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Heads of the Babylonian Talmudic Academies (6th–11th century)
Geonim (Hebrew: גְאוֹנִים, lit. 'Excellencies', [ɡe(ʔ)oˈnim]; also transliterated as Gaonim; sing. Gaon, גָאוֹן, 'Excellency') were the chiefs of the Sura
Geonim
Responsa written by the rabbis of the Geonic Period
Responsa of the Geonim (Hebrew: תשובות הגאונים) are responsa written by rabbis of the Geonic period in response to questions addressed to them. In the
Responsa_of_the_Geonim
Jewish yeshiva in Babylon
about 800 years over the course of the eras of the Amoraim, Savoraim, and Geonim up until the days of Hai Gaon. At the time, the academies of Pumbedita and
Pumbedita_Academy
Hebrew word and title
(Hebrew: גאון, gā'ōn, lit. 'pride', plural geonim, גְּאוֹנִים, gĕ'ōnīm) was originally a formal title for the Geonim, heads of Talmudic academies in the 6th–11th
Gaon_(Hebrew)
Hidden name of God in Judaism and occultism
Tannaitic term for the Tetragrammaton. Early sources, from the Mishnah to the Geonim, only use "Shem HaMephorash" to refer to the four-letter Tetragrammaton
Shem_HaMephorash
Jewish sages of the Mishna, Tosefta and Talmud eras
Babylonia from the end of the era of the Amoraim (5th century) to the early Geonim (from the end of the 6th century or the midst of the 7th century). Until
Chazal
Jewish rabbinical law
of Judaism in the Eastern Roman Empire under Theodosius II; 500–650. The Geonim ("greats" or "geniuses") presided over the two major Babylonian Academies
Halakha
Female entity in Near Eastern mythology
commentary (meaning obscure). Yom Tov of Seville writes (ad loc.) "The Geonim record that every time it says 'I saw' in this formula, it was a dream-vision"
Lilith
Group of leading rabbis, c. 500–600 CE
the end of period of the Amoraim (around 500 CE) to the beginning of the Geonim (around 600 CE). As a group they are also referred to as the Rabbeinu Sevorai
Savoraim
Centers for Jewish scholarship in 1st to 5th centuries CE
Talmud compiled around 350–400 CE. In later centuries, they were headed by geonim. The Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE put an abrupt end to the disputes
Talmudic academies in Syria Palaestina
Talmudic_academies_in_Syria_Palaestina
Rabbi of end of Second Temple period
referred to him as the "Other One" (אַחֵר, ʾAḥēr). In the writings of the Geonim, this name appears as "ʾAḥor" ("backwards"), because Elisha was considered
Elisha_ben_Abuyah
Jewish prayer
recitation occurred between the Geonim. Amram ben Sheshna ruled according to the current Ashkenazi custom, whereas later geonim - Saadia Gaon, Sherira ben
Ahavat_Olam
Center for Jewish scholarship, 589 to 1038
tortured to death in 1040; hence, the activity of the Geonim covers a period of nearly 450 years. The Geonim (Hebrew: גאונים) were the presidents of the two
Talmudic academies in Babylonia
Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia
3rd- and 4th-generation Bablyonian Amora
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Ḥiyya_bar_Ami
1st/2nd-century Judean rabbi and tanna
author of Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer, a pseudepigraphic work of the later Geonim (c. 8th-11th century). Hyrcanus was a member of the Jewish priestly class
Eliezer_ben_Hyrcanus
rose to prominence as centers of Jewish learning, governance, and law. The geonim (heads of these academies) corresponded with Jewish communities across the
History of the Jews under Muslim rule
History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Derekh_Eretz_Rabbah
Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah, from approximately 10-220 CE
Arikha (Rav) and Yehoshua ben Levi. Oral law Pharisees Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Scharfstein, Sol (2008). Torah and Commentary: The Five Books of Moses :
Tannaim
Jewish sage
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Baba_ben_Buta
Concept in Rabbinic and Orthodox Judaism
the Geonim. Rabbinic scholars subsequent to the Shulkhan Arukh are known as Acharonim ("the latter ones"). The distinction between Rishonim and Geonim is
Yeridat_ha-dorot
Code of Jewish religious law authored by Maimonides
(teshuvot) of the Geonim. The maxims and decisions of the Geonim are frequently presented with the introductory phrase "The Geonim have decided" or "There
