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Interface between crystallites in a polycrystalline material
a grain boundary is the interface between two differently oriented grains, or crystallites, of the same phase in a polycrystalline material. Grain boundaries
Grain_boundary
Method of strengthening materials by changing grain size
science, grain-boundary strengthening (or Hall–Petch strengthening) is a method of strengthening materials by changing their average crystallite (grain) size
Grain_boundary_strengthening
Material deformation mechanism
Grain boundary sliding (GBS) is a material deformation mechanism where grains slide against each other. This occurs in polycrystalline material under
Grain_boundary_sliding
Process of forming and bonding material by heat or pressure
diffusion from grain boundary – atom from grain boundary diffuses through lattice grain boundary diffusion – atoms diffuse along grain boundary plastic deformation
Sintering
Small crystal which forms under certain conditions
Grain boundary migration occurs when a shear stress acts on the grain boundary plane and causes the grains to slide. This means that fine-grained materials
Crystallite
Enrichment of atoms, ions, and molecules
polycrystalline solids, segregation occurs at defects, such as dislocations, grain boundaries, stacking faults, or the interface between two phases. In liquid solutions
Segregation (materials science)
Segregation_(materials_science)
Material fracture which propagates along grain boundaries
occurs when a crack propagates along the grain boundaries of a material, usually when these grain boundaries are weakened. The more commonly seen transgranular
Intergranular_fracture
When crystallite boundaries are more corrosive than their interiors
otherwise corrosion-resistant alloys, when the grain boundaries are depleted, known as grain boundary depletion, of the corrosion-inhibiting elements
Intergranular_corrosion
Increase in size of a material's crystallites at high temperature
area of grain boundary. The term is commonly used in metallurgy but is also used in reference to ceramics and minerals. The behaviors of grain growth is
Grain_growth
Mechanism of crystalline solid deformation
Coble creep occurs through the diffusion of atoms in a material along grain boundaries. This mechanism is observed in polycrystals or along the surface in
Coble_creep
Diffusion coefficient through the pore space of a porous media
weighted average of the grain boundary diffusion coefficient and the lattice diffusion coefficient. Diffusion along both the grain boundary and in the lattice
Effective diffusion coefficient
Effective_diffusion_coefficient
Phenomenon of deformation due to structural stress
hardening Solid solution strengthening Precipitation strengthening Grain boundary strengthening Where deforming the material will introduce dislocations
Yield_(engineering)
Alloy with higher durability than normal metals
which reduces the grain boundary energy and results in better grain boundary cohesion and ductility. Another form of grain boundary strengthening is achieved
Superalloy
Ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material
Microstructural defects: Pores and crystallites tend to have straight grain boundaries following higher density planes. Cleavage: This typically occurs preferentially
Crystal_structure
Diffusion coefficient of a diffusant along a grain boundary
The grain boundary diffusion coefficient is the diffusion coefficient of a diffusant along a grain boundary in a polycrystalline solid. It is a physical
Grain boundary diffusion coefficient
Grain_boundary_diffusion_coefficient
Non-reversible deformation of a solid material in response to applied forces
slip plane(s). Hence, dislocations cannot pass from one grain to another across the grain boundary. The following sections explore specific GB requirements
Plasticity_(physics)
Process of crystal regrowth under conditions of stress and high temperature
grain boundaries. The other process involves differences in stored strain energy between neighboring grains, resulting in migration of existing grain
Dynamic quartz recrystallization
Dynamic_quartz_recrystallization
Study of the interactions between radiation and matter
benefit greatly from grain boundary engineering. Grain boundary engineering attempts to generate higher amounts of special grain boundaries, characterized by
Radiation_material_science
creating physical barriers from second phase precipitates forming along grain boundaries. There are five main strengthening mechanisms for metals, each is a
Strengthening mechanisms of materials
Strengthening_mechanisms_of_materials
Change of shape of geological salt bodies submitted to stress
salt. Subgrain rotation recrystallization involves formation of new grain boundary as the subgrain rotates gradually and forms an angle between the surrounding
Salt_deformation
increasingly large carbide particles form preferentially at grain boundaries, preventing grain boundary sliding at high temperatures. This leads to an increase
Yield_strength_anomaly
Type of polycrystalline material
because an increase in grain boundary area results in increased grain boundary sliding. Chandross & Argibay modeled grain boundary sliding as viscous flow
Nanocrystalline_material
Solid material with highly ordered microscopic structure
and a grain boundary. Like a grain boundary, a twin boundary has different crystal orientations on its two sides. But unlike a grain boundary, the orientations
Crystal
Property of solid materials under mechanical stress
