects or synonyms
Kureinji_language
Australian Aboriginal language
is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Pama–Nyungan family, spoken by the Wongkanguru and Arabana people. The language is in steep decline, with an
Arabana_language
Aboriginal Australian language family
The Pama–Nyungan languages (/ˌpɑːmə ˈnjʊŋən/ PAH-mə-NYOONG-ən) are the most widespread family of Australian Aboriginal languages, comprising 306 of the
Pama–Nyungan_languages
Aboriginal Australian language
natively [wacari]) is an endangered Australian Aboriginal language. It is one of the Kartu languages of the Pama–Nyungan family. Wajarri country is inland
Wajarri_language
Aboriginal language in New South Wales, Australia
The Paakantyi language, also spelt Paakantji, Barkindji, Barkandji, and Baagandji, and is also known as the Darling language, is a nearly extinct Australian
Paakantyi_language
Language
Pirlatapa is an extinct and poorly attested Australian Aboriginal language, presumably of the Pama–Nyungan family. It may have been a dialect of Diyari
Pirlatapa_language
Extinct Pama–Nyungan language of Australia
Ngarigo (Ngarigu) is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language, the traditional language of the Ngarigo people of inland far southeast New South Wales
Ngarigo_language
Pama–Nyungan language of Western Australia
Kalaamaya, also spelled Karlamay, is a Pama–Nyungan language of Western Australia. It is poorly attested, but appears to be a close relative of Noongar
Kalaamaya_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Dhudhuroa is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of north-eastern Victoria. As it is no longer spoken, Dhudhuroa is primarily known today from written
Dhudhuroa_language
Nearly extinct dialect cluster of Western Australia
Mantharta is a dialect cluster of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in the southern Pilbara region of Western Australia. There are four varieties
Mantharta_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Uradhi, Teppathiggi or Ludhigh, pronounced [lud̪uɣ]) is an extinct Paman language formerly spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by
Luthigh_language
Paman language spoken in Queensland, Australia
Kunjen, or Uw, is a Paman language spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Uw Oykangand, Olkola, and related Aboriginal Australian
Kunjen_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
spelt Mayaguduna, Maikudunu and other variants, is an extinct Mayabic language once spoken by the Mayi-Kutuna, an Aboriginal Australian people of the
Mayi-Kutuna_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Biri is a language traditionally spoken in an area between Mackay and Townsville of Queensland by the Birri Gubba people. Several grammatical descriptions
Biri_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Rembarrnga (Rembarunga) is an Australian Aboriginal language. It is one of the Northern Non-Pama–Nyungan languages, spoken in the Roper River region of the Northern
Rembarrnga_language
Extinct Aboriginal Australian language
Aboriginal Australian language of the Djab Wurrung people of central Victoria. S26 Djab Wurrung at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian
Djabwurrung_language
Language branch spoken in Australia
Yugambeh–Bundjalung, also known as Bandjalangic, is a branch of the Pama–Nyungan language family that is spoken in north-eastern New South Wales and South-East Queensland
Yugambeh–Bundjalung_languages
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Ngayawung (Ngaiawong NIGH-uh-wong) is an extinct language of southern South Australia, spoken by the Ngaiawang, Ngaralti and Nganguruku people. The name
Ngaiawang_language
Australian Aboriginal language
spelt Kuku-Yalanji, is an Australian Aboriginal language of Queensland. It is the traditional language of the Kuku Yalanji people. Despite conflicts between
Guugu_Yalandji_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Australian Aboriginal language spoken in the Hamersley Range, in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. It is the traditional language of the Panyjima people
Panyjima_language
Indigenous Australian language
Djinba is an Australian Aboriginal Yolŋu language, spoken by the Djinba in eastern Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Dialects of the two moieties are (a)
Djinba_language
Dialect cluster of Pama–Nyungan languages
The Western Desert language, or Wati, is a dialect cluster of Australian Aboriginal languages in the Pama–Nyungan family. The name Wati tends to be used
Western_Desert_language
Australian Aboriginal language
The Gamilaraay or Kamilaroi language (Gamilaraay pronunciation: [ɡ̊aˌmilaˈɻaːj]) is a Pama–Nyungan language of the Wiradhuric subgroup found mostly in
Gamilaraay_language
Extinct unclassified languages of Australia
The Lower Burdekin languages are a geographical grouping of three distinct Aboriginal languages, spoken around the mouth of the Burdekin River in north
Lower_Burdekin_languages
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Indigenous Australian language once spoken in Victoria and New South Wales. Clark suggests that Jari Jari is a closely related language, but this name may
Wadi_Wadi_dialect
Pama–Nyungan language of Western Australia
Australian language of the Malgana people of Western Australia. It is one of the Kartu languages of the Pama–Nyungan family of languages. The Irra Wangga