Mishneh_Torah
British-Israeli professor
a thesis titled The Aramaic Language in the Responsa of the Babylonian Geonim. From 2002 to 2013, he performed research and taught at the University of
Matthew_Morgenstern
8th-century Jewish scholar
רב אחא [אחאי] משַׁבָּחָא) was a leading scholar during the period of the Geonim, an 8th-century Talmudist of high renown. He enjoys the distinction of being
Ahai_of_Shabha
Teacher of Torah and spiritual leader in Judaism
learned teachers—overlapping with the Tannaim, Amoraim, Savoraim, and early Geonim—assembled to codify Judaism's written and oral laws. The title "rabbi" was
Rabbi
Gaon of Academy of Pumbedita
Sefer HaKabbalah of Rabbi Abraham ben David (Ravad), he was the last of the Geonim. As a consequence of the calumnies of their antagonists Hai and his father
Hai_ben_Sherira
Jewish legalistic body
the Geonim before the middle of the ninth century. The extant material consists essentially of a list in Seder Olam Zutta relating all the geonim to Mar
Palestinian_Gaonate
Movement in Orthodox Judaism
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Modern_Orthodox_Judaism
Practice of Judaism by the Sephardim
The Geonim provided written answers to questions on Halakha worldwide published in collections of responsa and enjoyed high authority. The Geonim also
Sephardic_law_and_customs
Rabbis and poskim of the 11th–15th centuries
Table", a common printed code of Jewish law, 1563 CE) and following the Geonim (589–1038 CE). Rabbinic scholars subsequent to the Shulchan Aruch are generally
Rishonim
Term for a Jew considered to be non-white
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Jews_of_color
Anonymous kabalistic work from the early 14th century
whole the same as that found in the mystical writings of the time of the Geonim, with which the work has much in common; hence, according to the Jewish
Masseket_Azilut
Jewish literature attributed to rabbis
Yoetz Kav ha-Yashar Kad HaKemah Madreigat Ha'Adam Shemonah Perakim The Geonim are the rabbis of Sura and Pumbeditha in Babylon (650–1250 CE) : She'iltoth
Rabbinic_literature
Pre-Purim fast in Judaism
is mentioned in the Midrash and other later sources from the days of the Geonim. Therefore, it is considered less severe than the other fasts. It is a common
Fast_of_Esther
Rabbi
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Jose_ben_Akabya
Ethnic religion of the Jewish people
Scripture (Tanakh).[2] Midrash halakha Kabbalah and other mystical writings Geonim, presidents of the two great Babylonian, Talmudic Academies of Sura and
Outline_of_Judaism
Jewish scholar
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Hanina_ben_Pappa
Sacrificial offering in Judaism
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Korban
Jewish ritual pointer
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Yad
Theological concept in Judaism about a worshiper's state of mind and heart
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Kavanah
Jewish leaders living from the 16th century to today
ones"—the rabbinic scholars between the 11th and the 16th century following the Geonim and preceding the Shulchan Aruch. The publication of the Shulchan Aruch
Acharonim
Jewish yeshiva in Sura, Babylonia
Hebrew Wikipedia; & Jewish Encyclopedia – Gaon- Synchronistic List of the Geonim of Sura and Pumbedita The list names is also based on "Jews in Islamic countries
Sura_Academy
in Avignon around 1305. He is a follower of Maimonides and surveys the Geonim, the Tosafists, the scholars of Narbonne and Provence, and briefly mentions
David_ben_Samuel_of_Estelle
Orthodox form of Judaism since the 6th century AD
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Rabbinic_Judaism
Late-Geonic/Early-Rishonic Talmudist
11th-century Kairouanan rabbi and Talmudist, was in close contact with the last Geonim. He is best known for his commentary on the Talmud. Chananel is often referred
Chananel_ben_Chushiel
responsa, on the writing of the Tetragrammaton, is found in the Teshubot ha-Geonim, published in Amsterdam in 1707. Four of his works, which were left in manuscript
Shabbethai_Premsla
Religious legal rulings by rabbis