intrinsic activation energy and a weaker dependence on grain size. As grain size gets smaller, grain boundary area gets larger, so dislocation motion is impeded
Creep_(deformation)
Austenitic nickel-chromium superalloys
occurs predominantly at grain boundaries and proceeds from isolated precipitates to film-like boundary layers along the grain boundaries as temperature and
Inconel
High purity form of silicon
single, continuous and unbroken crystal as its structure contains no grain boundaries. Large single crystals are rare in nature and can also be difficult
Polycrystalline_silicon
Nickel-based superalloy
These carbides typically form on the alloy's grain boundaries, thus pinning them and inhibiting grain boundary sliding, a process required for low temperature
Inconel_718
the Grain Boundary Sliding (GBS). However, the grain boundary sliding (GBS) can lead to the stress concentration at the triple junction or the grain boundary
Superplasticity
and local grain boundary bulging, and measuring recrystallized grain size. The nucleation process is triggered at boundaries of existing grains only when
Paleostress_inversion
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
the defects, such as grain-boundaries (GB) and vacancies, present in the system and the average grain-size. Graphene grain boundaries typically contain heptagon-pentagon
Graphene
Inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action of heat
ceramicists are most interested in the electrical properties that show grain boundary effects. One of the most widely used of these is the varistor. These
Ceramic
Crack which propagates through a material's grains
through the crystal grains of a material. In contrast to intergranular fractures, which occur when a fracture follows the grain boundaries, this type of fracture
Transgranular_fracture
Phenomenon of certain material grains growing faster than others
of a grain boundary opens diffusion pathways, leading to the activation of one grain in an otherwise inactive microstructure and allowing the grain to rotate
Abnormal_grain_growth
Region around a material grain boundary free of solid impurities
microscopic localized regions around grain boundaries that are free of precipitates (solid impurities forced outwards from the grain during crystallization). It
Precipitate-free_zone
Microscopic processes responsible for changes in a material's structure, shape and volume
deformation mechanisms processes include: § Fracturing § Cataclastic flow § Grain boundary sliding § Diffusive mass transfer § Dislocation creep § Dynamic recrystallization
Deformation_mechanism
risk of grain boundary sliding at elevated temperatures, while also decreasing dislocation mobility within the material. The new grains are less strained
Dynamic_recrystallization
Metallurgical technique
sub-grain boundaries until the mismatch between the crystal lattices across the boundary is sufficient for them to be regarded as grain boundaries. This
Subgrain rotation recrystallization
Subgrain_rotation_recrystallization
Stress intensity factor at which a crack's propagation increases drastically
grain size and phase composition. Materials with finer grains tend to exhibit higher resistance to crack initiation due to increased grain boundary interactions
Fracture_toughness
Linear crystallographic defect or irregularity
unlikely. Grain boundary initiation and interface interaction are more common sources of dislocations. Irregularities at the grain boundaries in materials
Dislocation
Gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction with its environment
form in the grain boundaries of stainless alloys. This chemical reaction robs the material of chromium in the zone near the grain boundary, making those
Corrosion
Phenomenon in crystallization
Julian E.; Minor, Andrew M. (2019-07-01). "Statistical analysis of twin/grain boundary interactions in pure rhenium". Acta Materialia. 173: 44–51. Bibcode:2019AcMat
Crystal_twinning
Highly viscous, ductile, and mechanically weak region of Earth's mantle
possible mechanism for producing mechanical weakness is grain boundary sliding, where grains slide slightly past each other under stress, lubricated by
Asthenosphere
Most common stainless steel
chromium carbide results in reduced corrosion resistance along the grain boundary, leaving the stainless steel susceptible to unanticipated corrosion
SAE_304_stainless_steel
Material deformation mechanism
at grain boundaries subjected to normal tensile stresses to regions of lower chemical potential where the average tensile stresses across the grain boundaries
Nabarro–Herring_creep
Aluminum alloys containing magnesium and silicon
until 2008. The phases excreted at the grain boundaries lead to the tendency of AlMgSi to brittle grain boundary breakage. All information in mass percent
Aluminium–magnesium–silicon alloys
Aluminium–magnesium–silicon_alloys
resulting from engineering of nanoscale features, such as dislocations, grain boundaries, defects, or twinning. In contrast to other nanostructures, such as
Nanostructured_film
Type of solar power cell
CdTe manufacturing). The grain boundary is the interface between two grains of a crystalline material and occur when two grains meet. They are a type of
Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics
Physical property of allowing light
irregularities inside the material (e.g., the grain boundaries of a polycrystalline material or the cell or fiber boundaries of an organic material), and by its
Transparency_and_translucency
Movement of ions in an electrical field