Malgana_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Ladji Ladji (Ledji-Ledji) is a moribund Australian Aboriginal language once widely spoken in New South Wales and Victoria by the Latjilatji (or Ladji Ladji)
Latji-Latji_dialect
Australian Aboriginal language
Lamalama language, also known by the clan name Mbarrumbathama (Austlang) or Mba Rumbathama, formerly known as Lamu-Lamu or Lama-Lama, is a Paman language of
Lamalama_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Bidjara, also spelt Bidyara or Pitjara, is an Australian Aboriginal language. In 1980, it was spoken by 20 elders in Queensland between the towns of Tambo
Bidjara_language
Language family of northern Australia
The Tangkic languages form a small language family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. The Tangkic languages are Lardil (Leerdil)
Tangkic_languages
Extinct language of Western Australia
Yinhawangka (Inawangga) is a Pama–Nyungan language of Western Australia. Dench (1995) believed there was insufficient data to enable it to be confidently
Yinhawangka_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Tharrnggala is an extinct Paman language of the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia. Like several languages in the area, it is often referred
Aghu_Tharrnggala_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Yabula-Yabula (Jabulajabula) in an extinct language of Australia, located in Victoria and New South Wales. Dixon listed it an isolate, but Glottolog evaluates
Yabula-Yabula_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
The Tulua language, also written as Toolooa and Dulua and known as Narung is an extinct Aboriginal Australian language of Queensland in Australia. Dappil
Tulua_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Mithaka (also Midhaga, Mitaka) is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language in the Barcoo Shire of Western Queensland spoken by the Mitaka people. Karruwali
Mithaka_language
Revived Australian Aboriginal language
Aboriginal language spoken by the Narungga people in Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. As a result of the colonisation of Australia, the Narungga language fell
Narungga_language
Proposed language family of Australia
is an umbrella term used to refer to a proposed Indigenous Australian language family. It was coined by the Australian linguist Nicholas Evans in his
Macro-Pama–Nyungan_languages
Australian Aboriginal language
The Gathang language, also spelt Gadjang, Katang, Kattang, Kutthung, Gadhang, Gadang and previously known as Worimi (also spelt Warrimay), is an Australian
Gathang_language
Australian Aboriginal language
The Adnyamathanha language (pronounced /ˈɑːdnjəmʌdənə/), also known as yura ngarwala natively and Kuyani, also known as Guyani and other variants, are
Adnyamathanha_language
Paman language of Queensland, Australia
Wik-Ngatharr, or Wik-Alken (Wik-Elken), is a Paman language spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Wik-Ngatharr people. It
Wik-Ngatharr_dialect
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Minkin or Mingginda is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language, perhaps a language isolate, of northern Australia. It was spoken by the Mingin people
Minkin_language
Australian Aboriginal language of the Sydney area
The Dharug language, also spelt Darug, Dharuk, and other variants, and also known as the Sydney language, Gadigal language (Sydney city area), is an Australian
Dharug_language
Australian Aboriginal language
The Gunaikurnai or Gunai/Kurnai (/ˈɡʌnaɪkɜːrnaɪ/ GUN-eye-kur-nye) language, also spelt Gunnai, Kurnai, Ganai, Gaanay, or Kurnay /ˈkɜːrnaɪ/ KUR-nye) is
Gunaikurnai_language
Endangered Pama–Nyungan language of Australia
Ngadjunmaya, correctly known as Ngadjumaya[citation needed], is a Pama–Nyungan language of Western Australia that is located in the Goldfields-Esperance region
Ngadjunmaya_language
Endangered Ngayarda language of Western Australia
continuum, which is a part of the Ngayarda language group of Western Australia, in the Pama–Nyungan language family. Some sources suggest that an extinct
Ngarluma_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Kuuk Thaayorre (Thayore) is a Paman language spoken in the settlement Pormpuraaw on the western part of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland in Australia
Kuuk_Thaayorre_language
Extinct Australian language
Kok Narr (Kok-Nar) is an extinct Paman language of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. Ancestral Koknar(Kwantari) territory is estimated to
Kok-Nar_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Nugunu or many other names: see below) is a moribund Australian Aboriginal language spoken by Nukunu people on Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. As of 2017
Nukunu_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Mayi language once spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Wunumara and Ngawun peoples. The last speaker of the language was
Ngawun_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
language of Queensland. Yindjilandji (Indjilandji) may have been a separate language. The linguist Gavan Breen recorded two dialects of the language,
Wagaya_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Wikngenchera language groups. Wik Mungkan is healthier than most other languages on the peninsula, and is developing and absorbing other Aboriginal languages very