multiple questions that were posed. Later Geonim also referred to the responsa and commentaries of earlier Geonim when writing responsa. Later in the geonic
History of responsa in Judaism
History_of_responsa_in_Judaism
3rd-century Judean rabbi
Batra 75a Job 31:15; Yerushalmi Bava Kamma 8 6c Berachot 5b; see Hiddushei Geonim ad loc. Ketuvot 54b, 84b Yerushalmi Megillah 1 72b; Bava Metziah 84a Bava
Johanan_bar_Nappaha
Jewish community associated with modern-day Ethiopia
Israel, his testimonies was also accepted and cited by the many prominent Geonim. His writings also gave to the rise of the legend Prester John. In the mid
Beta_Israel
Concept of rebirth in different physical form
Modena, Solomon ben Aderet, Maimonides and Asher ben Jehiel. Among the Geonim, Hai Gaon argued in favour of gilgulim. In the Western Hemisphere, belief
Reincarnation
Leader of the Jewish community in Mesopotamia
In Baghdad, the privilege of using seals was limited to the exilarch and geonim. Serving under the authority of the caliph, they were extremely powerful
Exilarch
Texts regarded as part of the Bible
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Biblical_canon
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Modern attempts to revive the Sanhedrin
Modern_attempts_to_revive_the_Sanhedrin
Collective term for all Jewish religious literature
spread out over sixty three tractates. However, later rabbis — namely the Geonim of the Early Middle Ages, the Rishonim of the High and Late Middle Ages
Sifrei_Kodesh
Philosophy carried out by Jews or in relation to the religion of Judaism
themselves. Medieval rediscovery of ancient Greek philosophy among the Geonim of 10th-century Babylonian academies brought rationalist philosophy into
Jewish_philosophy
2nd century rabbi and tanna
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Eleazar_ben_Shammua
Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Antisemitism
Traditional count of Torah commands
of Commandments") by Rabbi Saadia Gaon. Written during the period of the Geonim, Saadia's work is a simple list (though it was later expanded by Rabbi Yerucham
613_commandments
Death anniversary in Judaism
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Yahrzeit
Jewish prayer composed by Rabbi Nechunya ben Hakanah
piyyut and writes that the name was only passed down among the Babylonian geonim. By contrast, Rashi and Maimonides write that the 42-letter name is lost
Ana_BeKoach
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Rami_b._Abba
Jewish denomination
Ḥananyah was elected by the rabbis of the Babylonian Jewish colleges (the Geonim) and by the notables of the chief Jewish congregations, and the choice was
Karaite_Judaism
3rd century Babylonian Talmudist and Exilarch
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Rav_Huna
Babylonian rabbi of the fifth and sixth generation of amoraim
tore a third time. In later generations, some of his descendants served as geonim in the yeshivas of Sura and Pumbedita. According to the Talmud, he died
Amemar
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Eleazar_ben_Judah_of_Bartota
Late 1st/early 2nd century Judean Jewish scholar
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Eleazar_of_Modi'im
Arabic-speaking pre-Sephardic Jewish communities of the Middle East
of piyyut was always considered a Palestinian speciality: the Babylonian Geonim made every effort to discourage it and restore what they regarded as the
Musta'arabi_Jews
Secularism in a specifically Jewish context
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Jewish_secularism
1st century CE Jewish Tanna sage
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Dosa_ben_Harkinas
Terms of honor in Judaism
Talmudic and Geonic periods, but Modern Hebrew adopted it as "Mr.". The Geonim used the double title "Mar-Rav" for heads of Talmudic academies. A synonymous
Honorifics_in_Judaism
Holiest day in Judaism
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Yom_Kippur
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Simeon_Shezuri
Babylon and in the Land of Israel. He was a student of Rav. According to the Geonim tradition, Rav Kahana was the stepson of Rav from his second wife. Despite
Rav_Kahana_II
Babylonian rabbi (d. 875)