separated from the grain boundaries and are transported in the direction of the current. This direction is also influenced by the grain boundary itself, because
Electromigration
Reduction in the dislocation density of a material's grains
themselves into tilt boundaries, a simple example of a low-angle grain boundary. Grain boundary theory predicts that an increase in boundary misorientation
Recovery_(metallurgy)
Nickel-based superalloy
created a model for a mechanism based flow stress model, considering grain boundary strengthening, short range order strengthening, solid solution strengthening
Inconel_625
Hong Kong engineer (born 1958)
doctoral dissertation Crystallite rotations driven by the variation of grain boundary energy with misorientation (1985) was supervised by Robert Balluffi
Siu-Wai_Chan
Loss of ductility of a material, making it brittle
understood. The mechanisms can be driven by temperature, stresses, grain boundaries, or material composition. However, by studying the embrittlement process
Embrittlement
Metamorphic rock
through grain-boundary-migration recrystallization which reduces the internal energy by increasing the grain boundary area and reducing the grain volume
Mylonite
Material with Vickers hardness exceeding 40 gigapascals
through grain boundary hardening. The elimination of microcracks can strengthen the material by 3 to 7 times its original strength. Grain boundary strengthening
Superhard_material
Chemical compound
crystal grain boundaries in the material. When the grain boundary angle is greater than about 5°, the supercurrent cannot cross the boundary. The grain boundary
Yttrium_barium_copper_oxide
Electrochemistry concept
and grain growth, which can prevent superplastic flow due to grain boundary sliding, in addition to reducing the activation energy for grain boundary sliding
Electroplasticity
low-melting element increases with position from this region to the grain boundary. This is termed a 'cored structure', which gives rise to less than the
Coring
Process of forming new, defect-free crystal grains within a material
deformation. Initial grain size affects the critical temperature. Grain boundaries are good sites for nuclei to form. Since an increase in grain size results
Recrystallization (metallurgy)
Recrystallization_(metallurgy)
transport mechanisms involve hopping conduction, defect chemistry, and grain boundary effects. Critical parameters include: Faradaic efficiency in electrolysis
Energy_materials
Precipitation-hardening aluminium alloy
in the material. Grain boundary sizes also change, but do not have as important of an impact on strength as the precipitates. Grain sizes can change orders
6061_aluminium_alloy
Loss of ductility when exposed to liquid metals
element is known to be segregation to grain boundaries of the solid metal and alteration of the grain boundary properties. Accordingly, maximum LME is
Liquid_metal_embrittlement
Metal alloy with copper as its principal component
and grain boundary diffusion, introducing a threshold stress needed to climb or shear particles in matrix, or by pinning grains which inhibits grain boundary
List_of_copper_alloys
Decommissioned nuclear power plant in England
1965. The importance of materials design and the understanding of grain boundaries was highlighted during the operation of Hinkley Point. In 1969 there
Hinkley Point A nuclear power station
Hinkley_Point_A_nuclear_power_station
Component of shear stress necessary to initiate slip in a crystal
"weaker" grain will yield prior to the "stronger" grain, and as it deforms a stress concentration will build up in the stronger grain near the boundary between
Critical resolved shear stress
Critical_resolved_shear_stress
Subjecting workpieces to cold temperatures
further process of grains. Among the grain boundaries, it is known that the twin boundaries, a special type of low-energy grain boundary has lower interaction
Cryogenic_treatment
accommodate space problems from simultaneous grain boundary sliding (the movement of whole grains along grain boundaries) this is called granular or superplastic
Diffusion_creep
Heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials
also pin the grain boundary at higher temperatures, essentially acting as "friction". Another useful effect can be to impede grain-boundary sliding under
Precipitation_hardening
Effects of ionizing radiation
dislocations (similar to work hardening and precipitation hardening). Grain boundary engineering through thermomechanical processing has been shown to mitigate
Radiation_damage
along the boundaries of two or more grains. Transgranular cracks: microcracks are across the grains or are across the grains from a grain boundary. They are
Microcracks_in_rock
bowing. In the case of grain boundary precipitates, precipitate growth means that fewer grain boundaries are impeded from grain boundary sliding. When cast
Damage_mechanics
British scientist and academic
significance of grain boundary sliding under both creep conditions with reasonably large grain sizes and superplastic flow with grain sizes typically
Terence_G._Langdon
American materials scientist, engineer and academic
for the structure and local chemistry of a grain boundary. Complexion transitions occur when a grain boundary's chemistry and/or structure change at a critical
W._Craig_Carter
low- and high-angle grain boundaries through a polycrystalline material. Small particles act to prevent the motion of such boundaries by exerting a pinning
Zener_pinning
Metalworking process
or grain boundary strengthening, is to obtain small grains. Smaller grains increases the likelihood of dislocations running into grain boundaries after