Wik_Mungkan_language
Extinct Paman language of Australia
Linngithigh (Liningitij) is an extinct Paman language formerly spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Linngithigh people. It
Linngithigh_dialect
Australian Aboriginal language
Turrbal is an Aboriginal Australian language of the Turrbal people of the Brisbane area of Queensland. Alternate spellings include Turubul, Turrubal, Turrabul
Turrbal_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Bungandidj is a language of Australia, spoken by the Bungandidj people, Indigenous Australians who lived in an area which is now in south-eastern South
Bungandidj_language
Pama–Nyungan language family of Australia
Ngumpin languages are a small language family of Australia, consisting of (from west to east): Walmajarri Djaru Gurindji (Gurindji proper, Bilinarra, Wanyjirra
Ngumbin_languages
Australian Aboriginal language
Aboriginal language, the traditional language of the Guugu Yimithirr people of Far North Queensland. It belongs to the Pama-Nyungan language family. Most
Guugu_Yimithirr_language
Extinct Pama–Nyungan language of Australia
Barababaraba (Baraba-Baraba), or Baraparapa, is an extinct Indigenous Australian language once spoken along the southern tributaries of the Murrumbidgee River, Victoria
Barababaraba_dialect
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
several other names and spellings) is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language. It was spoken around Boulia, Queensland. In 1979, Barry J. Blake reported
Pitta_Pitta_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Dyirbal (/ˈdʒɜːrbəl/ JUR-bəl; also Djirubal) is an Australian Aboriginal language and dialect spoken in northeast Queensland tradtionally spoken by the group
Dyirbal_language
Australian Aboriginal language
is a Pama–Nyungan language spoken in the south-eastern Kimberley region of Western Australia. As with most Pama-Nyungan languages, Djaru includes single
Djaru_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Mibanah gulgun, lit. 'language of men' or 'sound of eagles'), also known as Tweed-Albert Bandjalang, is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Yugambeh
Yugambeh_language
Australian Aboriginal language
Dalabon is a Gunwinyguan language of Arnhem Land, Australia. It is a severely endangered language, with perhaps as one or two fluent speakers remaining
Dalabon_language
Australian Aboriginal language of the Crocodile Islands
The Nhangu language (Nhaŋu), also Yan-nhaŋu (Jarnango) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Yan-nhaŋu people, inhabitants of the Crocodile
Nhangu_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Kukatj, also rendered Gugadj, is an extinct Paman language of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. The name Kalibamu has also been assigned
Kukatj_language
Traditional language of the Wiradjuri people of Australia
spellings, see Wiradjuri) is a Pama–Nyungan language of the Wiradhuric subgroup. It is the traditional language of the Wiradjuri people, an Aboriginal Australian
Wiradjuri_language
Extinct Pama–Nyungan language of Australia
(Mpalitjanh) is an Australian language once spoken in the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland. It and Luthigh are dialects of a single language. Mpalityan at Ethnologue
Mpalitjanh_dialect
Australian Aboriginal language
The Ritharnggu language (Ritharrŋu, Ritharngu, Ritarungo) is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Yolŋu language group, spoken in Australia's Northern
Ritharrngu_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
a language of Queensland. Although no longer spoken as a native language by the Taribelang or Bunda people, it is spoken as a 2nd or 3rd language by
Taribelang_language
Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
Dhauwurd Wurrung is a term used for a group of languages spoken by various groups of the Gunditjmara people of the Western District of Victoria, Australia
Dhauwurd_Wurrung_language
GUYAMBAL LANGUAGE
GUYAMBAL LANGUAGE
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from a Germanic personal name composed of
the elements haim, heim ‘home’ + rīc ‘power’,
‘ruler’, introduced to England by the Normans in the form
Henri. During the Middle Ages this name became enormously
popular in England and was borne by eight kings. Continental forms of
the personal name were equally popular throughout Europe (German
Heinrich, French Henri, Italian Enrico and
Arrigo, Czech Jindřich, etc.). As an American family
name, the English form Henry has absorbed patronymics and many
other derivatives of this ancient name in continental European
languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.) In the period in
which the majority of English surnames were formed, a common English
vernacular form of the name was Harry, hence the surnames
Harris (southern) and Harrison (northern). Official
documents of the period normally used the Latinized form
Henricus. In medieval times, English Henry absorbed an
originally distinct Old English personal name that had hagan
‘hawthorn’. Compare Hain 2 as its first element, and there has
also been confusion with Amery.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó hInnéirghe ‘descendant of
Innéirghe’, a byname based on éirghe
‘arising’.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac ÉinrÃ
or Mac Einri, patronymics from the personal names