important work of Amram, marking him as one of the most prominent of the geonim before Saadiah, is his prayer book, the so-called Siddur Rav Amram. Amram
Amram_ben_Sheshna
10th century gaon of the Academy of Pumbeditha
Pumbedita Academy in Lower Mesopotamia. He was one of the most prominent geonim of the period. His son Hai succeeded him as gaon. He wrote the Iggeret of
Sherira_ben_Hanina
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Rabbi_Bana'ah
Sage of the Talmud
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Rabbi_Hilkiah
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Rav_Yemar
Ethnoreligious group
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Jews
Rabbinic sage of Judaea
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Simeon_the_Yemenite
Religion of the Jewish people
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Judaism
13th century Sephardic rabbi and scholar
Nachmanides, the wisdom of the rabbis of the Mishnah and Talmud, as well as the Geonim (rabbis of the early medieval era) was unquestionable. Their words were
Nachmanides
Jewish diaspora of Spain and Portugal
philosophy, and everyday business, as had been the case with Babylonian geonim. This thorough adoption of the Arabic language also greatly facilitated
Sephardic_Jews
Jewish holiday
has been also customary since the time of the early medieval era of the Geonim to unroll the whole Megillah before reading it, to give it the appearance
Purim
Assemblies of 23 or 71 Jewish elders
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Sanhedrin
Tomb in al-Kifl, Iraq
original (photos) on 3 September 2014. Arami, Kobi. "The Five Tombs Of Geonim (were the presidents of the two great Babylonian, Talmudic Academies of
Ezekiel's_Tomb
Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva
Hebrew_name
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Helbo
Sephardic rabbi from Smyrna (1808–1862)
Amsterdam, 1846). In his book Iyye ha-Yam, a commentary on the Responsa of the Geonim, he provided an extensive analysis of the Geonic chain of tradition, arguing
Israel_Moses_Hazan
Jewish rabbi and amora (c. 200 – c. 275)
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Shimon_ben_Lakish
Tanna of the second generation of the Tannaic era
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Rabbi_Zadok
2nd-century Judean rabbi
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Nathan_the_Babylonian
Central text of Rabbinic Judaism
Fuchs, Talmudam shel Geonim: yaḥasam shel geone Bavel lenosaḥ ha-Talmud ha-Bavli (The Geonic Talmud: the Attitude of Babylonian Geonim to the Text of the
Talmud
Rabbi of Babylonia
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Rav_Assi
Literary work composed by Sherira Gaon
Sifre, etc.), spanning the period of the Tannaim, Amoraim, Savoraim, and Geonim under the Babylonian Exilarchs (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: רֵאשׁ גלותא Rēsh
Iggeret_of_Rabbi_Sherira_Gaon
Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim v t e
Samuel_b._Abbahu
Annual medieval Jewish gathering in Jerusalem
The Mount of Olives Hoshana Rabbah ceremony was an annual Hoshana Rabbah gathering organized by the Palestinian Gaonate. Overlooking the Temple Mount from
Mount of Olives Hoshana Rabbah ceremony
Mount_of_Olives_Hoshana_Rabbah_ceremony
Lunisolar calendar used for Jewish religious observances
arithmetic rules were established in Babylonia during the times of the Geonim (7th to 8th centuries). Most likely, the procedure established in 359 involved
Hebrew_calendar
Polish-Lithuanian rabbi and Talmudist (1720–1797)
of the Tannaim and Amoraim, the sages of the Talmud, or as akin to the Geonim of Lower Mesopotamia. Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz wrote: We regard the Gaon
Vilna_Gaon
Gift of a kosher-slaughtered animal to a kohen
The gift of the foreleg, cheeks and maw (Hebrew: זְרועַ לְחָיַיִם וְקֵיבָה) of a kosher-slaughtered animal to a kohen is a positive commandment in the
Foreleg,_cheeks_and_maw
French rabbi and commentator (1040–1105)
in Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, Midrash, Targum, and the writings of the Geonim, and determine which readings should be preferred. However, in his humility
Rashi
GEONIM
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