Hardening_(metallurgy)
Scientific study of crystal structures
as orientational imaging to examine the relative orientations at the grain boundary in materials. Crystallography plays a key role in many areas of biology
Crystallography
Science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials
mechanism of grain boundary strengthening. Thus, although yield strength is maximized with decreasing grain size, ultimately, very small grain sizes make
Ceramic_engineering
Type of alloy steel
strengthening effect comes from grain refinement (Grain boundary strengthening), in which strength increases as the grain size decreases. The other mechanisms
High-strength_low-alloy_steel
Boundary between volumes of matter of different types or states
and the interface is called a phase boundary. An example for an interface out of equilibrium is the grain boundary in polycrystalline matter. The importance
Interface_(matter)
Non-destructive material testing using ultrasonic waves
mainly on the grain size; Zeng et al, figured out that in pure Niobium, attenuation is linearly correlated with grain size through grain boundary scattering
Ultrasonic_testing
Deformation mechanism in crystallines
the loops in the first avalanche are stopped or partially stopped at grain boundaries. Only if the external stress is increased substantially will a second
Slip_bands_in_metals
British chemist
materials engineer who specialised in electron backscatter diffraction, grain boundary engineering, and has written a number of text books on the subject She
Valerie_Randle
Electron Backscatter Diffraction software
calculation of anisotropic physical properties from texture data, and grain boundary and grain reconstruction, which are crucial for understanding the mechanical
MTEX
Material with a continuous, unbroken crystal lattice
to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries. The absence of the defects associated with grain boundaries can give monocrystals unique properties
Single_crystal
Magnetic effect in insulators between ferromagnets
largest that have been observed are only 604%. One suggestion is that grain boundaries could be affecting the insulating properties of the MgO barrier; however
Tunnel_magnetoresistance
process is described by the following three processes: surface diffusion grain boundary diffusion bulk diffusion This method enables internal structure protecting
Thermocompression_bonding
based on the fact that the amount of grain boundary area is reduced when a particle is located on a grain boundary. It is also assumed that particles are
Pinning_force
Brittleness in steel at high temperature often caused by high sulfur levels
happens due to the sulfur forming iron sulfide/iron mixtures in the grain boundaries of the metal which have a lower melting point than the steel. When
Red-short_carbon_steel
Net transport of atoms through a solid
and grain boundary diffusion coefficients. In general, surface diffusion occurs much faster than grain boundary diffusion, and grain boundary diffusion
Atomic_diffusion
Quantum mechanical device
grain boundary Josephson junctions, tetra-crystal grain boundary Josephson junctions, d-wave/s-wave ramp zigzag Josephson junctions, tilt-twist grain
Pi_Josephson_junction
Aluminium alloys containing magnesium
Excess magnesium is excreted mainly at the grain boundaries as well as on dispersion particles in the grain. The speed of the process depends on the Mg
Aluminium–magnesium_alloys
Type of metallic alloy
with other elements to increase grain boundary cohesion. Alloying of other materials such as boron to improve grain boundary cohesion can improve ductility
Intermetallic
Locations in a crystalline material where lattice slippage is halted
to move through a material. At grain boundaries, there is a lattice mismatch, and every atom that lies on the boundary is uncoordinated. This stops dislocations
Pinning_points
Thin layer of material
tensile stress depends on the density of the formed grain boundaries, as well as their grain-boundary energies. During this stage, the thickness of the
Thin_film
solitons of a double sine-Gordon equation. They were observed in d-wave grain boundary junctions. Similar to π Josephson junction, φ junctions can be used
Phi_Josephson_junction
Formation of a quasi-liquid film on the surface of a solid
materials. Premelting shows its effects in frost heave, and, taking grain boundary interfaces into account, maybe even in the movement of glaciers. Considering
Premelting
Form of silicon with a continuous, unbroken crystal lattice
entire solid is continuous, unbroken to its edges, and free of any grain boundaries (i.e. a single crystal). Mono-Si can be prepared as an intrinsic semiconductor
Monocrystalline_silicon
Topics referred to by the same term
molecular and colloidal systems Depletion region, in semiconductor physics Grain boundary depletion, a mechanism of corrosion Depleted uranium Ego depletion,
Depletion
Steel alloy with small amount of boron
(boron nitride) respectively. Soluble boron arranges in steels along grain boundaries. This inhibits the γ-α transformations (austenite to ferrite transformation)
Boron_steel
Gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium
grain boundaries that separate tiny regions of crystalline order. It has recently been shown that, when the size of the scattering center (or grain boundary)
Attenuation
GRAIN BOUNDARY
GRAIN BOUNDARY
Boy/Male
Muslim
Dear, Beloved
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : variant of Crehan.English : variant spelling of Crane.