ÉinrÃ, Einri, Irish forms of Henry. It is
also found as a variant of McEnery.Jewish (American) : Americanized form of various like-sounding Ashkenazic Jewish names.A bearer of the name from the Touraine region of France is
documented in Quebec city in 1667. Another (also called
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : from the Middle English personal name Ma(t)thew, vernacular form of the Greek New Testament name Matthias, Matthaios, which is ultimately from the Hebrew personal name Matityahu ‘gift of God’. This was taken into Latin as Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus respectively, the former being used for the twelfth apostle (who replaced Judas Iscariot) and the latter for the author of the first Gospel. In many European languages this distinction is reflected in different surname forms. The commonest vernacular forms of the personal name, including English Matthew, Old French Matheu, Spanish Mateo, Italian Matteo, Portuguese Mateus, Catalan and Occitan Mateu are generally derived from the form Matthaeus. The American surname Matthew has also absorbed European cognates from other languages, including Greek Mathias and Mattheos.It is found as a personal name among Christians in India, and in the U.S. is used as a family name among families from southern India.
Surname or Lastname
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás)
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás) : from a medieval personal name, which comes from the Hebrew male personal name Yona, meaning ‘dove’. In the book of the Bible which bears his name, Jonah was appointed by God to preach repentance to the city of Nineveh, but tried to flee instead to Tarshish. On the voyage to Tarshish, a great storm blew up, and Jonah was thrown overboard by his shipmates to appease God’s wrath, swallowed by a great fish, and delivered by it on the shores of Nineveh. This story exercised a powerful hold on the popular imagination in medieval Europe, and the personal name was a relatively common choice. The Hebrew name and its reflexes in other languages (for example Yiddish Yoyne) have been popular Jewish personal names for generations. There are also saints, martyrs, and bishops called Jonas venerated in the Orthodox Church. Ionas is found as a Greek family name.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : respelling of Yonis, with Yiddish possessive -s.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the male personal name Manasseh, Hebrew Menashe ‘one who causes to forget’ (see Manasse), borne in the Middle Ages by Christians as well as by Jews. Hebrew Menashe and its reflexes in other Jewish languages have always been popular among Jews.English : occupational name for someone who made handles for agricultural and domestic implements, from an agent derivative of Anglo-Norman French mance ‘handle’ (Old French manche, Late Latin manicus, a derivative of manus ‘hand’).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of the female personal name Elizabeth. Compare Hibbs 2.English : nickname for someone with very fair hair or skin, from Middle English, Old English lilie ‘lily’ (Latin lilium). The Italian equivalent Giglio was used as a personal name in the Middle Ages. In English and other languages there has also been some confusion with forms of Giles.English : habitational name from places called Lilley, in Hertfordshire and Berkshire. The Hertfordshire place was named in Old English as ‘flax-glade’, from līn ‘flax’ + lēah ‘woodland clearing’. The Berkshire name is from Old English Lillinglēah ‘wood associated with Lilla’, an Old English personal name.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Matthew. In North America, this form has assimilated numerous vernacular derivatives in other languages of Latin Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus.Irish (Ulster and County Louth) : used as an Americanized form of McMahon.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German : from a short form of the personal name Matthias (see Matthew) or any of its many cognates, for example Norman French Maheu.English, French, Dutch, and German : from a nickname or personal name taken from the month of May (Middle English, Old French mai, Middle High German meie, from Latin Maius (mensis), from Maia, a minor Roman goddess of fertility). This name was sometimes bestowed on someone born or baptized in the month of May; it was also used to refer to someone of a sunny disposition, or who had some anecdotal connection with the month of May, such as owing a feudal obligation then.English : nickname from Middle English may ‘young man or woman’.Irish (Connacht and Midlands) : when not of English origin (see 1–3 above), this is an Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Miadhaigh ‘descendant of Miadhach’, a personal name or byname meaning ‘honorable’, ‘proud’.French : habitational name from any of various places called May or Le May.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : habitational name from Mayen, a place in western Germany.Americanized spelling of cognates of 1 in various European languages, for example Swedish Ma(i)j.Chinese : possibly a variant of Mei 1, although this spelling occurs more often for the given name than for the surname.Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, is named after the Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May.
Surname or Lastname
Scottish (of Norman origin)
Scottish (of Norman origin) : habitational name from any of various places in northern France named with Old Norse hagi ‘enclosure’, a word with cognates in most Germanic languages. Compare Hay.English : variant spelling of Haigh.Irish (County Cavan) : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Thaidhg (see McCaig).
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : status name or occupational name from Middle English, Old French maresc(h)al ‘marshal’. The term is of Germanic origin (compare Old High German marah ‘horse’, ‘mare’ + scalc ‘servant’). Originally it denoted a man who looked after horses, but by the heyday of medieval surname formation it denoted on the one hand one of the most important servants in a great household (in the royal household a high official of state, one with military responsibilities), and on the other a humble shoeing smith or farrier. It was also an occupational name for a medieval court officer responsible for the custody of prisoners. An even wider range of meanings is found in some other languages: compare for example Polish Marszałek (see Marszalek). The surname is also borne by Jews, presumably as an Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish surnames.As the fourth chief justice of the U.S., John Marshall (1755–1835) was the principal architect in consolidating and defining the powers of the Supreme Court. He was a descendant of John Marshall of Ireland, who settled in Culpeper Co., VA, sometime before 1655.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, and German
English, French, and German : from the vernacular form of the Hebrew personal name Yehuda ‘Judah’ (of unknown meaning). In the Bible, this is the name of Jacob’s eldest son. It was not a popular name among Christians in medieval Europe, because of the associations it had with Judas Iscariot, the disciple who betrayed Christ for thirty pieces of silver. Among Jews, however, the Hebrew name and its reflexes in various Jewish languages (such as Yiddish Yude) have been popular for generations, and have given rise to many Jewish surnames.French : name for a Jew, Old French jude (Latin Iudaeus, Greek Ioudaios, from Hebrew Yehudi ‘member of the tribe of Judah’).English : from a pet form of Jordan.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English : habitational name from Ludwick Hall in Bishops Hatfield, Hertfordshire, probably named from the Old English personal name Luda + Old English wÄ«c ‘outlying (dairy) farm’.
Surname or Lastname
English and Welsh
English and Welsh : patronymic from the Middle English personal name Jon(e) (see John). The surname is especially common in Wales and southern central England. In North America this name has absorbed various cognate and like-sounding surnames from other languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Jacob. As an American surname this name has absorbed cognates from other languages, for example Danish, Norwegian, and Dutch Jacobsen and Swedish Jacobsson.
Surname or Lastname
English, Welsh, German, etc.
English, Welsh, German, etc. : ultimately from the Hebrew personal name yÅÌ£hÄnÄn ‘Jehovah has favored (me with a son)’ or ‘may Jehovah favor (this child)’. This personal name was adopted into Latin (via Greek) as Johannes, and has enjoyed enormous popularity in Europe throughout the Christian era, being given in honor of St. John the Baptist, precursor of Christ, and of St. John the Evangelist, author of the fourth gospel, as well as others of the nearly one thousand other Christian saints of the name. Some of the principal forms of the personal name in other European languages are Welsh Ieuan, Evan, Siôn, and Ioan; Scottish Ia(i)n; Irish Séan; German Johann, Johannes, Hans; Dutch Jan; French Jean; Italian Giovanni, Gianni, Ianni; Spanish Juan; Portuguese João; Greek IÅannÄ“s (vernacular Yannis); Czech Jan; Russian Ivan. Polish has surnames both from the western Slavic form Jan and from the eastern Slavic form Iwan. There were a number of different forms of the name in Middle English, including Jan(e), a male name (see Jane); Jen (see Jenkin); Jon(e) (see Jones); and Han(n) (see Hann). There were also various Middle English feminine versions of this name (e.g. Joan, Jehan), and some of these were indistinguishable from masculine forms. The distinction on grounds of gender between John and Joan was not firmly established in English until the 17th century. It was even later that Jean and Jane were specialized as specifically feminine names in English; bearers of these surnames and their derivatives are more likely to derive them from a male ancestor than a female. As a surname in the British Isles, John is particularly frequent in Wales, where it is a late formation representing Welsh Siôn rather than the older form Ieuan (which gave rise to the surname Evan). As an American family name this form has absorbed various cognates from continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc.