Girl/Female
Indian
Grace, Holiness, Dignity, Power, One of the eight siddhis of the science of Yoga, Power
Boy/Male
Australian, Greek
Watchful; Vigilant
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : topographic name for someone who lived near an ash tree or ash wood, from Old French fraisne, fresne ‘ash’ (Latin fraxinus).French : habitational name from a place in Vosges named Frain.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit, Telugu
Rain; Grain
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Raine.German : topographic name from Middle High German rein ‘margin’, ‘boundary’, or a habitational name from a place in Bavaria named with this word.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, German, Irish
High; Noble
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : metonymic occupational name for a trapper or hunter, from Middle English trayne, Old French traine ‘guile’, ‘snare’, ‘trap’.English (Devon) : topographic name from Middle English atte trewen ‘at the trees’, or a habitational name from any of the places named with this phrase, for example Train, Traine, or Trewyn, all in Devon.
Boy/Male
French German
Guards; guardian.
Girl/Female
Indian
Fulfilled of Grains
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Gaines.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Pashtun
Dear; Beloved
Surname or Lastname
Swedish
Swedish : unexplained.German : unexplained.English : unexplained.
Girl/Female
Arthurian Legend
Taken from Igraine.
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Dreain ‘descendant of Drean’, a byname possibly from dreán ‘wren’. The name is also found in Scotland.Irish (Cork) : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Druacháin (see Drohan).English : from Middle English dreine ‘drain’, ‘ditch’, hence a metonymic occupational name for a ditch digger or a topographic name.English : variant spelling of Drane.French : reduced form of Derain, from Old French dererain ‘last’, hence a nickname for the youngest son of a family.French : habitational name from a place in Maine-et-Loire called Drain.
Boy/Male
Armenian, Australian, Basque, Chinese, French, German, Latin
Guardian; Mighty with a Spear
Female
English
Modern English name, either derived from from the vocabulary word, or a revival of the medieval English personal name Rayne, RAIN means "queen." Compare with masculine Rain.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Of Planets
Boy/Male
Norse
Son of Gunnar.
GRAIN BOUNDARY
GRAIN BOUNDARY
GRAIN BOUNDARY
GRAIN BOUNDARY
GRAIN BOUNDARY
GRAIN BOUNDARY
GRAIN BOUNDARY
a.
A sort of spice, the grain of paradise.
n.
To form grains, or to assume a granular ferm, as the result of crystallization; to granulate.
n.
To come off winner or victor in; to be successful in; to obtain by competition; as, to gain a battle; to gain a case at law; to gain a prize.
a.
Producing corn or grain; furnished with grains of corn.
n.
A broad, open dish; a chalice; -- only used of the Holy Grail.
n. pl.
See 5th Grain, n., 2 (b).
v. t.
To take the hair off (skins); to soften and raise the grain of (leather, etc.).
n.
Any small, hard particle, as of sand, sugar, salt, etc.; hence, any minute portion or particle; as, a grain of gunpowder, of pollen, of starch, of sense, of wit, etc.
v. t.
To drain by means of tiles; to furnish with a tile drain.
n.
The composite particles of any substance; that arrangement of the particles of any body which determines its comparative roughness or hardness; texture; as, marble, sugar, sandstone, etc., of fine grain.
a.
Resembling grains; granular.
n.
The unit of the English system of weights; -- so called because considered equal to the average of grains taken from the middle of the ears of wheat. 7,000 grains constitute the pound avoirdupois, and 5,760 grains the pound troy. A grain is equal to .0648 gram. See Gram.
v. t.
To teach and form by practice; to educate; to exercise; to discipline; as, to train the militia to the manual exercise; to train soldiers to the use of arms.
n.
To reach; to attain to; to arrive at; as, to gain the top of a mountain; to gain a good harbor.
n.
The remains of grain, etc., after brewing or distillation; hence, any residuum. Also called draff.
n.
The grain from the mashing tub; as, brewers' drains.
v.
A roll train; as, a 12-inch train.
a.
Having a grain; divided into small particles or grains; showing the grain; hence, rough.
v. t.
To form (powder, sugar, etc.) into grains.
v. t.
To paint in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.