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc. : from the Latin personal name Lucas (Greek Loukas) ‘man from Lucania’. Lucania is a region of southern Italy thought to have been named in ancient times with a word meaning ‘bright’ or ‘shining’. Compare Lucio. The Christian name owed its enormous popularity throughout Europe in the Middle Ages to St. Luke the Evangelist, hence the development of this surname and many vernacular derivatives in most of the languages of Europe. Compare Luke. This is also found as an Americanized form of Greek Loukas.Scottish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Lùcais (see McLucas).As a French name Lucas has been recorded in Canada since 1653, taken to Trois Rivières, Quebec, by one Lucas-Lépine from Normandy.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : patronymic from the personal name John. As an American family name, Johnson has absorbed patronymics and many other derivatives of this name in continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)Johnson is the second most frequent surname in the U.S. It was brought independently to North America by many different bearers from the 17th and 18th centuries onward.
Surname or Lastname
English and French (Léonard)
English and French (Léonard) : from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements leo ‘lion’ (a late addition to the vocabulary of Germanic name elements, taken from Latin) + hard ‘hardy’, ‘brave’, ‘strong’, which was taken to England by the Normans. A saint of this name, who is supposed to have lived in the 6th century, but about whom nothing is known except for a largely fictional life dating from half a millennium later, was popular throughout Europe in the early Middle Ages and was regarded as the patron of peasants and horses.Irish (Fermanagh) : adopted as an English equivalent of Gaelic Mac Giolla Fhionáin or of Langan.Americanized form of Italian Leonardo or cognate forms in other European languages.The French Léonard family were at Château Richer, Quebec, by 1698, having come from Maine, France.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a Latinist, a clerk who wrote documents in Latin, from Anglo-Norman French latinier, latim(m)ier. Latin was more or less the universal language of official documents in the Middle Ages, displaced only gradually by the vernacular—in England, by Anglo-Norman French at first, and eventually by English.
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : from Latin Marcus, the personal name of St. Mark the Evangelist, author of the second Gospel. The name was borne also by a number of other early Christian saints. Marcus was an old Roman name, of uncertain (possibly non-Italic) etymology; it may have some connection with the name of the war god Mars. Compare Martin. The personal name was not as popular in England in the Middle Ages as it was on the Continent, especially in Italy, where the evangelist became the patron of Venice and the Venetian Republic, and was allegedly buried at Aquileia. As an American family name, this has absorbed cognate and similar names from other European languages, including Greek Markos and Slavic Marek.English, German, and Dutch (van der Mark) : topographic name for someone who lived on a boundary between two districts, from Middle English merke, Middle High German marc, Middle Dutch marke, merke, all meaning ‘borderland’. The German term also denotes an area of fenced-off land (see Marker 5) and, like the English word, is embodied in various place names which have given rise to habitational names.English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from Marck, Pas-de-Calais.German : from Marko, a short form of any of the Germanic compound personal names formed with mark ‘borderland’ as the first element, for example Markwardt.Americanization or shortened form of any of several like-sounding Jewish or Slavic surnames (see for example Markow, Markowitz, Markovich).Irish (northeastern Ulster) : probably a short form of Markey (when not of English origin).
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and northern Irish
English, Scottish, and northern Irish : patronymic from Jack 1. As an American surname this has absorbed other patronymics beginning with J- in various European languages.This extremely common British name was brought over by numerous different bearers in the 17th and 18th centuries. One forebear was the father and namesake of the seventh U.S. president, Andrew Jackson, who migrated to SC from Carrickfergus in the north of Ireland in 1765. The Confederate General Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson came from VA, where his great-grandfather John, likewise of Scotch–Irish stock, had settled after emigrating to America in 1748.
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